高频压控振荡器外文翻译

1、 Voltage control design of high frequency LC oscillatorsStudent : Pxxx, physics and information engineering collegesInstructor : xxx, Jianghan University In recent years,with the rapid development of wireless communication technology, make the market for rf integrated circuit has had a huge demand.

2、In the rf circuit, the voltage control oscillation (VCO) occupied a very important position.With a wide range of applications.In the early stages of the radio technology development,it is used to produce high-frequency in transmitter carrier voltage,As a specialized superheterodyne receivers in the

3、machine oscillator, be sending and receiving equipment basic components.Now the use of oscillator is more and more widely.For example: in radio communication, radio, and television equipment used to produce the need of the carrier and the machine oscillation signal;In the electronic measuring instru

4、ments used to produce all sorts of frequency sine signals, etc.DefinitionOscillator is simply stated a frequency source, usually in a phase lock loop.Detailed said is that a device dont need the signal to their own motivation, Dc power can be transformed into Ac power .Generally fall into the positi

5、ve feedback and negative resistance.The so-called oscillating,Its meaning is to allude to exchange,.Oscillator includes a never oscillation to process and function of oscillation.Can completion from dc to ac power transformation,This device can be called oscillator. Oscillator working principle LC c

6、ircuit consisting of capacitors and inductors, electric field and the conversion of magnetic energy production process free oscillation. To maintain the oscillation also has a positive feedback amplifier circuit, the LC oscillator is divided into a transformer coupled and three-point oscillator, man

7、y applications of quartz crystal quartz crystal oscillator, LC oscillator with an integrated operational amplifier. Exactly the same device can not be parameters in the state of the power the moment the two transistor occurs a change, this change due to increasingly strong role in the positive feedb

8、ack, leading to reach a temporary steady state. During the temporary steady state to another transistor by capacitance gradually charge conduction or closed state of the flip to another temporary steady state. This cycle of formation of oscillation.The classification of oscillator Oscillator are div

9、ided into RC, LC oscillators and crystal oscillator,1. The RC oscillator Use the RC network as frequency selective phase shifting network is called RC sinusoidal oscillator Belong to audio oscillator. 2. LC oscillators Use the LC oscillation loop as move and frequency selective network of Positive f

10、eedback oscillator is called LC oscillators. LC oscillators classification: (1) transformer coupling Single pipe LC sinusoidal oscillator difference to the LC sinusoidal oscillator (2) Three point pattern Condenser three point pattern oscillator, three point type oscillator (3)The improvement of thr

11、ee type Clapp oscillator, Seiler oscillator (4)The difference of tube oscillator 3.Crystal oscillator The oscillation frequency of the oscillator by quartz crystal controlled oscillator.The temperature coefficient oscillator Temperature coefficient oscillator refers to an oscillator, its oscillation

12、 frequency and temperature have a specific relationship between the different temperatures corresponding to different oscillation frequencies. Conversely, measuring the output frequency of the oscillator, we can measure the temperature. High temperature coefficient oscillator: its oscillation freque

13、ncy is affected by temperature, a slight change in temperature, the frequency will change a lot, that is temperature sensitive, and more for the temperature sensor. low temperature coefficient oscillator: the oscillation frequency temperature has little effect, even if the temperature varies greatly

14、, its frequency is essentially the same. Quartz crystal oscillator Quartz crystal oscillator and non-temperature compensated crystal oscillators, temperature compensated crystal oscillator (TCXO), voltage controlled crystal oscillator (VCXO), thermostatically controlled crystal oscillator (OCXO) and

15、 digital / p compensated crystal oscillator (DCXO / MCXO) and other types. Among them, temperature compensated crystal oscillator is the simplest one, in the Japanese Industrial Standard (JIS), called the standard package crystal oscillator (SPXO). Now SPXO example, a brief overview of the structure

16、 and working principle of the quartz crystal oscillator.Quartz crystals, natural and artificial, is an important piezoelectric crystal materials. The quartz crystal itself is not an oscillator, it is only by means of the active encouragement and passive reactance network before oscillation. SPXO is

17、mainly composed of high crystal resonators (crystal oscillator) and feedback oscillation circuit of quality factor (Q). The quartz crystal oscillator is an important component in the oscillator, the frequency of the crystal (fundamental frequency or the n-th harmonic frequency) and its temperature c

18、haracteristics depend largely on the cutting orientation.Pole on the crystal oscillator board to impose an alternating voltage, it will cause the chip to produce mechanical deformation vibration, this phenomenon is the so-called inverse piezoelectric effect. When the applied voltage frequency is equ

19、al to the natural frequency of the crystal resonator, piezoelectric resonator, resulting in mechanical deformation amplitude increases suddenly. With the metal plate between the electrostatic capacitance; L, and C is the piezoelectric resonator equivalent parameters; R is the equivalent resistance o

20、f the vibration friction loss. Quartz crystal resonators, there is a series resonant frequency fos (1/2), there is also a parallel resonant frequency fop (1/2). Due to a very small difference between the Co. C, fop and fos, and the R OL, the R 1/OC resonant circuit quality factor Q is very high (up

21、to several millions), so that of the quartz crystal resonator the oscillator frequency stability is very high, up to 10-12 / day. Quartz crystal oscillation frequency can approximate in fos Department, can also work around the in fop, a quartz crystal oscillator can be divided into two kinds of the

22、series and shunt. Quartz crystal resonator and its equivalent circuit, replace the components of the LC oscillator constitutes a resonant circuit inductance (L) and capacitance (C), it is easy to understand the working principle of the crystal oscillator.SPXO the total accuracy (including initial ac

23、curacy and temperature, voltage, and load changes) can be up to 25ppm. SPXO neither temperature compensated temperature control measures, and its frequency-temperature characteristics almost entirely determined by the frequency-temperature characteristics of quartz crystal oscillator. Within the ran

24、ge of 0 70 SPXO frequency stability is typically 20 1000ppm, SPXO can be used as a clock frequency oscillator.Temperature compensated crystal oscillator (TCXO)TCXO is generated by the ambient temperature change of a quartz crystal oscillator oscillation frequency change reduction through additional

25、temperature compensation circuitry.1.TCXO temperature compensationIn TCXO quartz crystal oscillator frequency temperature drift compensation method of direct compensation and indirect compensation are two types:directly compensatedDirect compensation TCXO by the thermistor and the temperature compen

26、sation circuit composed of resistive and capacitive components in the oscillator in series with the quartz crystal oscillator. Changes in temperature, the thermistor resistance and crystal equivalent series corresponding changes in the value of the capacitor, in order to offset or reduce the tempera

27、ture drift of the oscillation frequency. The compensation circuit is simple, lower cost, saving the printed circuit board (PCB) size and space for small and low-voltage current occasion. However, when the crystal oscillator accuracy of less than 1pmm, direct compensation is not appropriate.Indirect

28、Compensation Indirect compensation type is divided into analog and digital two types. Analog Indirect temperature compensation thermistor temperature sensing element composed of the temperature - voltage conversion circuit and the voltage applied to the crystal oscillator series on a crystal oscilla

29、tor connected in series varactor capacitance changes nonlinear crystal oscillator frequency drift compensation. The method of compensation to achieve high accuracy of 0.5ppm, but restricted in the case of low voltage below 3V. Indirect temperature compensation of the digital plus a temperature in th

30、e analog compensation circuit - voltage conversion circuit analog / digital (A / D) converter, analog convert digital. The Act enables the automatic temperature compensation crystal oscillator frequency stability is very high, but the specific compensation circuit is more complex and higher cost app

31、lies only to the precision of base stations and radio stations requirements.2. TCXO development statusTCXO by leaps and bounds in the last decade, which in the research and development and production of precision TCXO, Japans leading and dominant position. Mainstream products in the late 1970s car p

32、hone TCXO volume of more than 20 reduced to 0.4 , TCXO devices of ultra-small volume of only 0.27 . In 30 years, the TCXO volume reduced by more than 50 times or even 100 times. Beijing ceramics company in Japan using the reflow soldering method of production of surface mount TCXO thickness from 4mm

33、 to 2mm, rated 90% of the oscillation amplitude in 4ms after the start of the oscillation can be achieved. Stone (KSS) Group TCXO frequency range of 2 80MHz stability when the temperature changes from -10 C to 60 C 1ppm or 2ppm; digital TCXO frequency coverage of 0.2 90MHz frequency stability 0.1ppm

34、 (-30 C +85 C). Japan Donze communication equipment production the type TCO-935/937 chip directly Warming TCXO, frequency-temperature characteristics (point frequency 15.36MHz) 1ppm/-20 to +70 C 5V 5% supply voltage frequency voltage characteristic 0.3ppm, sine wave output waveform (amplitude 1VPP),

35、 current consumption of less than 2mA, weighs just 1g. PiezoTechnology production X3080 type TCXO using surface mount and perforation in two packages, sine wave or logic output can reach -55 C 85 C within 0.25 to 1ppm accuracy. The level of domestic products is quite high, such as TCXO, Beijing Ruih

36、ua Xin Technology Development Co., Ltd. launched (32-40MHz) at room temperature accuracy of better than 1ppm frequency aging rate of 1ppm frequency (mechanical) tuning 3ppm 120mw power consumption. High stability TCXO devices, accuracy up to 0.05ppm.High-precision, low power consumption and miniatur

37、ization, TCXO research topics. Facing many difficulties in the miniaturization of the chip type, which has two points: First, miniaturization makes quartz crystal oscillator frequency variable magnitude smaller, temperature compensation is more difficult; chip package in the reflux welding operation

38、s, welding temperature is much higher than the maximum allowable temperature of TCXO, make crystal oscillator frequency change, if adopted to limit local thermal cooling measures, it is difficult to control TCXO frequency variation 0.5 10 - 6 below. However, the the TCXO raise the level of no access

39、 to the limit, innovative content and the potential is still large.3.TCXO the application TCXO as a reference oscillator frequency reference for the transmit channel at the same time as the first level of local oscillator receiving channel; other TCXO as the two local oscillator, the oscillation sig

40、nal input to the two inverter. The frequency stability of mobile telephone calls for 0.1 2.5ppm (-30 to +75 C), but for cost reasons, usually optional specifications of 1.5 2.5ppm. The mobile phone 12 20MHz TCXO representative one of the products is the VC-TCXO-201C1, using the direct method of comp

41、ensation, the appearance shown in Figure 2 (b) below, produced by the Japanese stone (KSS).Development historySince Edwin Armstrong put forward the heterodyne principle, the oscillator has become the most basic element. He later found that generate oscillation can be configured through Audion (an ea

42、rly vacuum tube ) .He invented the first electronic oscillator. From nineteen tens of Armstrong s invention to today, The progress of VCO technology through the vacuum tube, transistor oscillator, oscillator module, solution until today based on the RFIC oscillator stages.Vacuum tube oscillator in c

43、ommercial and military radio receiver has been widely used for many years,For example, AM and FM radio, television ( FM ) as well as military voice communication. However, the invention of semiconductor amplifier device, such as a transistor and a variable capacitance diode, trigger VCO technology f

44、or another round of revolution.The first bipolar transistor was invented by Bell Labs (Bell Laboratories; Holmdel, NJ) in the late 1940s, followed by transistors in the 1950s began to replace the vacuum tube. The new transistor is smaller than the tube volume lower power consumption, as the required

45、 operating voltage lower final cost becomes lower. The transistor replaced the vacuum tube as the active element in oscillators, which greatly changed the technology of the oscillator and the oscillator topology has been established.The form of a module with the volume reduction of the varactor diod

46、es, capacitors and inductors, the VCO possible. VCO module is essentially a build installed in a metal enclosure in a substrate and a miniature version of discrete components oscillator. The modules are independent, only the external, the power, the tuning voltage and output load. This module first

47、appeared in the 1960s primarily for military applications. They were fairly large (up to several square inches) and more expensive commercial products still use discrete transistors, varactor VCO. Until the emergence of mobile telephony, the market of commercial VCO module developed.Today, these tec

48、hnological advances reached its culmination .In the late 1990s, a smaller and lower cost VCO technology, monolithic VCO IC technology. Monolithic IC VCO technology is LC (inductor - capacitor) VCO circuit components, including transistors, capacitors, resistors, inductors, and varactor diodes are in

49、tegrated into a VCO on a single chip implementation technology. VCO module, the devices are configured to form a complete VCO, requiring only connection to the power supply, the output of the tuner input, and digital control line.Status quo Japanese stone, NibonDempaKogyo company was founded in 1948

50、, and the United States Motorola bit, Korea, Sunny-Emi, are the production of the larger manufacturers of quartz crystal devices. The production of quartz crystal oscillators and other components of the unit the 10th Research Institute of the former Ministry of Electronics Industry, Beijing 707 Fact

51、ory, the state-owned No. 875 Factory, and a number of joint ventures and so on. An early start in research and development of synthetic quartz crystal and its components have the production capacity. Quartz crystal oscillator, compared with foreign advanced level, mainly in the chip, miniaturization

52、, high-frequency and frequency temperature characteristics there is a gap. To close these gaps as soon as possible to further expand production scale, improve product cost, is the only way to improve competitiveness in the international market. At the same time, but also to track new trends in the d

53、evice, such as research and application of the video generator oscillator.压控高频LC振荡器的设计学生：xxx，物理与信息工程学院指导老师：xxx，xx大学近年来，随着无线通信技术的飞速发展，使市场对射频集成电路产生了巨大的需求。在射频电路中，压控振荡器(VCO)占有非常重要的地位。振荡器自其诞生以来就一直在通信、电子、航海航空航天及医学等领域扮演重要的角色，具有广泛的用途。在无线电技术发展的初期，它就在发射机中用来产生高频载波电压，在超外差接收机中用作本机振荡器，成为发射和接收设备的基本部件。而今振荡器的用途也越来越广

54、泛。例如：在无线电通信，广播，电视设备中用来产生所需要的载波和本机振荡信号；在电子测量仪器中用来产生各种频段的正弦信号等。 定义 振荡器简单地说就是一个频率源，一般用在锁相环中。详细说就是一个不需要外信号激励、自身就可以将直流电能转化为交流电能的装置。一般分为正反馈和负阻型两种。所谓“振荡”，其涵义就暗指交流，振荡器包含了一个从不振荡到振荡的过程和功能。能够完成从直流电能到交流电能的转化，这样的装置就可以称为“振荡器”。 振荡器工作原理主要有由电容器和电感器组成的LC回路，通过电场能和磁场能的相互转换产程自由振荡。要维持振荡还要有具有正反馈的放大电路，LC振荡器又分为变压器耦合式和三点式振荡器

55、，很多应用石英晶体的石英晶体振荡器，还有用集成运放组成的LC振荡器。 由于器件不可能参数完全一致，因此在上电的瞬间两个三极管的状态就发生了变化，这个变化由于正反馈的作用越来越强烈，导致到达一个暂稳态。暂稳态期间另一个三极管经电容逐步充电后导通或者截止，状态发生翻转，到达另一个暂稳态。这样周而复始形成振荡。 振荡器的分类振荡器主要分为RC，LC振荡器和晶体振荡器 1RC振荡器采用RC网络作为选频移相网络的振荡器统称为RC正弦振荡器，属音频振荡器。 2LC振荡器采用LC振荡回路作为移相和选频网络的正反馈振荡器称为LC振荡器。 LC振荡器的分类： 变压器耦合 单管LC正弦振荡器 差分对管LC正弦振荡

56、器 三点式 电容三点式(考毕兹)振荡器 电感三点式(哈特莱)振荡器 改进三点式 克拉泼振荡器 西勒振荡器 差分对管振荡器 3晶体振荡器 振荡器的振荡频率受石英晶体控制的振荡器。 温度系数振荡器1.温度系数振荡器是指一种振荡器，它的振荡频率与温度之间有一个特定的关系，即不同的温度对应不同的振荡频率。反之，测量出振荡器的输出频率，就可测量出温度值。2.高温度系数振荡器：它的振荡频率受温度的影响很大，温度稍有变化，频率就会变化很多，即对温度敏感，多用于温度传感器。3.低温度系数振荡器：它的振荡频率受温度的影响很小，即使温度变化很大，它的频率也基本不变。 石英晶体振荡器石英晶体振荡器分非温度补偿式晶体

57、振荡器、温度补偿晶体振荡器（TCXO）、电压控制晶体振荡器（VCXO）、恒温控制式晶体振荡器（OCXO）和数字化/p补偿式晶体振荡器（DCXO/MCXO）等几种类型。其中，无温度补偿式晶体振荡器是最简单的一种，在日本工业标准(JIS)中，称其为标准封装晶体振荡器（SPXO）。现以SPXO为例，简要介绍一下石英晶体振荡器的结构与工作原理。石英晶体，有天然的也有人造的，是一种重要的压电晶体材料。石英晶体本身并非振荡器，它只有借助于有源激励和无源电抗网络方可产生振荡。SPXO主要是由品质因数（Q）很高的晶体谐振器（即晶体振子）与反馈式振荡电路组成的。石英晶体振子是振荡器中的重要元件，晶体的频率（基频

58、或n次谐波频率）及其温度特性在很大程度上取决于其切割取向。只要在晶体振子板极上施加交变电压，就会使晶片产生机械变形振动，此现象即所谓逆压电效应。当外加电压频率等于晶体谐振器的固有频率时，就会发生压电谐振，从而导致机械变形的振幅突然增大。与金属板之间的静电电容；L、C为压电谐振的等效参量；R为振动磨擦损耗的等效电阻。石英晶体谐振器存在一个串联谐振频率fos（1/2），同时也存在一个并联谐振频率fop（1/2)。由于CoC，fop与fos之间之差值很小，并且ROL，R1/OC，所以谐振电路的品质因数Q非常高（可达数百万），从而使石英晶体谐振器组成的振荡器频率稳定度十分高，可达1012/日。石英晶体振荡器的振荡频率既可近似工作于fos处，也可工作在fop附近，因此石英晶体振荡器可分串联型和并联型两种。用石英晶体谐振器及其等效电路，取代LC振荡器中构成谐振回路的电感（L）和电容（C）元件，则很容易理解晶体振荡器的工作原理。SPXO的总精度（包括起始精度和随温度、电压及负载产生的变化）可以达到25ppm。SPXO既