时态语态学生讲义及练习

1、雅思语法 时态语态I.动词时态和语态的构成形式主动语态的构成一般现在时一般过去时do/does,( is/am/are )did,(was/were)现在进行时过去进行时is/am/are doingwas/were doing现在完成时过去完成时has/have donehad done现在完成进行时过去完成进行时has/have been doinghad been doing一般将来时过去将来时will/shall dois/am/are going to dois/am/are（about）to dowould/should dowas/were going to dowas/were

2、（about）to do被动语态的构成一般现在时一般过去时is/am/are donewas/were done现在进行时过去进行时is/am/are being donewas/were being done现在完成时过去完成时has/have been donehad been done一般将来时过去将来时will/shall be doneis/am/are going to be doneis/am/are（about）to be donewould/should be donewas/were going to be donewas/were（about）to be doneII.动

3、词时态的用法1.一般现在时一般现在时表示经常发生、习惯性动作、客观真理、科学事实、格言，目前的特征、状态、能力等;主句是一般将来时,时间、条件状语从句中用一般现在时表示将来;Ill go there after I finish my work.If it rains tomorrow,I wont go there.在以here,there开头的句子里，go,come等少数动词的一般在时表示正在发生的动作;There goes the bell.铃响了。There comes the bus.汽车来了。Here she comes.她来了。Months ago we sailed ten t

4、housand miles across the open sea, which_ the Pacific,and we met no storm.A. was called B. is called C. had been called D. has been called2.现在进行时表示正在进行的动作；表示按计划安排即将发生的动作。She is leaving for Beijing. He is working as a teacher tomorrow.代替一般现在时，描绘更加生动。The Changjiang River is flowing into the east.The s

5、un is rising in the east.与always, forever, constantly, continually连用，表示赞赏或厌恶等感情色彩，但并非强调动作正在进行； He is always helping others.She is always forgetting something.大多数动词可用于进行时，但也有些动词不用于进行时。常见的有：感觉类：look, smell, feel, sound, taste, see, hear情感类：like, love, prefer, admire, hate, fear心态类：wish, hope, expect,

6、want, need, believe, think, understand, agree, knowt所有类：have, contain, won, hold, belong to等。3.现在完成时 表示过去发生的动作对现在产生的影响或结果，或说话时已完成的动作；I have finished the report./ She has cleaned the room. 表示从过去开始，待续到现在的动作或状态，往往和“for.”, “since.”表述的一段时间状语连用；He has learned English for six years./ They have worked here

7、since they left college.表示“曾经到过某地（人已回来）”用“have/has been to”；表示“到某地去了（还未回来）”用“have/has gone to”。Where is Li Hua? He has gone to the reading-room.She knows a lot about Shanghai. She has been there.在时间状语从句,条件状语从句或让步状语从句中表达将来某时已经完成的动作。When you have learned English, you will find it a bridge to so much k

8、nowledge. Well start at six if it has stopped raining by then.短暂动词（即瞬间动词），join,lose,buy,borrow,leave,go,come,arrive,die,marry, finish,complete,begin,start,break out等，在完成时态中，其肯定式不能和表示一段时间的状语连用。要译“他参军已经三年了”不能说：He has joined the army three years.可采用：“ago法”：He joined the army three years ago.“延续法”：He ha

9、s been in the army for three years.“since法”：It is/has been three years since he joined the army.注意：没有包括“现在”在内或不是截至“现在”为止的时间状语不能与现在完成时连用, 但“in（over） the past/last+时间段”要与现在完成时连用。4.一般过去时 表达特定的过去时间内发生的动作或存在的状况，或过去某一时间内经常发生或反复发生的动作或为；He often sang when he was a boy.He went to the cinema last night with h

10、er boy friend. 用于I didnt know或I forgot，表示事先不知道或不记得，但现在已知道或记得的事情。 用于I didnt know或I forgot，表示事先不知道或不记得，但现在已知道或记得的事情。 I didnt know you were here.Sorry, I forgot to bring my book.5.过去进行时表示过去某一时刻或某一段时间内正在进行的动作（这一过去时间须用时间状语表示）；He was preparing his lecture all day yesterday.表示动作在另一过去动作发生时进行；They were still

11、 working when I left.用在两个过去进行时动作同时发生；I was writing while he was watching TV.过去计划、安排好的将来动作(只限于come, go, leave, arrive, start, move, sail, fly, travel, stay等）；He said she was arriving the next day.6.过去完成时 表示在过去某一时间以前已经完成的动作。He had shut the door before the dog came up.Everything had been all right up t

12、ill this morning. 表示动作或状态从过去某个时刻开始一直延续到另一个过去时刻才完成，甚至还要继续下去。At the age of ten,he had learned 500 English words.He had been ill for a week when we learned about it. 注意：过去完成时必须以过去某一时刻为基点，即“过去的过去”。因此只有在和过去某时或某动作相比较时才用到它；before, after本身表示时间的“前”“后”明显，因此可用一般过去时代替过去完成时。He (had) left before I arrived.7.一般将来时

13、一般将来时有下列一些构成形式需要记住： will/shall do （侧重将来行为，不突出计划安排去做某事） be going to do (主观上打算或客观上可能发生) be doing (按计划将要发生，常和表示最近的将来时间连用)be about to do (按计划即将发生)一般将来时的用法：现在看来以后要发生的动作或存在的状态Tom will come next week.He will be here tomorrow.事物的固有属性或必然趋势Oil will float in water.Fish will die without water.对将来某个动作的安排、计划 He i

14、s going to speak on TV this evening.8.要求一定时态的固定的句型was/were doing sth. whendid sth.(正在做某事，这时突然)I was reading a book when the bell rang.was/were about to do sth. whendid sth. (正要做某事，这时突然)We were about to leave when the telephone rang.It(This) is(will be ) the first/second/thirdtime+ thatIts the first

15、time Ive seen her.We have been there three times.如果句中有比较确定的时间状语，则服从时间状语的要求。Last year I saw him many times.It is/has been sinceIt is (has been) two weeks since I came here.She said it was five hours since she had finished her work.Hardly whenNo sooner thanHardly had we got in the crops when it began

16、to rain.I had no sooner come into the room than the door was closed. It(This) is(will be ) the first/second/thirdtime+ thatThis is the first time I have been here. Itll be the first time Ive spoken in public. III.被动语态的用法被动语态表示句子的主语是动作的承受者，也就是动作的对象，一般说来只有及物动词才有被动语态。其构成为be+及物动词的过去分词。助动词be有人称、数和时态的变化，其

17、变化规则与be作为连系动词时完全一样。含有情态动词的谓语变化为被动语态时，由情态动词（can, may must, have to等）+be +动词的-ed形式。含有be going to , be to, used to, be about to等结构的复合谓语变为被动语态时，其构成为be going to （be to, used to, be about to）+ be +动词的-ed形式构成。1.被动语态的适用范围当我们不知道谁是动作的执行者，或者没有必要指出谁是动作的执行者时。这时不用by短语。This jacket is made of cotton. 为了强调动作的承受者时 Vi

18、sitors are requested not to touch the exhibits. 出于策略、委婉、礼貌等不提出动作的执行者You are said to be active recently. 常用于如下句型：Its not known that Its said that Its reported that Its not decided thatIts believed that Its announced that2.被动语态的句型常见句式是：主语（受动者）be过去分词（by施动者）He was scolded by the English teacher.主语get过去分

19、词其它成分The boy got drowned last summer./ She got fired because of her faults.使用这种结构不能带有“by施动者”在现代英语中大量地出现了由get+及物动词的过去分词构成的被动语态，这就叫做get-型被动语态。get-型被动语态中的过去分词数量有限，通常为单个的动词或比较简单的动词短语。get+及物动词的过去分词 get常同marry, beat, break, damage, tear, strike, hurt, paint, invite, repair, dress, pay, wound等动词的-ed形式连用，构成

20、被动语态。这种结构一般指动作的结果而非动作本身，常指最后终于，突然发生等意义。He got wounded in the battle. The boy got hurt on his way home from work. get-型被动语态一般不宜用在含有双宾语的结构中，也不宜与see, hear, watch, listen to等感官动词构成被动语态。The old man was offered a large sum of money. （正）有人给了这位老人一大笔钱。The old man got offered a large sum of money. ( 误)get-型被动

21、语态有时有言外之意或具有感情色彩He got taught a lesson. How did the window get closed. get-型被动语态有时表示开始进入某种状态，而be+动词的-ed形式只表示存在的状态。 She got tired. She was tired. 带有双宾语（直接宾语和间接宾语）的主动句变为动句，其主语可以是直接宾语，也可以是间接宾语。She lent me a bike.被动：I was lent a bike(by her).A bike was lent to me(by her).情态动词be过去分词This problem must be w

22、orked out in half an hour. 双重被动式：主语被动式谓语不定式的被动式其它成分These magazines are not allowed to be taken out of the reading-room.The murderer was ordered to be shot.3.主动表示被动的几种情况不及物动词与状语连用，用以表示主语的品质和状态常见动词是：cut,sell,read,write,fill,cook,lock,wash,drive,keep等This knife cuts well.These books sell well.The pen w

23、rites smoothly.Meat wont keep long in such hot weather.The cloth washes well.这种布好洗。 一些连系动词的主动式形容词。常见动look,smell,taste,sound,feel,prove,turn out等The apples taste good.The flower smells wonderful.The news proved/turned out trueCotton feels soft.4.不可变为被动语态的几种情况 当句子的宾语是反身代词时(因为反身代词不可作主语)He can dress him

24、self. 他能自己穿衣服。不可变为Himself can be dressed by him. 当句子的宾语是相互代词时(因为相互代词不可作主语)We help each other/one another.不可变为Each other/One another is helped by us. 动宾结构的固定短语只能用于主动式，不能用被动式He lost heart.不可变为Heart was lost by him.类似lose heart词组的还有make a face,keep silence,keep words,lose in thought等等 take part in,belo

25、ng to ,own,have,hate,fail,contain等表状态动词没有被动语态She took part in the sports meet.不能变为The sports meet was taken part in by her.当have, cost, fit, last, hold等表示状态的及物动词作谓语时Our village has twenty tractors. The hall can hold 2000 people.The war lasted four years. 二、一识别标志词 如果题干中有标志性的时间状语,则往往可以根据时间状语选择相应的时态 Mo

26、re than a dozen students in that school _ abroad to study medicine last year. A. sent B. were sentC. had sentD. had been sent 动词的时态一般都有其相应的时间状语,请熟记下列8种常用时态所对应的时间状语 (1)一般现在时:often, always, usually, seldom, now, every day等 (2)一般过去时:then, yesterday, last week, after that, ago, in the following/next few

27、 months等 (3)现在进行时:now, right now, at present, at this moment, these days等 (4)过去进行时:then, at that time, at this time yesterday等 (5)现在完成时: recently, lately, up to/till now, so far, in the past/last few months/years, for+一段时间, since + 一点时间等 (6)过去完成时:before, by the end of last month/years等 (7)一般将来时:tomo

28、rrow, today, next week/month, in an hour, in the coming/following few weeks等 (8)过去将来时:the following month, the next week等 二主从时态须呼应 在根据时态呼应原则解题时,要把握好以下几点: (1)在时间条件等状语从句中,用一般现在时表示一般将来时,一般过去时表示过去将来时,用现在完成时表示将来完成时(2)正确认定主句动词及从句动词两个动作发生的时间,并认真体会命题者所给出的语境 (3)解答宾语从句与主句时态呼应题时,考生应熟知以下规则:主句动词为现在时,则从句动词可根据需要使用

29、任何时态;主句动词为过去时,则从句动词须用恰当的过去的某种时态(表示客观真理时使用一般现在时) 三例：1Do you think we should accept that offer? Yes，we should，for we_ such bad luck up till now，and time_ out. A. have had；is running B. had；is running C. have；has been run D. have had；has been run 2Can you tell me the timetable of the_school bus? Well,

30、the bus_here for the _campus at 7:00 Am. Awill leave Bleft Cis leaving Dleaves 一般过去时与现在完成时的区别【1】With our society developing，the level of life in our eountry greatly recentlyAhas been rose Bhas been raised Chad rose Drose【2】Look！How clean they are！What with them?Ahave you done Bdid you do Chad you do

31、ne Ddo you do【3】一I haven“seen you for agesHavent you graduated from college?一Yes，English fouryears in SeijingAstudy Bhave studied Cam studying Dstudied【4】I had wanted to help you last night but I couldnt spare my time， for I a composition which I had to hand in this morningAwrote Bwas writing Chad w

32、ritten Dhavewritten【5】Do remember to remind me to return the book I from youAwas borrowing B had borrowed C borrowed Dwould borrow被动语态【6】Clothes made of this material comfortably，but easilyAwear；arent washed Bareworn；dont washCwear；dont wash Dare WOrn；arent washed【7】一Have you called MrJohnson?一Yeshe

33、 back before tomorrow noonSo he can attend our meeting on timeAexpected Bis expected Cis expecting Dis to expect几种将来时间表达法的区别【8】Whatever may happen，go on until you succeed，and you what life is aboutAshould know Bmust know Chave known Dwill know【9】一Did you tell Julia about the result?一Oh，I forgot. her

34、 nowAcalled Bwill call Cain going to call Dhas called三、一、一般现在时与现在进行时 1一般现在时 （1）表示按时间表将要发生的动作或事件 例1Look at the timetable. Hurry up! Flight 1026 _ off at 18: 20. A. takes B. took C. will be taken D. has taken （2）表示特征、能力或现时的情况或状态 例2 This machine _. It hasnt worked for years. A. didnt work B. wasnt work

35、ing C. doesnt work D. isnt working 例3 The house belongs to my aunt but she _ here any more.A. hasnt lived B. didnt live C. had lived D. doesnt live （3）表示普遍真理、事实 例4Months ago we sailed ten thousand miles across this open sea, which _ the Pacific, and we met no storms. A. was called B. is called C. ha

36、d been called D. has been called 2现在进行时 （1）考查表示现在或现阶段正在进行的动作或发生的事 例5 I have to go to work by taxi because my car _ at the garage. A. will be repaired B. is repaired C. is being repaired D. has been repaired 例6Since I won the big prize, my telephone hasnt stopped ringing. People _ to ask how I am goi

37、ng to spend the money. A. phone B. will phone C. were phoning D. are phoning （3）表示某个按最近的计划或安排将要进行的动作、即将开始或结束的动作 常用的这类动词有：go, come, leave, arrive, land, meet, move, return, start, stay, stop, give, change, fly, work等。 例7Ladies and gentlemen, please fasten your seat belt. The plane _. A. takes off B.

38、is taking off C. has taken off D. took off一般现在时和现在进行时这两种时态的区别见下： 一般现在时：习惯性、永久性、客观事实 现在进行时：暂时性、重复性、感情色彩 一般过去时与过去进行时 1一般过去时 表示过去某个特定时间或某一段时间发生的动作或情况 例8Its said that the early European playing-cards _ for entertainment and education. A. were being designed B. have designed C. have been designed D. were

39、 designed 例9My cousin went to Canada two years ago. He _ there for a few months and then went to America. A. worked B. would work C. would be working D. has been working 2过去进行时 （1）表示过去某一时刻或某阶段正在发生的动作，强调未完成 例10Has Sam finished his homework today? I have no idea. He _ it this morning. A. did B. has do

40、ne C. was doing D. had done （2）表示过去某一时间将要发生的动作 例11What were you doing when Tony phoned you? I had just finished my work and _ take a shower. A. had started B. started C. have started D. was starting 一般过去时与过去进行时的区别如下： 一般过去时：完成性 过去进行时：未完成 现成完成时与现在完成进行时 1现成完成时 （1）表示所发生的动作或事情对现在的影响或产生的结果 例12Although med

41、ical science _ control over several dangerous diseases, what worries us is that some of them are returning. A. achieved B. has achieved C. will achieve D. had achieved （2）表示一个从过去某个时间开始，延续到现在的动作 例13My friend, who _ on the International Olympic Committee all his life, is retiring next month. A. served

42、 B. is serving C. had served D. has served 例14My brother is an actor. He _ in several films so far. A. appears B. appeared C. has appeared D. is appearing 2现成完成进行时 表示一个从过去某时开始发生，一直延续到现在并可能延续下去的动作。 例15Now that she is out of a job, Lucy _ going back to school, but she hasnt decided yet. A. had conside

43、red B. has been considering C. consider D. is going to consider 现在完成时与现在完成进行时的区别如下： 现在完成时：完成性强调动作的结果 现在完成进行时：未完成性动作在不久前持续进行的情景 主动表示被动的三种情况 1. 不及物动词与状语连用，用以表示主语的品质和状态。 常见动词是：cut, sell, read, write, fill, cook, lock, wash, drive, keep等。 2. 一些连系动词的主动式形容词。 常见动词是：look, smell, taste, sound, feel, prove, t

44、urn out等。 看下面一道题： 例16The roast duck_delicious and a lot_in two hours. A. was tasted； was sold B. tasted； was sold C. was tasted； sold D. tasted； would sell 上题可以变化如下： 例17The roast dark which Mr and Mrs White prepared_well. A. sold B. had been sold C. was sold D. would sell 3. 五个“发生”： happen, take pla

45、ce, occur to, break out，come about等。 例18is well known to everyone, the Olympic Games_every four years. A. It; are heldB. As; take place C. That; happenD. As; break out 四、1 He was hoping to go abroad but his parents _ that they wont support him unless he can borrow money from the bank.A. were decidin

46、g B. have decided C. decided D. will decide2. They _ on the program for almost one week before I joined them, and now we it as no good results have come out so far.A. had been working; are still workingB. had worked; were still workingC. have been working; have workedD. have worked; are still workin

47、g3. Has Sam finished his homework today?I have no idea. He _ it this morning.A. did B. has done C. was doing D. had done4. The window is dirty.I know. It for weeks.A. hasnt cleaned B. didnt clean C. wasnt cleaned D. hasnt been cleaned5.Thank goodness, you are here! What_ you?Traffic jam.A. keeps B.

48、is keeping C. had kept D. kept2 主动语态、被动语态的含义和用法1 Millions of pounds worth of damage _ by a storm which swept across the north of England last night.A. has been caused B. had been caused C. will be caused D. will have been caused2.Why did you leave that position?I _ a better position at IBM.A. offer

49、B. offered C. am offered D. was offered3. Sarah,hurry up. Im afraid you wouldnt have time to _ before the party.A. get changed B. get change C. get changing D. get to change五、练习1.The church tower which _ will be open to tourists soon. The work is almost finished. A. has restored B. has been restored

50、 C. is restoring D. is being restored2.Every few years, the coal workers _ their lungs X-rayed to ensure their health.A. are having B. have C. have had D. had had3.-Why do you want to work for our company? -This is the job that I _for.A. lookedB. am to lookC. had lookedD. have been looking4.The pala

51、ce caught fire three times in the last century, and little of the original building _now.A. remainsB. is remainedC. is remainingD. has been remained5.The book has been translated into thirty languages since it _on the market in 1973.A. had comeB. has comeC. cameD. comes6.For many years, people _ ele

52、ctric cars. However, making them has been more difficult than predicted.Ahad dreamed of Bhave dreamed of Cdreamed of Ddream of7.If you plant watermelon seeds in the spring, you _ fresh watermelon in the fall.Aeat Bwould eat Chave eaten Dwill be eating 8. Traditional folk arts of Tianjin like paper c

53、utting_ at the culture show of the 2010 Shanghai World Expo.A. are exhibiting B. is exhibiting C. are being exhibited D. is being exhibited9.We _on this project for four hours. Le ts have a rest.A. are working B. have been working C. worked D. had worked10.Youve failed to do what you _ to and Im afraid the teacher will blame you