口腔生理学术语(C)

1、口腔生理学术语（C）口腔生理 学术语(C) 口腔生理学术语(C) calcium-binding prote ins - prote ins which have the ability to store calcium ions and to bind on to calcium in the hydroxyapatite of the en amel surface.calculus - a hard deposit of calcified plaque which is found around the n eck of the tooth. whe n it is above the

2、 free gin gival margin (supra-g in gival) it is white and chalky. whe n it is below (sub-g in gival) it is dark and hard.can didiasis - an in fecti on caused by can dida albica ns, ano rmal comme nsal of the mouth; also called thrush;capsule - a fibrous cas ing surro unding an orga n or gla nd; also

3、 a coati ng for some bacteria which protects them, from the bodies immune system. it is only the variety of pn eumococcus sp. which has a capsule which is able to pass the immune barrier and cause pn eum oniacaries - the dem in eralisatio n,and breakdow nof toothstructure by plaque acids.cariogenic

4、- likely to cause caries. sugar is cariogenic because it supports the growth of plaquecarious plaque - types of plaque which are associated with caries .carnivorous - an animal whose diet consists of animal tissue.cej - see ceme nto-e namel jun cti on.cell junctions - sites on the cell membrane wher

5、e cells attach to neighbouringcells. there are three main types. 1.adheri ng jun cti ons, which an chor cells to each other to resist separati on. they may form a belt of adhesi ons betwee n cells (as betwee n muscle cells) or spot attachme ntslikedesmosomes which hold epithelial cells together. 2.

6、tight junctions have no space between the membranes and allow no leakage between cells. they are found between cells of a secretingglands and betweenendothelialcells of bloodvessels to prevent fluid leaking out. 3. gap junctionsarechannels which allow transfer of small molecules like ions, sugars an

7、d amino acids, betwee n cells.ceme nto-e namel jun cti on- the jun cti on betwee n the enamel covering the crown of the tooth and the cementum coveri ng its root. ofte n referred to as the cej.ceme ntoblasts - cells of mese nchyme orig in, in duced byproteins from cells of ectodermal origin, to form

8、 a layer of ceme ntum aro und the roots of teeth.cementum - a thin layer of bone-like material covering the roots of teeth and sometimes the enamel surface, containing both extri nsic and in tri nsic fibres.central nervous system - the brain and spinal cord. the nerves which leave the spinal cord an

9、d brain comprise the peripheral n ervous system.chemotaxis - the movement of cells in response to chemical messengers. the movementof neutrophilsandmacrophages into damaged tissues is brought about by sig nals released by damaged tissues, and bacterial products. the term applies to the moveme nt of

10、any orga nism attracted by a specific chemical, which may be a suitable nu trie nt.choli nergice- cell receptors specific for then eurotra nsmitteracetyl choli ne.choli nergic receptors arefound at n euromuscular jun cti ons of muscle fibres and at all the syn aptic jun cti ons of the parasympatheti

11、c n ervous system.they are also found at the pre- ganglionicsynapse of thesympathetic n ervous system.chondroitinsulphate - the major glycosaminoglycanofcartilage , the other being kerata n sulphate.chromosomes - structures in the nu cleus of a cell whichappear visible dur ing cell divisio n. each c

12、hromosome (huma nshave 24) is a tightlycoiledstri ngof dna wound roundaprotei n.cleara nee-theremovalby swallowing,of substaneeinthe mouth. clearaneeis dependentonthecomplete nessofswallow ing and the rate of flow of saliva.clones - a family of cells, or organisms, which are all iden tical to a sin

13、gle pare nt. they are produced by asexual reproducti on. whe n a b lymphocytes has recog ni sed a foreig n an tige n, it provides millio ns of ide ntical daughter cells in order to produce the specific an tibodies in large qua ntities.clott ing - see blood clott ingcode - the code of nucleotides is

14、written in words of three letters using analphabet of four letters. these four comp onents of the code are ade nine, thy mine, cytos ine, and gua nine.collage n - the most com mon prote in found in the body.it has a fibrous structure and makes up the main organic component of bone and dentine, and t

15、he fibres of tendons and ligame nts.collage nase - an en zyme produced by fibroblasts whichbreaks dow ncollage n fibres. the fibroblast recycles thecomp onent ami no acids, and secretes new collage n fibres. this process of remodelli ng occurs throughout life. osteoclasts also secrete collage nases

16、in order to remove bone matrix. several bacteria are able to secrete collage nases and are thus able to break down and penetrate throughcollagenfibres in theperiod on tal ligame nt.colonies - communities of organisms which have taken up reside nee in a habitat .competency- the ability of a cell to r

17、espondtomesse ngers which could cause it to differe ntiate into a more specialised cell. some cells, like pericytes rema in compete nt throughout life, whereas others, such as the oral epithelium, are only able to form an tooth bud during the 12th to 16th week of foetal developme posite - a ma

18、terial made from two or more differe nttypes of material which con tributediffere nt properties. forexample bone is a comb in atio n of a resilie nt fibres of collage n in a brittle matrix (hydroxyapatite).compressive strength - ability to withstand a crushing force.con dylar process - the vertical

19、exte nsion of the man diblewhich ends in the condyle head, the moveable part of the temporoma ndibular joint.connective tissue - one of the four main types of collecti ons of cells (tissues) which con sists of cells in a matrix of ground substanee and fibres. some connective tissues support structur

20、es like blood vessels and glands. others are more structural, like bone, tendons and cartilage.contralateral - the opposite side as distinctfromipsilateral. ofte n used to refer to the teeth, joi nt or muscles on the opposite side from the chew ing side.coronoid process - the vertical exte nsion of

21、the man dible an terior to the con dyle to which the temporal muscle attaches.cortical-bone- the outer layer of bone which is denseand made up of lamellae.covale nt bond - a strong bond betwee n atoms formed by shari ng outer electro ns. whe n an atom has 8 outer electr ons it is stable. those which

22、 naturally have 8, like neon and argon gasses are quite un reactive. the carb on atom has 4 outer electr ons and therefore n eeds 4 extra electr ons to be stable.four hydroge n atoms make a goodpart nershipforcarb on ,(ch4, c2 h6 . etc) hence hydrocarb on s,(saturated with hydroge n atoms) are quite

23、 stable, in soluble and un reactive. one oxygenatom (outer shell has 6 electrons)and two hydrogen atoms (h2o) also makes a stable arrangement, although not as stable as the hydrocarb on, family as the water molecule is a little un bala need, providi ng hydroge n bonds and other unu sual properties o

24、f biological importa nee, such as its ability to hold other molecules in a soluti on.cusps - peaks or raised areas of a tooth which usually fitinto a fossa on the oppos ing tooth.cytok ines -chemical messe ngers that allow n eighbouri ngcells to com muni catewith each other. theyareparacri nemessagesas disti netfromen dochri neorhorm onalmesse ngers. thereareseveral main familiesofcytok inesin cludi nggrowthfactors , neurotransmitters,lymphoki nesand manyothers.t