2010宫东风语法讲义

1、2010年考研英语语法班讲义主讲：王国清一、概述：虽然在研究生英语考试中并不直接涉及语法，但阅读理解，写作和翻译等 试题无不体现出它的重要性。然而，语法又是广大英语爱好者最难掌握的问题 之一，市场上种类繁多的语法书籍，大凡都是内容多而不精，即次重点不分，对于在学习过程中，大家共同反映的较有难度的语法，如非谓语动词、虚拟语 气、定语从句都未能作出精辟分析，使读者看后仍不知所云。本着这个目的，我们再次相聚西安人信，希望通过两天的深入学习使广大考生对语法有个彻底 的了解，在今后考试中遇到相应问题能游刃有余。二、重点语法再现：非谓语动词是动词的一种形式，就其定义而言，它在句中不能单独作谓语， 非谓语动

2、词包括动名词、分词和不定式，非谓语动词是语法学习中的重点也是难 点，在历年的四、六级及其它考试中占有一定的分值，本单元将逐一重点说明。I .分词(Participles)分词是一种非谓语动词，在句中不能单独作谓语，它包括现在分词(prese ntparticiple)和过去分词(past participle )两种形式，这两种形式在句中的基本 功能相同，主要起形容词和副词的作用，在句中做定语、状语、表语和补语， 请看例句：All flights_ because of the storm, we decided to take the train.A. were canceledB. had

3、 been canceledC. having canceledD. having been canceled分析：此题多次在考研、四、六级考试中出现，是一个十分有难度的题，它所涉及到的语法也是方方面面，首先排除B选项，因为过去完成时出现在主从复合句中，这个句中无连接词， 从句意判断，飞机取消应该是我们决定乘坐火车的一个原因”，所以句中all flights the sto在整个句中作一成份，即 作状语表原因，既然是一成份就不是一句子，因而不能出现谓语动词，随之排 除A选项，飞机取消应该是被取消，所以排除C选项(表主动)，答案为D选项(表被动)，选项中C、D分别为现在分词完成式的主动和被动式，

4、动名词和 现在分词形式相同，所以 C、D也可称为动名词完成式的主动和被动式，但由 于动名词和现在分词最大区别在于动名词在句中不能作状语，因而排除动名词 的可能性，由此引申出分词的时态。(1) 分词的时态和语态(Tense and Vice)(以动词do为例)主动被动一般式doingbeing done现在分词:完成式hav ing donehav ing bee n done过去分词done从上表中可看出，现在分词的一般式和完成式各有主动式和被动式，而过去 分词只有一种形式，现在分词和过去分词在用法上的区别为前者表示正在进行的主动动作， 后者表示已经完成的被动动作， 而现在分词一般式和完成式的

5、被动式 则表示分词作状语时， 分词的逻辑主语与句子主语之间的关系 （这一点将在分词 的用法中讲到），现在分词一般式表示动作与谓语动词动作几乎同时发生，而现 在分词完成式则表示动作在谓语动词之前已经发生，如上述例句中 “飞机取消在 我们决定乘坐火车之前 ”，即 having been canceled 的动作在 decided 之前，另外 分词在作状语前提下， 现在分词完成式的被动式即having been done 等同于过去分词done,所以上述例句中也可以增加一选项canceled也为正确选项（等同于D 选项 having been canceled） （2）分词的用法 （Usage） 定

6、语： 分词常用来修饰名词或代词,单个分词作定语放在所修饰词之前,分词短语 作定语放在所修饰词之后,但有些过去分词也可放在所修饰词之后：a developing country （发展中国家）a developed country （发达国家）a boy standing by the doo（r 站在门旁的男孩）a man moved by the film （一个被电影感动的人） 注意：分词短语作定语置于句中时相当于一定语从句,如：Do you know that boy standing by the door? 相（ 当于 who is standing by the door） A m

7、an moved by the film （相当于 who was moved by the film） is my father. 表语：分词或分词短语放在系动词 be, become, get, remain, seem, sta后作表语，现在 分词作表语表示主语的性质或正在进行的动作,过去分词作表语则表示主语 所处的状态：The news is very exciting.（性质）He is reading English loudly.（正在进行的动作）The girl in red was deeply moved by what she had see n （状态） 补足语：a.

8、宾语补足语 现在分词常放在感官动词 : see, look at, hear, listen to, feel, smell, notice, observe, watch, find 和使役动词： get, have, keep, set, sen d, leaver 作宾语补 足语。过去分词常放在 see, hear, watch, get, keep, leave, have, like, want, wish, order 等词后作宾语补足语。I saw him coming into the class.The screws are somewhere loose.lIlhave t

9、hem tightened.b主语补足语： 把主动语态转换成被动语态,原先主动语态中的宾语补足语也相应地转变为 主语补足语：He was seen coming into the classYou were not noticed waiting. 状语分词作状语是分词一重要用法，表示时间、原因、方式、条件、让步、结果和伴随情况，分词作状语时，其逻辑主语(表示分词动作发出者是隐含的) 与句子主语保持一致，否则就会产生悬垂和荡空结构，另外分词作状语相当 于一相应状语从句：女口： Looking up at the sky, a bird was flying.应改为：Look ing up at

10、 the sky, I saw a bird flying.(When I was looki ng up at the sky(表时间)另外，为了表示明确时间或条件，有时可在分词前加when, while, if等连词：When compared with the size of the whole earth, the highest mountain does not seem high at all. (CET4-90.1.47)(3) 分词否定式分词或分词短语表示否定意义时，将 not置于分词之前，不能放在分词之后： Not having received her letter, h

11、e decided to write another.(4) 独立主格结构(Absolute Structure)分词作状语，分词的逻辑主语要与句子主语保持一致，即句子的主语便是它 的逻辑主语，否则就会出现悬垂或荡空结构(前面已讲过)，但有时分词有它 独立的逻辑主语，即分词的逻辑主语与句子主语不一致，这就是独立主格结 构。 独立主格结构公式：逻辑主语+分词（短语）+ 主谓AB在上述公式中，其中（逻辑主语 +分词短语）属于独立主格结构，主谓是一 完整句子，A、B两主语不一致（A、B由名词或代词充当），如前面所述例句：All flights having been canceled because

12、 of the storm, we decided to take the train. （All flightsthe st是独立主格结构部分，we decided 为一完整句子，allflights和we不属于同一主语，另外公式中分词短语也可用不定式、形容词 等来代替。） 独立主格结构具体构成：a. 逻辑主语+分词（现在分词和过去分词）A new tech nique hav ing bee n worked out, the yields as a whole in creased by 20 perce nt.All things con sidered, the pla nned t

13、rip will have to be called off.b. 逻辑主语+介词短语Mr. Wang came in, （with） a book in hand.c. with/without +逻辑主语+分词With her hair dyed green, she looks like a clown.（小丑）Without any thi ng left in the cupboard, she went out to get somethi ng to eat.d. 逻辑主语+不定式The football game ended with Portugal team won, th

14、e details to be reported this eve ning.e. 逻辑主语+形容词/副词The teacher stared at the stude nt, his eyes full of doubt.He went out, no hat on. 独立主格结构用法：a. 表示间：The shower being over, we went on our way. (Whe n the shower was over, we)b. 表原因：All flights having been canceled because of the storm, we decided t

15、o take the train. (Because all flights had bee n can celed because of the storm, we)c. 表条件：Weather permitting, I II come to see you. (If weather permits, I ) II d. 表伴随：A large fish was slowly swimming through the water, its tail swinging back and forth like the pendulum of a clock. (钟摆) ( A large fi

16、sh ,and its tail was swinging )e. 同位语(表示对前面名词作进一步解释)I have two sisters, one being a teacher, the other (be ing) a nu rse. (I have ,one is a teacher, and the other is a nurse.) 由此可见，独立主格结构和状语从句可互相转换，方法是首先在独立结构前 加上相应的连词，其次把独立结构中的分词转变为谓语动词，反之亦然。 独立主格结构特点：a. 不是句子(因为它由逻辑主语+分词短语构成，分词短语属于非谓语动词)b. 在句中作状语(是分

17、词作状语的一个特例)c. 两边主语不一致(即分词逻辑主语和句子主语不一致) 独立主格结构的做题步骤 先看例题：_, we have to adopt new measures to solve the prolem. ASo is the situationB. That being the caseC. That is the caseD. The situation is so分析：由题干可看出，横线中要填的句子内容和句子we似乎为两并列句，但从句意上判断，表面上的两并列句其实隐含着某些方面的主从关系，表原 因或条件，但却没有表原因的连词because, since, as 或 so, 也

18、没有表条件的if,所以横线上要填的应是一成份，不是句子，故选B选项。(相当于Because/ If that is the case, we)所以独立主格结构作题步骤a. 表面上看似并列句；b. 从语意上判断却有着某些方面的主从关系；c. 没有表示主从关系的连词；II. 动名词(Gerund) 动名词是一种非谓语动词， 它的形式与现在分词相同， 具有名词和动词的某 些特征，它可以带宾语、状语等构成动名词短语，在句中不能单独作谓语。(1) 动名词时态(Tense)以动词do为例)主动被动一般式doingbeing done完成式hav ing donehav ing bee n done上述表格

19、可看出，动名词和现在分词的时态相同，非谓语动词之间的区别主 要是用法上的区别，动名词和现在分词形式相同，用法却不同，动名词一般 式表示的动作通常与谓语动词动作同时发生，而动名词的完成式表示动作在 谓语动词的动作之前已发生：Besides skat ing, he likes play ing basketball.（skating 与 playing basketball 同时发生）He admitted hav ing done that.（having done 在 admitted 之前发生）（2）动名词用法（Usage） 主语：Finding a job in such a big c

20、ompa ny has always bee n bey ond his wildest dream. 表语：Her hobby is collect ing stamps. 宾语：.Peter, who had bee n driv ing all day, suggested stopp ing at the n ext tow n. 定语The workers are busy building a listening room.（语音室）（3）动名词的逻辑主语动名词前可发有自已的逻辑主语，表明动名词动作发出者，能作动名词逻辑主语的词类有：物主代词、名词所有格（即名词所加，s复数名词后以

21、“s”结尾的，在其后加“），名词通格（主格）或人称代词宾格。Would you mi nd my closi ng the win dow?He objected to Tom s delaying. 当逻辑主语是无生命名词或较长名词词组时，通常用名词通格（即主格）:We are look ing forward to our team winning the match.I don t like Tom and Jack speaking ill of each other. 当逻辑主语是 some one, somebody, none, n obody, anyone, an ybod等

22、不定代 词或this, that指示代词时，通常用名词通格（即主格）：He was in terrupted by somebody knocking on the door. 当动名词在句中作主语时，逻辑主语用属格（即物主代词或名词所有格）:His/Tom s drinkirrgesulted in the accident.（4）动名词的否定形式与分词否定形式一样，动名词否定式在动名词前加not构成：I can t stand your not telling me the truth.I regret not having taken your advice.（5）下列动词及动词词组常接

23、动名词作宾语，常见的动词有：admit, advise, avoid, appreciate, acknowledge, allow, anticipate, consider, complete, con template （预期、企图）,defer, delay, deny, detest 憎恶）,dread, dislike, enjoy, escape, excuse, endure, fancy, favor, finish, forgive, facilitate （促 进）, imagine, include, miss, mind, mention, permit, postp

24、one, practise, prevent, propose, quit, recall, resen（t 怨恨）, resist, risk, suggest, understand; 动词词组有：can t help, give up, leave of停止），look forward to, object to, put off, succeedin, aim at, insist on, persist in, stick to, be good at, do well in, depend on, feel like （想要做），be tired （ afraid/capable）

25、 of, accustomed to, agree to, confess to承 认）,submit to, see to 照料），be （ get/become）used to, devote on eself to, prefer to, adapt（adjust） to, apply to. 致力于）The match was canceled becausemost of the members objected to having a match without a standard court. 场地）The teacher doesn t permit smoking in c

26、lass.（6）动词 need, want, require, deserve, worth, like想要），bear后接动名词的主动式 表示被动概念，除bear外，这些动词也可接不定式的被动式。This room is so dirty that it wants cleaning （to be cleaned）.The poor old woman deserves looking after （to be looked after）.（7）动名词的基本句型： feel like+ V-ing （想要做）Do you feel like going to concerts on week

27、ends? can t hel+V-ing （禁不住）I couldn t help crying at the sight of my sick grandmother. on +V-ing （就）On hearing the bad news, she bursted into tears. It is no use + V-ing做是无用的）（no use也可用 no good, useless, waste, worthless, dangerou等来替换）It is no use asking her for advice. go+V-ing（表示游戏或运动）His father f

28、requently goes hunting in the forest after his retirement.III.不定式（The Infinitive） 动词不定式是一种非谓语动词，在句中不能单独作谓语。（1）不定式时态（Tense以动词do为例主动被动一般式to doto be done完成式to have doneto have bee n done进行式to be doing上述表格: 不定式的一般式表示的动作与谓语动词表示的动作或状态同时发生，前后发生或在谓语动词的动作或状态之后。I saw her en ter the hall.（saw和enter两动作同时发生）We j

29、umped to hear of your success.（jumped与to hear of前后紧接发生）I have someth ing to do.（to do在have之后发生） 不定式的完成式表示的动作发生在谓语动词表示动作之前。I m sorry to have kept you waiting. （ to have ke发生在 am表示动作之前） 在句型It is said/believed/reported that sth/sb中,可以用不定式完成式来相互转 换；It is said that his book has bee n tran slated into man

30、y Ian guages.（=His book is said to have bee n tran slated into many Ian guages.）（to have been translated发生在 is said 之前） 不定式进行式表示动作正在进行，与谓语动作的动作同时发生 They are said to be directing the traffic.（to be directing 与 are said同时发生）（2）不定式用法 主语To con sider the cost and the supply of a material is importa nt.（I

31、t is importa nt to con sider the cost and the supply of a material.） 宾语Our compa ny decided to can cel the con tract because a nu mber of the con diti on in it had not bee n met.另外：如果不定式作宾语，其后又接补足语时，要用it作形式宾语，而将真实宾语（即不定式）置于补足语之后，同样如果动名词作宾语，其后再接宾 语补足时，要用it作形式宾语，而将真实宾语（即动名词）置于补足语之后。They did not find i

32、t worthwhile to prepare for the worst conditions they might meet.Do you con sider it any good trying aga in? 表语（在系动词be,seem,appeOr之后They seem to be getting along very well.Were she to leave right now, she would get there on Sunday. 定语（做后置定语，即位于被修饰名词之后，与所修饰的名词逻辑上是动宾关 系，如果不定式是不及物动词，后面应加介词）The old man

33、was too tired and found a rock to sit on. 状语 （表示目的、结果、原因 ）To become a teacher in a university, it is necessary to have at least a masstedregree. （表目的）Yesterday he hurried to go to school, only to find it was weekend（. 表结果）I m sorry to have kept you waiting so long表原因） 补足语a. 宾语补足语有些及物动词宾语后常接不定式作宾语补足语

34、， 构成复合宾语， 如 ask, advise, allow, command, compel, enable, encourage, expect, invite, tell, force, wish, want, like, oblige, order, permit, prefer, persuade, remind, request, require, send, warn, cause, trouble, urge, in struct, help, lead, press 催促）I warned her not to be late again.The teacher advise

35、d us to read English loudly in the morning. 另外下列动词不定式作宾语补足语时常省略不定式符号to。感官动词： see, watch, observe, notice, feel, hear, perceive, smell, look at, listen to 使役动词 : have, make, let词组： would rather, would you please, would/had better, had rather, may just as well但以上动词用于被动语态时，却要加上to。He was let to come in

36、and sit with other studends who had already completed their works.不定式在介词except, but后作宾语时，其前有动词 do的某种形式要省去to， 反之加上 to。I have nothing to do except /but wait for him.That was so serious a matter that I had no choice but/except to call in the police.b. 主语补足语 把带有宾语补足语的谓语动词转变成被动语态时，原来的宾语补足语也转变 成主语补足语。He w

37、as allowed to watch TV after finishing homework.They were made to work hard day and night.（3）不定式的逻辑主语 不定式的逻辑主语表明不定式或不定式短语动作发出者， 以下三种情况是不 定式的逻辑主语。句子主语Mr.Wilson said that he did not want to take on any further responsibilities. 句子宾语Did you invite him to come here？由 for 名词(或代词宾格)引出 It is necessary for

38、you to study English well. The road is wide enough for two buses to pass.(4) 不定式的否定式 不定式的否定式常在不定式前加否定词 not 构成 I hope not to keep you waiting so long.We should prefer them not to come next week.(5) 下列动词接不定式作宾语：afford, agree, arrange, ask, attempt, claim, choose, dare, decide, demand, desire, determin

39、e, endeavor, expect, guarantee, pretend, happen, hope, learn, mean, intend, manage, offe(r 主动做), plan, prepare, want, refuse, promise, resolve, seek, strive, swear, threaten, undertake, volunteer, help, wish, fa(il 未能做) .He claimed to have been badly treated at yesterday ty. s parThe manager promise

40、d to keep me informed of how our business was going on.(6) 接动名词又可接不定式的动词：begin, cease, continue, dread, forget, hate, intend, learn, like, dislike, omit, prefer, regret, remember, need, neglect, start, try, go on, chance, stop, mean 以上动词接不定式或接动名词在意义上的差别在这里不再辨析，希望大家在 学习中多加留意，但如果上述动词前有 should 一词时，其后只能

41、接不定式， 而不能接动名词。You should remember to wake me up at 3 o clock.动词let (出租),blame (责备),seek (寻找、追求)以不定式的主动形式 表示被动意义：I m to blame for the matter.The house is to let for $150 a month.The solution to this problem is not difficult to seek.三、试题精练：专项练习非谓语动词、独立主格结构1.The securityof the babies issupposedto _byth

42、e nurses.A) seetoB)beseentoC) beseening toD)beseen2.He claimedat yesterdaypsarty.A) totreat badlyB)tohavetreated badlyC) tobe badly treatedD)tohavebeenbadly treated3.“ Did youfind out who hadstolenmywatch? ” “Thcaht ilddidn tadmitA) to have done thatB)had done thatC) doing thatD)havingdone that4.Do

43、you remember _to ProfessorSmithduring yourlastvisit ?A) to be introducedB)beingintroducedC) having introducedD)to have introduced5.One of the properties oflight is _travelling in waveformasit gose from one plaecto another.A) itB)it sC) itsD)their6. The vacuum tube , invented near the beginning of ou

44、r century, gave us the use of radio waves, an energy source never before , and later opened the road for television,A) was capturedB) capturedC) capturingD) had been captured7. The headmaster sorder to have the whole place at oncewas unreasonable since he did not provide any tools.A) cleaning upB) t

45、o clean upC) cleaned upD) clean up8. neglecting our education, my father sent my brother andme to a summer school.A) Accused of B) Accusing ofC) That he was accused of D) To be accused of9. Susan stood motionless at the end of the diving board, hands at her sides, heels slinghtly raised, every muscl

46、eaction.A) anticipating B) anticipatedC) to anticipateD) having anticipatedout to get something to eat. B) With nothing leaving D) Without something leftI finally flew to SanB) Having invitedD) Had been invitedA)notbeingfinishedB)not having finishedC)hadnot beenfinishedD)was not finishedHe lay ona s

47、trawmatwithhis _A)closedeyesandhismouthopenB)eyesclosedandhisopenmouthC)closedeyesandopenhismouthD)eyesclosedandhismouthopen10. Walter offered us a lift when he was leaving the office, but our work, we declined the offer.11.12. in the cupboardshewentA)With somethingleftC)Without anythingleft13. by a

48、n Americanuniversity,Francisco on August 6, 1988 A)Being invitedC) Having been invited14. “Why isn tRobert here? ” “It is my secretary fasult . He forgot all abouthim. ”A) telephoning B) to telephoneC) to telephone to D) telephoning to15. The way he talks is simply intolerable. I object to likea chi

49、ld.A) treatB) be treatedC) treatingD) being treated16. , we have to adopt new measures to solve the problem.A) So is the situationC) That is the case17. The young doctor could not him no peace.A) gaveC) being given18. The room is so dirty thatB) That being the caseD) The situation is so sleep at nig

50、ht, his thoughtsB) givingD) to give it wants .A) cleaningB) being cleanedC) to cleanD ) cleaned19. Before the Spring Festival, the leaders of the village madehouse-to-house survey,in each family about their needs andproblems.A) to inquireB) to be inquiringC) inquiringD) inquired20. A large fish was

51、slowly swimming through the water, its tail back and forth like the pendulum of a clock .A) swungB) was swungC) swingingD) was swinging倒装、强调、省略1. Not noly diffcult to light , but it smelled of oil .D) Here is the letterdesigned to record moonquakes and meteoriteA)C)it wasdidit make2.youhave been loo

52、kingA)Theletter is thatC) Here the letter is3. In the scientific station B) it madeD) was it forward to .B) The letter is hereB) were instrumentsD) instruments standin exceptional circumstances B) a doctor should hideD) a doctor will hidetheimpacts .A) instruments wereC) stands instruments4. Most pe

53、ople would agree that only turth from the patient .A) should a doctor hideC) a doctor would hide5. As is the teacher , .6.7.A) so is the pupilC) the pupil does soJust as the soil is a part ofA) as it isC) so isHumbleB) so does the pupilD) the poupil is so the earth , the atomosphere .B) the same isD

54、) and so is8.A)C)Woodit may be , there is no place like home .B) asD) thatA)C)although how does not conduct electricity , so do rubbernor does rubber you want me to do ?B) so does rubberD) nor rubber doesA)Whois it thatB)Whatisit thatC)Wherever is itthatD)Wheneveris it10.Upwentthe priceand A)theliving standard came downB)camedown thelivingstandardC)downthe livingstandard cameD)downcame thelivingstandard11.NotuntilI shoutedat the