药学英语上册汇总

1、精品文档In troductio n to Physiologyblood clott ing glial cell atria ven tricle cardiovascular system respiratory system gastro in testi nal tract urinary tract reproductive system en docri ne feces glucago n gan glia embryo body fluid fertilized eggUnitOne Text A buildi ng block conn ective tissue epit

2、helial tissue an abolism catabolism deoxyrib onu cleic acid glucose glycoge n gonad homeostasis matrix n itroge n osmolality osmoreceptor potassium trachea bron chi plasma membra ne课文中句子（英译汉）1. It is concerned with how an orga nism performs its varied activities; how it feeds, how it adapts to cha n

3、ging circumsta nces, how it spaw ns new gen erati ons.2. Although some processes are similar across the whole spectrum of biology-the replicati on of the gen etic code for example-ma ny are specific to particular groups of orga ni sms.3. Although there have been many important physiological investig

4、ations on human volunteers, the need for precise con trol over the experime ntal con diti ons has meant that much of our prese nt physiological kno wledge has bee n derived from studies on other ani mals such as frogs, rabbits, cats, and dogs.4. The heart consists of four chambers, two atria and two

5、 ventricles, which form a pair of pumps arranged side by side. The right ventricles pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs where it absorbs oxygen from the air, while the left ventricle pumps oxygenated blood returning from the lungs to the rest of body to supply the tissues.5. The carb on dioxide pr

6、oduced by the respiratory activity of the tissues is carried to the lungs by the blood in the pul monary artery where it is excreted in the expired air.6. This activity depends on electrical signals which, in turn, depend on the concentration of sodium and potassium ions in the extracellular and int

7、racellular fluids. If there is an excess of potassium in the extracellular fluid, the cardiac muscle cells become too excitable and may con tract at in appropriate times rather tha n in a coord in ated manner.7. If the body tissues are being built up, as is the case for grow ing childre n, preg nant

8、 wome n and athletes in the early stages of trai ning, the daily in take of protein is greater tha n the no rmal body turno ver and the in dividual is in positive n itroge n bala nee.8. A n egative feedback loop is a con trol system that act to maintain the level of some variables with in a give n r

9、ange follow ing a disturba nee. A feedback loop requires a sen sor of some kind that resp onds to the variable in question but not to other physiological variables. Thus an osmoreceptor should respond to changes in osmolalityof the body fluids but not to cha nges in body temperature or blood pressur

10、e.9. The body is actually a social order of about 100 trillion cells organized into different functional structure, some of which are called orga ns. Each functional structure con tributes its share to the maintenance of homeostasis con diti ons in the extracellular fluid, which is called the intern

11、al environment. As long as no rmal con diti ons are maintained in this internal environment, the cells of the body continue to live and function properly.课后汉译英：1. 我们每天摄入的食物必须满足需要，任何多余的东西必须排出体外才能维持平衡。2. 人类细胞有将大分子分解成小分子的能力，从而为自身活动释放足够的能量。Unit Three Text B The other side of an tibioticspers onal experi

12、e nee oin tme ntmumps measles fungi chemotherapy an timicrobial age nt staphylococcus erythromyci n bactericidal age nt bacteriostatic age nt para-am ino salicylic acid ison iazidaseptic measure prevale nee an aphylactic react ion tetracycli ne chloramphe ni col mastitisprecauti on diarrhea anal cro

13、ss-i nfecti on super- in fecti on streptomyci n complicati ons tuberculosis Ion g-ra nge value cure-alls n arrow-spectrum broad-spectrum curre ntly available medici ne an tibioticsan aphylactic react ion acquired resista nee allergy dosage form课文句子：1. A ntibiotics have elim in ated or con trolled so

14、 many in fectious diseases that virtually every one has ben efited from their use at one time or another. Even without such personal experienee, however, one would have to be isolatedin deed to be un aware of the virtues, real and speculative, of these miracle ” drugs. The America n press, radio and

15、 televisi on have done a good job of report ing the truly remarkable story of successes in the chemical war on germs.2. An aphylactic reacti on happe ns less freque ntly and is less severe whe n the an tibiotics is give n by mouth. It is most apt to occur in people with a history of allergy, or a re

16、cord of sensitivity to penicillin. Other untoward reacti ons to an tibiotics are gastr oin test inal disorders such as sore mouth, cramps, diarrhea or anal itch which occur most frequently after use of the tetracycline group but have also been encountered after use of penicillin and streptomyc in. T

17、hese react ions may result from suppressi on by the an tibiotic of bacteria n ormally found in the gastr oin testi nal tract. With their competiti on removed, an tibiotic-resista nt staphylococci or fun gi, which also arenormally present, are free to flourish and cause what is called a super-infecti

18、on. Such infection can be extremely difficult to cure.课后汉译英:2制药工业在探索和开发新药的同时还要对抗现有抗生素不断增长的微生物耐药性，这将是一条漫长的道 路。3应该大力鼓励医生、制药业以及公众态度的改变。必须将抗生素视为一种应被谨慎使用并且仅在真正必 需时才使用的宝贵资源。man datory neon ate n ephropathy n euroleptic pathophysiology polymorphism temafloxac in tranq uillizer troglitaz one warfari nUnit F

19、our Text B Adverse drug reacti ons etiology atopy beno xaprofe n dexfe nflura minedigox infelbamatefen fluram ineherbicideimpote neein tracra nial lethargy课文句子:I. Type A react ions, which con stitute the great majority of adverse drug react ions, are usually a con seque nee of the drug main pharmaco

20、logical effect(e.g.bleeding from warfarin) or a low herapeutic index(e.g.nausea from digox in), and they are therefore predictable.2.Such reacti ons are usually due to in correct dosage(too much or too Ion g), for the in dividual patie nt or to disordered pharmacokinetics, usually impaired drug elim

21、 ination. The term-effecie ” is often applied to minortype A reactio ns.3. The underlying pathophysiology of type B reactions is poorly if at all understood, and often has a genetic or immuno logical basis.4. Exposure to drugs in the populati on is thus substa ntial, and the in cide nee of adverse r

22、eactions must be viewed in this con text.5.It would detect rare but severe adverse drug reacti ons, but would not be overwhelmed by com mon on es, the in cide nee of which would qua ntify together with predispos ing factors.6.The problem of adverse drug reacti on recog niti on is much greater if the

23、 reactio n resembles spontan eous disease in the populati on, such that physicia n are un likely to attribute the react ion to drug exposure.课后汉译英:1. 从临床来看，大多数药物的不良反应属于A型不良反应，它主要是由药物的主要药理作用或者低治疗指数引起的。2. 无法从药物的主要药理作用预期到、与药物剂量无关、较严重且死亡率高的不良反应叫做B型不良反应。Unit Five Text A Comb in atorial chemistry and new

24、drugstrilli onpharmacopoeiapathoge ntrial and errorpolystyre neremedysulph on amide hydrophobic hydrophilicalkaloidsteroidn eurotra nsmitteren docri ne horm one课文句子：1. To fight disease, the immune system gen erates prote ins known as an tibodies that bind to in vadi ng orga nism2. They typically beg

25、 in by look ing for sig ns of a desired activity in almost anything they can find, such as diverse collecti ons of syn thetic compo unds or of chemicals derived from bacteria, pla nts or other n atural sources.3. By perform ing doze ns or sometimes hun dreds of react ions at the same time and the n

26、testi ng to see whether the resulting peptides would bind to the particular antibody of interest, he rapidly found the active peptides from a large uni verse of possible molecule.4. Chemists ofte n start a comb in atorial syn thesis by attach ing the first set of buildi ng blocks to inert, microscop

27、ic beads made of polystyre ne(ofte n referred to as solid support).5. The trade off, however, is that keeping track of such large number of compounds and then testing them for biological activity, can become quite complicated.6. Scientists can pull out from the mixture the beads that bear biological

28、ly active molecules and then, using sen sitive detect ion tech niq ues, determ ine the molecular makeup of the compo und attached.Unit Seve nText A BiopharmaceuticsPeroralPlasmaPortalProdrugStabilitySuspe nsionVenousEquilibriumAssayElimi natio nAbsorptio ndosage formgastro in test inal barrier hepat

29、ic portal circulati onAdmi nisterAqueousArterialBioavailabilityCapillaryCirculatio nDissoluti onDyn amicEn dotheliumGelat inHepaticIn tramuscularIn trave nousMese ntericPermeati on课文句子：1n the case of systemically acting drug(i.e. drugs that reach these sites via the systemic circulation) , it is gen

30、 erally accepted for cli ni cal purposes that a dyn amic equilibrium exists betwee n the concen tratio n of drug at its site(s) of action and the concen trati on of drug in blood plasma.2.Strictly speak ing, the concen trati on of drug in plasma water (i.e. prote in-free plasma) is a more accurate i

31、n dex of drug concentration at the site(s) of action than the concentration of drug in whole plasma since a drug may often bi nd in a reversible manner to plasma protei n.3.0nly drug which is unboun d(i.e. dissolved in plasma water) can pass out of the plasma through the capillary endothelium and re

32、ach other body fluids and tissues and hence its site(s) of action. Drug concentration in whole blood is also not con sidered to be an accurate in direct in dex of the concen trati on of drug at its site(s) of acti on since drug can bind to and en ter blood cells.4t has bee n assumed that the plasma

33、drug concen trati on is directly proport ional to the cli ni cal effect of that drug.5. Apart from the in trave nous rout of drug adm ini strati on, where a drug is in troduced directly into the blood circulation, all other routs of administering systemically acting drugs involve the absorption of d

34、rug from the place of administration into the blood.6. The fraction of an administered dose of drug that reaches the systemic circulation in unchanged form is known as the bioavailable dose.7. This definition of bioavailability would not be valid in the case of a prodrug, whose therapeutic action no

35、rmally depe nds on it being con verted into its therapeutically active form prior to or on reach ing the systemic circulati on.8. He nee accord ing to the defi niti on of bioavailability, an admi nistered dose of a particular drug in an oral dosage form will be 100%bioavailable only if the drug is c

36、ompletely released from the dosage form into solution in the gastr oin test inal fluids.9. Thus any factor which adversely affects either the release of the drug from the dosage form, its dissolution in the gastrointestinal fluids, its stability in the gastrointestinal fluids, its permeation through

37、 and stability in the gastr oin test inal barrier or its stability in the hepatic portal circulati on will in flue nce the bioavailability exhibitedby that drug from the dosage form in which it was adm ini stered.课后汉译英：1. 吸收是药物自用药部位进入血液循环的过程。除直接注入血管者外，一般的给药方法都要经过细胞膜的 转运。3. 药物在体内分布多数是不均匀的，且处于动态平衡状态中，

38、即随药物的吸收与排泄不断地变化着。4. 药物进入血液后或多或少地将于血浆蛋白结合，但这种结合时疏松的，可逆的，经常处于动态平衡。5. 生物利用度是指不同剂型的药物吸收进入体循环的相对分量与速度。它与药物作用的强度与速度有关。Unit Ni ne Text A an alog monoclonal an tibody an tidrug an tige n lymphocyte coagulati on cytok ine phe no type geno type glycoprote in immunogen icity immuno toxicity in terleuk in liga

39、nd 课文句子：Non cli ni cal Developme nt of Biopharmaceuticals deox ynu cleotide heteroge neity homology in sulin affinity an tise nse bioassay biomarker coun terpart, crossreactivity cross-recog niti on dow nstream hybrid1. Moder n biologics are biotech no logy- derived pharmaceuticals(also desig nated

40、as“ biopharmacedticalsdrug ” or “ biotherapeutics ” ) comprising different compound classes.2. mABs are becoming more prominent and now represent the majority of biologics with more than 150 compo un ds(30%50% of all biologics in developme nt) in compa ny-sp on sored cli ni cal studies. An tibody fr

41、agments and fusion proteins have great potential as innovative therapeutic agents with their targeted therapy approach versus functional approaches.3. As is the case for small molecules, some toxicology studies do not n ecessarily have to be performed before first use in huma n but can be performed

42、at later stages.4mmunogenicity as an in here nt property of large molecules, like biologics, complicates the non cli ni cal test ing strategy and needs an adapted experimental, as well as bioanalytical, testing strategy.5. By contrast, biologics require several types of assay for quantification of t

43、he protein itself, its biological activityand the detect ion and characterizati on of binding ADAs, n eutraliz ing ADAs an d, if n ecessary(especially for cli ni cal sample an alysis), assays to mon itor an tibodies that might have bee n gen erated in resp onse to host cell proteins and/or other(hig

44、h molecular) impurities or compound constituents(e.PEG moieties).6. When developing a PK assay strategy, the needs of the nonclinical and clinical development program have to be con sidered, such as sen sitivity of the assay based on non cli nical and estimated cli ni cal dose, pla ned comb in ati o

45、n treatme nts, estimated target levels, PK/PD modeli ng approaches and so on.7. Look ing bey ond assay tech no logies, sample-clea n procedures rout in ely used for small molecules(e.g. solve nt extractio n and affinity chromatography) can usually not be used for biologics.8. These assays might suff

46、er from lack of specificity owing to the pote ntially confounding in flue nee of substa nces that modulate the biological activity of the compo und of in terest.9. This is because adequate exposure n eeded for specific treatme nt regime ns can be hin dered by the formatio n of an tidrug an tibodies(ADAs) with drug n eutraliz ing or accelerated cleara nee.10. With molecular weight ranges above those of small molecules, biologics usually cause