航海论文雾航英文翻译

1、文档收集于互联网，已重新整理排版word版本可编辑欢迎下载支持. Poor visibility collision avoidanee On the ship in poor visibility collision analysis, summarized the main reason of such accidents, and on how to prevent such in cidents put forward corresp on ding measures. Collision at home and abroad because of the accident, visi

2、bility poor with many ship collisions are closely related According to a number of maritime management departments and units on the ship collisi on accident in complete statistics, the ship in poor visibility crashes that occurred more than 13% of the total number of all accidents in some areas has

3、reached more than half. To this end, the ship drivers must give full attention to such in cidents, through careful study, M1972 International Regulations for Preventing Collisions at Sea ship (the MRulesM) relating to ship navigation in restricted visibility rules, a comprehensive understanding of ”

4、rule The spirit and requirements of their responsibilities and obligations clearly and correctly grasp the ship*s collision avoidance in this case, principles and methods. Should also be summarized in a comprehensive analysis and poor visibility when the ship collision accident causes and prevention

5、, based on take effective measures to prevent such accidents from occurring. 1. Restricted visibility and the characteristics of ship collision avoidanee rules 1.1 Characteristics of navigation in restricted visibility Poor visibility navigation hazards mainly reduced visibility, ship positioning di

6、fficulties, avoid difficulties. Foggy, see each other fore and aft, fog long time, not seen the sun for several days, only by moving elements of radar identification, radar again its limitations, when the density increases around the ship, sailing situation has deteriorated When the safety of naviga

7、tion becomes more important, while on duty as the driver of the psychological factors become more complex and sailing conditions will be much worse impact on the safety of navigation also pose a great threat. The fog, the ships operations due to poor visibility and greatly curtailed, navigation envi

8、ronment becomes more complex, another long continuous visibility of the case in sailing, watch the master and pilot heart stress, easy high tension , physical decline, thinking and ability to judge and give rise to hasty, blind, hesitant, there are chances, poor resp onse at the critical moment, cri

9、tical thin king abno rmal, easily lead to the occurre nee of fog. Also, the fog, the human visual, auditory and navigation equipment will have been affected to varying degrees, thereby affecting the driver of the navigation area, the surrounding environment and the right to judge the dynamic impact

10、on the ship route makes drivers, position to judge the accuracy and reliability, resulted in the effective control and the ship speed of tickets, not early warning, collision risk situations such as the right to judge, when taking avoidanee measures are likely to lead to misjudgments, it will cause

11、a serious collision between ships. Therefore, the fog effect for the safety of navigation is very large, must be highly vigilant. 1.2 Encounter situation in a variety of law of the uncertainty avoidance action Encounter in various situations, the starboard bow close to the driving situation on the s

12、tarboard side and is horizontal with the boat around to the formation of large angle cross-encounter situation, two ships avoid the uncertainty of the greatest action on the case of a situation or close to the case of , two ships of the minimum uncertainty avoidanee action. Usually ships from it tha

13、n from starboard to port overtake overtake small uncertainty avoidance action. Front to form a small angle cross-ship situation, than are horizontal or close to being horizontal to the formation of course boat smaller orthogonal situation of uncertainty. Data on the starboard side close to the situa

14、tion on the starboard side of the close encounter is the most dangerous situation. It is noteworthy that the situation of small-angle cross or Inmile in 2nmile within the relatively large uncertainties, the data show that visibility will encounter a situation when the small-angle collision accidents

15、 occur more. As if no avoidanee action in 3nmile ago, when the ship close to the 2n mile drivers avoid acti ons withi n the un certainty of sign ificantly in creased. 1.3 Ship during the ship will encounter on the avoidanee of the distanee The distanee between the ship between the 3nmile-4nmile, the

16、 avoidance method in accordance with the proportion of concentrate in the MrulesM turned on the requirements, departure from the 丫ules” of the steering ratio smaller proportion of use of vehicles to smaller, so the uncertainty than small With the reduction of the distanee between the ship, avoidanee

17、 methods have shifted, deceleration and other methods, it resulted in increased un certaint y. 1.4 The ships side corner of the driver avoidance Situation will be encountered in a variety of personnel in driving cross-come is the time to take avoiding ship earlier. Wang came to boat and are compared

18、 to avoid being cross or are near the cross in order to then watch the pilot boat speed with a high proportion of insurance to protect. The avoidanee is transverse to ship later with left, right, and the proportion of slow close, resulting in greater uncertainty in value. In addition, compared with

19、the starboard side to ships, port side to avoid shipping with in sura nee to protect high-speed ratio. At the same time, avoid the ships port side to starboard side to the boat for more time later. Ship on the port side to depart from ”rules” of the turn, deceleration and relative movement of the st

20、eering line uncoordinated movement acceleration and deceleration of the high percentage of drivers making in creased un certai nty avoida nee actio n. 1.5 The relative speed of the ship will encounter the impact of the driver avoidanee Ship from the same directi on forming encoun ter, if there is ri

21、sk of collisi on, the relative velocity of large, small uncertainties. According to the survey data analysis, is the same horizontal position before the ship, when the situation of small-angle cross-overtake situation of uncertainty is less than the uncertainty of the time. This is because the latte

22、r take turn, the proportion of slow closer. -Regulations for Prevent!ng CollisionsM in the 19th article of the ship should be used in poor visibility safe speed, Every vessel shall be suitable to the environment and the poor visibility conditions at a safe speed, motor boat at any time should be wel

23、l con trolled machine preparati on. What is safe speed? Un der the rules of Article VI know that, when encountered, Mto take appropriate and effective action to avoid collision, and in appropriate circumstances and conditions at that time stopped within a distance,” the speed of the safe speed Altho

24、ugh the collision Rules has repeatedly emphasized the importance of safe speed, but in actual operation, the fog most of the boats failed to properly comply with this provision. Fog, collisions, most of them and not use the safe speed 1.6 Ship will encounter in the driver avoidance the impact of DCP

25、A When the ship will encounter the risk of collision of the judge primarily by the recent passing distance value (DCPA) and the TCPA, not to determine the size of DCPA is not only to the driver to determine whether there is risk of collision impact, and whether the driver will result in to take avoi

26、ding action and the different ways of avoidanee actions. DCPA in a range of ship collision avoidance action when the impact of uncertainty in the performance of Paul taken to ensure speed, change the steering ratio. In poor visibility and to ship the formation of the drive (DCPA = 0), the right prop

27、ortion significantly higher. Starboard on the starboard side in the formation of close-close to the situation (DCPA = 0) when the left 30% of the action taken by way of action so that the uncertainty avoidance in creases 1.7 Ship will encounter during the collision avoidanee features incompatible Wh

28、en the poor visibility, the uncertainty of the geological hazards in action to the disharmony of the geological hazards action, which might occur ship collision accident. Ships in the adverse circumstanee, visibility regulation rules of both ships will have the responsibility and obligation of geolo

29、gical hazards. Ships will encounter in particular circumstances occur once a boat left and right turn to another ship, a ship direct and another ship to ship and a ship to another parking, etc, will make the geological hazards of the ship, the geological hazards caused by ship offsets the effect in

30、a safe distanee and ultimately drove the ship collision. This action is not the geological hazards of ship collision coordination of collision avoidanee behavior. Ship collision avoidanee behavior of disharm ony mainly for driver, i n accorda nee with the releva nt regulations to the provisi ons of

31、the comm on way of seafarers or take proper action, and opti onally geological hazards to the geological hazards. 2. Poor visibility in the prevention of ship collision, avoidanee, approach 2.1 Take all effective means to maintain normal outlook According to the survey, most of the fog crashes with

32、Outlook negligenee related to maintaining a regular lookout to ensure the safety of maritime navigation is the primary factor, should be visual, auditory, VHF communication, radar and other detection and plotting for the prevailing circumstances and conditions all effective means to maintain regular

33、 Outlook, in order to discover and identify a dynamic to ship Fog, navigation, first place should be designated with sufficient qualified personnel 1文档来源为:从网络收集整理.word版本可编借. 文档收集于互联网，已重新整理排版word版本可编辑欢迎下载支持. Outlook vision, hearing Outlook, so that they can get the best vantage results. Rules” Articl

34、e Outlook” provides: Every vessel should at all times the use of visual, auditory, and the prevailing circumstances and conditions for all effective means to maintain a regular lookout for dan ger on the situati on and make a full estimate of the collisi on.” Fog, navigation, one very important tool

35、 is the use of radar to observe the drivers rely mainly on his radar echo imaging to determine the ships dynamic. Determine whether the risk of collision. When using the radar observation, especially should pay attention to the alternate use of distanee range, for radar plotting or systematic observ

36、ation, should not according to the incomplete observations to make judgments For vehicles equipped with collision avoidanee radar (ARPA) of the boat, you can target through to boat manual and automatic enrollment tracking, access to target vessels of the movement parameters (direction, speed, etc.),

37、 and collision avoidanee parameters (direction, distance, etc.), which according to His ships dynamic, on whether the risk of collision to make the right judgments. The fog should adhere to the radar observation and radar plotting or equivalent systematic observation, taking the cab to open doors an

38、d windows, listen to his boat so as to help keep fog, and pay attention to visual lookout. 2.2 Use for the environment and conditions of safe speed To ensure the visibility of the case have eno ugh time and room to take effective action to avoid the use of safe speed particularly important. Therefor

39、e, in the waters of poor visibility, especially in large aircraft traffic density area of navigation, the vehicle must be promptly prepared and used for the visibility was bad circumstances and conditions of safe speed so that it can at any time when circumstances require manipulation of the host ad

40、just the speed of or in the prevailing circumstances and conditions for a distance of the boat to stop. 2.3 Taking significant action early Ship in poor visibility to avoid his ship time should be earlier, with his ship safe passing distance be greater. A significant shift in the use of measures, sh

41、ould be fully take n into account eno ugh room for a ship full of action time and do no t result in another pressing situation. Unless it is to avoid the risk of collision due to forced departure from the rules of action, on being cross-ship can not come to turn left. When the cross came 1文档来源为:从网络收

42、集整理word版本可编借. with the boat can not be avoided is an urgent situation, the ship should be immediately reduced to only maintain the minimum speed of course, necessary, stop the boat completely. 2.4 Give way to strengthe n comm unication links in order to coordinatio n Ship in poor visibility areas, e

43、specially in a narrow channel or other navigable waters of relatively high density while navigating to take avoiding action in a variety of time before the communication methods accessible communications link. For example, the sounding of control and warning signals, or open VHF channel 16 watch or

44、avoid the call to make clear his intentions or warn each other, so as to achieve mutual coordination of action and purpose to ensure the safe passage of each other. Even in the case of the sea to ship, they can forecast their own VHF position, course and speed of the ship, and strive to avoid shippi

45、ng contact to coordinate action. In addition, the ship in a narrow channel, traffic separation schemes or other higher traffic density, the complex waters of navigation conditions in the case of fog, it should strictly enforce the provisions of navigation in these areas, to maintain the correct ship

46、 position, when necessary, choose to drop anchor until the visibility improved follow-up aircraft. Any conditions as soon as possible con tact with the VTS console to find fairways and acceptanee within the ships dynamic avoid guidanee. As long as the ship in strict accordanee with the above-mention

47、ed provisions and requirements to take avoiding action, the ship in poor visibility collisions can be avoided or greatly reduced. 2.5 Steering to make way In the case of sufficient water, simply turn is usually the most effective action to avoid collision, the advantage of short time effect is obvio

48、us, simple, does not depend on the equipment truck. Therefore, collision avoidance is the most common avoidance method. In view of a steering avoidanee procedures simple, easy to operate, the effect was obvious and easy to ship him the perceived characteristics of the radar, if the broad areas surro

49、unding the ship, drivers in poor visibility turned to avoid most of the action taken to avoid any emergency situation and to ship . Ship in poor visibility on the risk of collision can be used to ship turned right measures The right to increase according to two ships DCPA, TCPA, the relative speed b

50、etween the speed of ratios and maneuverability of the 1文档来源为:从网络收集整理.word版本可编辑. vessel is concerned According to the simulation, when the DCPA is zero, the ship and the speed of his vessel ratios were 1.5/1.0, 1.0/1.0 and 1.0/1.5, as in 5nmile action to get the same as 2nmile the DCPA, the ship take

51、n by the corresponding right angle 38 , 50 and 64 . However, the actual avoidanee of the sea, if necessary, depending on the circumstances to take right turn 60 - 90 , or in the future boat is placed in horizontal position in order to achieve wide for the purpose Should also strictly abide by the al

52、ready mentioned earlier in addition to being the overtaking vessel, the cross on the front of the boat is taken to avoid turning left and right are horizontal and are cross-engineered to refrain from moving it to ”the requirements. In fact, the former requirement in poor visibility at the situation

53、in the two ships meet (each other are in his cross before the ship is) should avoid the left turn to avoid the in compatibility betwee n two ships in acti on; the latter is to avoid being caught in their cross after cross or are shifted to the side of the ship will lead to a new urge nt situati on.

54、In addition, the 丫 ule” was not on the tail was clear the ship*s steeri ng avoidance provisi ons, but the specific use of visual right or left to avoid .from the collision avoidanee action is conducive to coordination between two ships, which can be located relative orientation of the vessel 112. 5

55、to 210 access to the left inside the vessel turned to the avoidanee method (because the ship at sea usually take the right to, from the right side of his boat through). If necessary, can be taken to end later transferred to the aft ship collision avoidanee action, and then to ship according to the d

56、ynamic to take further action. Ships to action taken in time after careful observation through the ship changes direction and distanee to test the effectiveness of action. Such as are to come on board to take a significant turn right cross after the event to ship found little change in relative posi

57、tion, it should be noted that it may slow down or turn left to take the measures to avoid disharmony. At this point, the ship should take urgent action to avoid dangerous place. Especially in the position found in the same boat and the starboard side to close faster, they should realize that the shi

58、p has taken action to turn left to avoid disharmony. If the circumstances and conditions permit, the right to immediately continue substantially in the future boat is placed in the vessel after cross or are cross Shaopian (no greater than 15 ). At this time not at liberty to slow down to avoid the r

59、ight to offset the effect of their own, 1文档来源为:从网络收集整理word版本可编借. 文档收集于互联网，已重新整理排版word版本可编辑欢迎下载支持. and close attention to changes in relative orientation to ship to control the dynamic. When necessary, such as conditions Yun Ke, the right to be taken to the appropriate emergency avoidanee measures, u

60、ntil it is so clear; to port to ship found the relative position remains the same, but close to slow down, the ship may use a small Lefs avoid the left angle of the measures. Then as both sides close to the slow, slow down to let the ship can be used by way of its relatively safe. 2.6 Changing speed