非谓语动词笔记

1、如文档对您有帮助，欢迎下载支持，谢谢!不定式、过去分词、现在分词一、作状语 1二、定语 8三、宾补10四、非谓语作宾语 14练习题-非谓语动词作定语 19一、作状语1不定式作状语1.1不定式最常用的情况下是目的状语（它在句中、句后时没有逗号） 不定式和不定式短语作目的状语，主要用来修饰动词，起副词的作用。表示某一动作或状态的目的。不定式的主语应和主句一致。如不一致则在不定式前加for sb组成复合结构。To become a teacher in a university, it is necessary to have at least a master s degree.He came h

2、ere to borrow my bike.他到这里来借我的自行车。To draw maps properly, you need a special pen.（正）To draw maps properly, a special pen is n eeded.（误）主语一致？Toonly to （仅仅为了 ）, in order to, so as to, so（such）as to （如此以便）He ran so fast as to catch the first bus.他飞快地跑以便赶上第一班车。I come here only to say good-bye to you.我来仅仅

3、是向你告另 U。有时为了强调，不定式前可加in order 或so as。如：Bob took dow n my telepho ne nu mber so as（i n order） not to forget it.有时为强调目的状语可把in order to或不定式置于句首，但so as to不能这样用。在这种句式中不定式部 分可转换为so that, in order that,成为目的状语从句，如：I stayed there so that （i n order that） I could see what would happe n.当不定式的否定式作目的状语时，一般用in or

4、der not to. 或s o as not to.,不用“ notto.,因为后者是结果状语。试比较：rm going to get up now in order not to（so as not to ） miss the early bus.为了不误早班公共汽车，我现在得起床。He came in quietly in order not to（so as not to ） wake the child.他轻轻地走了进来 , 以免吵醒孩子。He must be deaf not to hear what I have said.连我说的话都听不见，他一定是聋了。（表结果）1.2作结果

5、状语结果状语只是仅限于learn （得知），find （发现），see, hear, to be told （被告知），make （使 得）等具有界限含义的动词。He returned home to learn his daughter had just been engaged.他回家后得知女儿刚刚订婚了。We came home after our holiday to find our garden neat and tidy.固定句式如： sosuch as to;rm not so stupid（a fool） as to put it in writ in g.我不至于愚蠢到会把

6、它写下来。Im not such a stupid fool as to put it in writing. eno ugh toThe speed is high eno ugh for us to catch up with the first liner. only to-常常表示令人不快的结果Jane hurried back only to find her mother dying in the hospital. tootoIm too tired to stay up Ion ger.但在下列结构中，tooto 并非是太而不能”之意。如： rm only too glad t

7、o have passed the exam.考试及格我太高兴了。（ too 修饰 glad to have，相当于very ） We have too much to learn.我们要学的太多了（不定式作定语）。1.3不定式短语还可作独立成分，用于句首、句中或句末。如：To tell the truth, the play was a great disappo in tme nt tome.常见的短语有 to be exact （确切地说），to begin with（首先），to do him justice（说句对他公道的 话），to be sure （真的）等等。1.3形容词过去分

8、词+to do。一些表示高兴、悲伤等情绪性的形容词后面加不定式。glad, delighted, happy, ashamed, an xious , lucky , fortun ate, right , eager , disappo in ted , ready ,clever , unwise , shocked , surprised , frightened , grieved （悲伤的）,sorry , etc。在部分形容词后接不定式，用主动形式表示被动意义这种句型中的主语是不定式的逻辑宾语。comfortable, easy, dan gerous, difficult, ex

9、pe nsive, fit, impossible等如: The question raised by the student is difficult to answer.The room is really comfortable to live in.The chair looks rather hard, but in fact it is very comfortable to.A. sit B. sit onC. be seat D. be sat on答案：B.如果不定式为不及物动词，其后应有必要的介词。当动词与介词连用时，常位于”形容词+动词不定式”结构的末尾。动词 +to d

10、o : she wept to see him in such a terrible state.We grieved to hear the news that he died in the battle.2过去分词作状语-过去分词作状语主要体现被动性。1. 过去分词作原因状语Greatly in spiredby the teachers words, I have made up my mi nd to work to En glish eve nharder 。在老师的鼓励下，我决心更加努力地学习英语。Greatly moved by the film, they all cried.

11、他们看了那部电影深受感动，都哭了。Surroun ded by a group of young people, the old man felt happy.身边围着一群年轻人，老人感到很高兴。2. 过去分词作状语，表示伴随情况或方式。The trainer appeared, followed by six little dogs.训练员出现了，后面跟着六条小狗。He walked up and dow n the room, lost in thought.他在屋子时走来走去，陷入了沉思。Filled with extraord inary stre ngth, he raised hi

12、mself.他使出全身的力气站了起来。3. 过去分词作状语，还可以表示：Given much time, we could do it better.（条件）多给点时间的话，我们会做得更好。When heated, ice can be cha nged into water.（时间）冰加热时变成水。在分析“与句子主语的关系”的关系时，提到“当过去分词（短语）做状语时，要与句子的主语有关系，而且一般是被动关系。”但是，在语言的发展过程中，有一些过去分词短语在使用的过程中成为了 固定结构，当使用这些固定结构时不需要分析它们与主语的关系，就直接使用。常见的有以下几种：judgedby由.判断、断定

13、。provided : conj.（=ontheconditionthat）假如，如果，倘若，在条件下，后面常加that引导的从句，that可以省略。providing 也可以有这种用法，也就是说provided与providing做连词使用，用法及含义是一样的。given倘若.假定.Judged by his accent , he came from Tangshan.从他的口音判断，他是唐山人。Given good weather , our ship will reach Shan ghaiMon day evening.假如天气好，我们的船将于星期一晚上到达上海。You may ke

14、ep the book a further week provided/providing（that） no one elserequires it.倘若这本书没有其他人想借的话，你可以再续借一个礼拜。在高中生学习这种语法的过程中，be加过去分词构成的词组做状语是他们的学习中难点。先看下面的两个简单句：The young fellow is dressedin black.Helookscool.把这两个简单句合并成复合句为：Dressed inblack , the young fellow lookscool.把含有be dressed in的句子转换成状语，其实就是去掉了系动词be,类似

15、的结构很多，例如：He is interested inEnglish.Helistensto BBC every day.转换为一个句子为：InterestedinEnglish , he listens to BBC every day.从语法的角度来分析， 这种结构中的过去分词是及物动词，后面句子的主语是它的宾语，由于含有这些动词的过去分词的词组：be+done已经非常固定，所以我们可以不分析它而是直接去掉be,用done做状语。这些过去分词来源于系表结构，作状语时不表被动而表主动。这样的过去分词及短语常见的有：lost（迷路）；seated （坐）；hidden （躲）；station

16、ed（驻扎）；lost / absorbed in（沉溺于）；born（出身于）；dressed in（穿着）；tired of（厌烦）；caught in; devoted to（ 忠实于，热爱）;disappo in ted at； determ ined to; exhqusted（疲惫不堪）； prepared for; 。Lost / Absorbed in deep thought, he did nt hear the sound.因为沉溺于思考之中，所以他没听到那个声音。Born in this beautiful town, he hates to leave it.出生于这

17、个美丽的小镇，他不愿离开它。3. V-ing（现在分词）作状语使用时注意：1） 分词表示的必须是主语发出的动作；逻辑主语应与句中主语相一致2）分词表示的动作与谓语动词所表示的动作或状态是同时发生的；3）分词表示的是次要的动作，对谓语动词所表示的动作或状态加以补充说明；4） 表示时间关系的连接短语有时还可以由连接词while或when引导。当现在分词表示的动作发生在谓语动词之前时，则用现在分词的完成式，且所表示动作与谓语动作同时发生，则用现在分词的一般式。完成或被动关系用过去分词表示时间Looking out of the window, I saw some students playing

18、there.(=When I looked out of the window.)我从窗户望出去，看见几个学生在那儿玩。.) .) / After I had done ) 买完Heated, water will turn into vapour.(= When it is heated,水受热就会变成水蒸气。Asked why he was late , he went red. (= When he was asked why 问他为什么迟到，他涨红了脸。Having done my shopping, I returned home. (= When I had done 东西，我就回

19、家了。 表示原因由于我们是团员，我们乐意帮助别人。Being League members, we are ready to help others.(Since we are League members ， .)Inspired by what he said, we are determined to study harder. 在他的话的鼓舞下，我们决心更加努力学习。(Since we are inspired by what he said, .)She asked me to help her, realizing that she couldnt move the heavy s

20、uitcase alone.她请我帮帮她，因为她意识到她一个人搬不动那个沉重的衣箱。Not knowing his address, I can t write to him. 由于不知他的地址，我无法给他写信。(Since I didn t know his address, )Not having received his letter for long, she felt a little worried. 由于很长时间没收到他的信了，她感到有点担心。(Because she hadn t received his letter for long,.)Having worked amon

21、g the peasants for many years, he knew them very well.(分词完成式的肯定式)Not having received an answer, he decided to write another letter. (分词完成式的否定式) 表示条件Working hard, you ll surely succeed. (= If you work hard , )如果你努力工作，你就一定会成功。Given more time , we could have done it better. ( If we had been given more

22、time, .) 如果给我们的时间多一些，我们本来会做得更好。United, we stand; divided, we fall. (= If we are united, ; if we are divided, ) 团结一致，我们就会成功；各自为政，我们就会失败。 表示伴随或方式The boy sat in front of the farm house cutting the branch.那男孩坐在农舍前，削树枝。 (伴随)He came running back to tell me the news.他跑回来告诉我这个消息。 (方式)An old man entered, sup

23、ported by a girl.一位老人在一个女孩的搀扶下走进来。 (方式) 表示结果The child slipped and fell, hitting his head against the door. 那孩子滑了一跤，头撞到了门上。Fifteen million trees had been blown down by the high winds, blocking roads, paths and railway lines.大风刮到了一千五百万棵树，阻塞了大小道路和铁路线。European football is played in 80 countries, making

24、it the most popular sport in the world. 八十个国家踢的都是欧式足球，这使得它成为世界上最普及的一项体育运动。 因此，有时可以在作状语的分词前视其所表示的情况添加连词 when,while, if, once, though, unless, as, if, even if 等，这种“连词 +分词”作状语可看作在连词与分词之间省略了与句子主语相同的主语 及相关成分。例如：If （ I am）given another chance, I will do it much better. 要是再得到一次机会，我会把它做 得更好。When （the museum

25、 is）completed, the museum will be open to the public next year. 博物馆一 竣工，就会在来年对公众开发。Even if （I were）invited to the party, I wouldn t go.即使受邀去参加聚会，我也不回去。注： 现在分词表示必然结果，前可加 thus, 不定式表意外的结果，前可加 only.He was caught in the rain, thus making himself catch cold. （ 表示在意料之中 ）I hurried to school, only to find th

26、at it was Sunday. （ 表示在意料之外 ） 分词的完成形式 having done, having been done. 只用与状语，表示其动作在谓语之前完成。 the speech having been delivered, a lively discussion started.分词作状语本身有状语从句意味，主句前不应加任何连词。Not knowing how to solve the problem, so he asked his teacher for help. （so 应该去掉 ）一些瞬间动词（ hear， turn, learn（ 得知）， approach

27、， return, turn, known, understand, see）尽管发生在谓语动词之前，但仍将用一般形式放在句首。4. 过去分词与现在分词作状语取决于（ 主谓还是动宾关系 ）I. The boy lay on his back, his teethand his glaring eyes .A.set ；lookedB.set ；looking C.setting ；looked D.setting ；looking答.B。独立主格结构在句中作伴随状语,teeth 与set两个词之间含有逻辑上的被动关系,所以用过去分词； look 这一动作是 eyes 所发出 , 所以用 loo

28、king 。2. some officials, Napoleon inspected his army.A. Followed B. Followed by C. Being followedD. Having been followed答案 B. Napoleon 与 follow 之间有被动的含义。 being followed 除表达被动之外，还有动作正 在进行之意。followed by （被跟随）。本题可改为：With some officials following, Napoleon inspected his army.With+sb+ 分词 的独立主格形式3. There

29、was a terrible noise _ the sudden burst of light.A. followed B. following C. to be followedD. being followed答案 B. 由于声音在闪电后，因此为声跟随着光，声音为跟随的发出者，为主动。用现在分词。4. , liquids can be changed into gases.A. Heating B. To be heated C. Heated D. Heat答案 C. 本题要选一分词作为状语。现在分词表主动，正在进行的；过去分词表被动的，已经完成的。对于液体来说是加热的受动者，是被动的

30、，因而选C。它相当于一个状语从句When it is heated，5. 关于分词的主语与主句的主语一致性与独立主格结构。分词的主语应与主句的主语一致。Waiti ng for a bus, a brickfell on my head. （ x）这句话我们只好改用从句来明确说出 waiting 动作的执行者，因此可译成“ When I was waiting for a bus, a brick fell on my head”。After doing my homework, the dog was fed. （ x）应改正为：After I did my homework, I fed

31、the dog.或After doing my homework, I fed the dog.值得注意的是，有些分词在句子中没有逻辑主语。这种分词在语法上被称为垂悬分词。属于分词的一种特殊的用法， 须特别记住。常见的这类垂悬分词有：regarding 关于，barring 除 以外，concerning 关于，granting / gran ted (that )假定，即使， presu ming 假定，admitt ing (that )承认，con sidering 考虑至U, assuming 假设，supposing (that ) 假定， seeing that 考虑至U, giv

32、en (that ) 考虑至打女口 果，假如，等等。如：He did poorly in his exam in ati ons, con sideri ng how hard he had studied for them.他为准备这些考试所付出的巨大努力而言，他考得极差。Gran ted that he has eno ugh money to buy the house, it does nt mean hes going to do so.即使他有足够的钱买这栋房子，这也并不是说他要买下来。Given his age , he has done a good job考虑到他的年龄，他干

33、得不错。He asked me questi ons concerning my health.他问了一些关于我的健康的问题。常见这类分词词组有： taking . into consideration 考虑至U, judging by/from 从 判断， talking about 说至 U , speak ing of 说至 U , look ing at 考虑至打着眼于， gen erally speak ing 般来说， allowing for 考虑到，等等。如：Judging from the number of cars, there were not many people

34、at the club yet.从汽车的数量来看，俱乐部里人还不多。Gen erally speak ing, boys are more in terested in such activities tha n girls.一般来说，男孩子对这种活动的兴趣比女孩子大。Allowing for the deficiencies, the show is a success.考虑到这些不足，这次表演是成功的。So many directors, the board meeti ng had to be put offA. were abse nt B. being abse nt C. bee

35、n abse nt D. had bee n abse nt。因为英语里逗号是不能连接两个句子的，所以逗号前面只能是短语的形式，B。谓 语 动 词非意义和用法例句疋 式表示目 的，很常用。He went home to see his mother.He came to ask a questi on.He got up early in order to (so as to) have time to study.表示结果，很 常用。不She says so well as to bring dow n the house. Will you be so good as to tell hi

36、m this?He is not old eno ugh to do this.He is too excited to speak any thi ng.表示原因He laughed to see them fall dow n.He wept to hear the n ews.表示选择和 比较She ope ned her lips as through to speak He would die rather tha n give in.表示条件To hear him talk, you would think he was tiring.表示时He went through the

37、papers while havi ng breakfast.Si nee leavi ng school, I met him only once.常用于这些连词后 whe n, before, while, after, since间，相当于表 示时间，相当 于状语从句 when, while。表示原 因，有时同用 作时间状语 的分词难以 分清，相当于 原因状语从 句 because, si nee, for 和as。Being ill, he did nt come.Not un dersta nding this, he asked the teacher about it.表示条 件

38、，相当于条 件状语从句if。Given more time, I can finish the work.Well not attack uni ess attacked.Work ing hard, youll succeed.词分 表示让 分，相当于让 步状语从句though, although 。Though warned of the dan ger, he still went skat ing on the thin ice.表示结 果，相当于结 果状语从句， 这种分词前 通常有thus 或 thereby 。Their car was caught in a traffic ja

39、m, thus caus ing the delay.表示方 式或伴随情 况，分词短语 没有相当的 状语从句，汉 译时一般译 成并列复合 句They shook han ds, smili ng at each other.The childrenran out of the room, laughing and talking merrily.He lay on his back, his legs draw n up.He made the boy sit there, promis ing they would not hurt him.表示方式He sat there, as thou

40、gh wait ing.二、定语取决于主谓与动宾关系（单个分词在修饰语前，反之在后）不定式、现在分词及过去分词作定语可以从两个方面来区分，时间和语态，to do 表示将来、主动，doing表示现在、主动，done表示过去（完成）、被动。有时过去分词只表示完成不表示被动， 如fallen leaves, rise n sun,不定式做定语放在被修饰词的后面，如果不定式动词是不及物动介词不能省略；如果不定式动作所修饰的词是不定式动作的处所工具也要加上介词；但如果被修饰名词为time place 或way时可以省略介词。注意1：分词的完成时不可作定语注意2：在message letter sign

41、news notice等词后要用现在分词作定语不用过去分词这是考试的易错点注意3:某些现在分词作定语时已不再表示动作已经从分词变为了形容词词性eg. an in teresti ng story an excit ing match 这些也可以属于现在分词作定语但是不能转化为相应的定语从句但是可以有三级变化（原级 比较级 最高级）和被某些副词如 very修饰非谓语动词位置意义和用法例句般形式不定式动词 不定式必须 放在所修饰 词（名或代） 后表示将要发生，应 该做的动作，说明动作在 谓语动词表示动作之后， 具有形容词性质。I have much work to do.We had no mon

42、ey and no place livi ng in。He has no place to live in.有时根据意思的需要加介词，这时介词不能省略， 因被修饰的名词是它的宾语。动名词动名 词放在在所 修饰的词前说明所修饰词的性 质，具有名词的性质，它 同所修饰的名词间不存在 什么主谓关系He looked me with questi oning eyes. a livi ng room.分 词在 分 词现在所修饰词前， 有些放在所 修饰词后说明正在进行的 动作，同它所修饰的动作 存在着逻辑主谓关系a sleep ing boy, on the follow ing day, develo

43、ping countries, boiling water, for years running去 分 词在所 修饰词前， 有些放在所 修饰词后表示被动的意思， 多数不及物动词的过去分 词不能用作定语，只有少 数表示动作改变的动词表 示在谓词动词动作之前完 成a lost child, a falle n leaf, retired workers, faded flowers, developed coun tries, boiled water We have no time left.Fill in the bla nks with the words give n.语不定式短放在 所修

44、饰词后一般表示要做和应该 做的动作。He is the first one to come this morning.I have a lot of housework to do at home. There is a lot of work to do in the compa ny.He did nt have the chanee to go to school in the past.1）一般所修饰词是抽象名词agreeme nt, attempt, claim, decisi on, decisive, determ in ati on, failure, hope, inten

45、tio n, n eed, pla n, promise, refused, resoluti on, tendency, threat, wish2）说明被修饰词内容的名词campaign, chanee, courage, efforts, evidenee, fight, n ews, measures, move, moveme nt, opportunity, position, power, reason, right, skill, stre ngth, struggle, means3）跟不定式作状语的形容词生成转化来的抽象名 ability, ambition, anxiet

46、y, curiosity,eager ness, impatie nee, relucta nee, willi ngn ess分词（短 语）放在所修饰词后现在分词短语有动作 进行之意。过去分词短语有被动 之意。The bird singing in the tree is very beautiful.This is the bird shot by the boy.My brother,working in the south will be comingin a few days.二、宾补1不定式作宾补1.1 常要求不定式作宾补的动词有：allow, ask, advise, beg,

47、cause, drive (强迫)，encourage,expect, forbid, force, get, would like(love, hate ),order, permit, persuade, teach, tell, want, warn, wish 等。如： Would you like me to give your regards to Mary? I want you to un dersta nd the whole passage clearly.1.2部分动词后常接to be +形容词、名词短语等形式，有时to be可省略，女口： believe,conside

48、r,discover, fin d(=c on sider),feel(=th in k),imagi ne, judge, know, prove, think, suppose, see(=un dersta nd),u ndersta nd等。 We all believe Joh n(to be)h on est. I consider him(to be)one of the best biology teachers of No. 1 Middle School.但当不定式是完成式时，to不能省略，女口： We consider him to have been foolish.1

49、.3感觉动词和使役动词后用作宾补的不定式须省略to。 I did nt hear anyone say anything about it. They make the stude nts do too much homework every day.这种句式在变为被动语态时，to不能省略，如第句：The students are made to do too muchhomework every day.1.4help, know 后面的to可有可无。如：Would you please help me(to) fill in the tax form?rve never known her

50、(to)be late before.但: He was known to have been to France before.1.5部分短语动词后，常接不定式作宾补，如：You may depe nd on them to be there early.The Party calls on us to in crease product ion and practice economy.常这样用的短语动词有：ask for, care for, call on, count on ,depe nd on, wait for, longfor (渴望)， prepare for, wish

51、for 等。1.6作主语补足语不定式作主语补足语，和主语构成一种逻辑上的主谓关系。如： He was not allowed to en ter the classroom for being late. The young uni versity stude nt is con sidered to have great promise.2、过去分词作宾补2.1 过去分词用在感观动词watch, notice, see, hear, liste n to ,feel, find等后面。如When we got to school, we saw the door locked.We can

52、hear the windows beaten by the heavy rain drops.He felt himself cheated.The managers discussed the plan that they would like to see carried out the next year.(NMET2000)2.2 使役动词have, get, make, leave, keep等后，可用过去分词作宾语补足语。例如：Have you got your films developed?少数不及物动词如go, change, fall等的过去分词作宾语补足语时，仅表示动作

53、完成。seat, hide,dress，表示状态。因此，宾语与过去分词之间不存在逻辑上的被动关系。例如：She found her n ecklace gone on her way home.When I came in, I found a stra nge girl seated in the corner.2.3过去分词(现在分词)用在want, wish, like ,expect , order等表示希望，愿望”这一类动词后面做宾补。如（现在分词也可以）The boss would nt like the problem discussed at the moment.I woul

54、d like my house pain ted white.I want the suit made to his own measure.I wish the problem settled.The father wants his daughter taught the pia no.这位父亲想让女儿学钢琴。2.4过去分词在keep, leave 后面，表状态Eg:They kept the door locked for a long time.Keep your mouth shut and your eyes ope n.（谚语：少说多看）Dont leave such an im

55、porta nt thing undone.Dont leave the windows broken like this all the time.2.5 过分词用在 get, have, make, 的后面。1. 注意“ have +宾语+过去分词”的两种情况：A）表让某人做某事/让某事（被人）做”eg: I have had my bike repaired.The villagers had many trees pla nted just the n.B）表遭遇到某种不幸，受到打击/受.影响，蒙受. 损失”Eg:I had my wallet stole n on a bus las

56、t mon th.The old man had his leg broke n in the accide nt.He had his leg broken in the match yesterday.（MET1986）2. make+ 宾语+过去分词-过去分词必须表示结果含义。如:They man aged to make themselves un derstood in very simple En glish.I raised my voice to make myself heard.2.6 “ with +宾语+宾补”，过去分词与宾语之间是动宾关系。如：The thief was brought i n with his hands tied beh ind his back.With many brightl