语言学名词解释和简答题的出题范围

1、words that differ in only one soundThey differ in meaning, they differ only in one sound segment, the different sounds occur in the same environment Example: beat, bit They form a minimal pairSo /ea/ and /i/ are different sounds in English They are different phonemes1. the Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis lin

2、guistic determinism （ 语言决定论 ） -Language determines thought. and linguistic relativity （语言相对论 ）-There is no limit to the structuraldiversity of languages.2. BehaviorismBehaviorism in linguistics holds the view that Children learn language through a chain of stimulus-response-reinforcement （刺激反应强化 ）,

3、and adults use of language is also a process of stimulus-response.3. discovery proceduresA grammar is discovered through the performing of certain operations on a corpus of data4. Universal GrammarUG consists of a set of innate grammatical principles. Each principle is associated with a number of pa

4、rameters.5. Systemic GrammarIt aims to explain the internal relations in language as a system network, or meaning potential.6. Ideational MetafunctionThe Ideational Function （Experiential and Logical） is to convey new information, to communicate a content that is unknown to the hearer. It is a meani

5、ng potential.It mainly consists of “transitivity ” and “voice ”. This function not only specifies the available options in meaning but also determines the nature of their structural realisations. For example,“John built a newhouse” can be analysed as a configuration of the functions （功能配置 ）:Actor: J

6、ohnProcess: Material: Creation: builtGoal: Affected: a new house7. Interpersonal MetafunctionThe INTERPERSONAL FUNCTION embodies all uses of language to express social and personal relations. This includes the various ways the speaker enters a speech situation and performs a speech act.8. basic spee

7、ch rolesThe most fun dame ntal types of speech role are just two: (i) giving, and (ii) dema nding.Cutt ing across this basic disti ncti on betwee n giving and dema nding is another distinction that relates to the nature of the commodity being excha nged. This may be either (a) goods-&-services or (b

8、) in formatio n.9. finite verbal operatorsFin ite ness is thus expressed by means of a verbal operator which is either temporal or modal.10. Textual MetafunctionThe textual metafu nction en ables the realizati on of the relati on betwee nIan guage and con text,making the Ian guage user produce a tex

9、t which matchesthe situati on.It refers to the fact that language has mechanisms to make any stretch of spoke n or writte n discourse into cohere nt and un ified texts and make a liv ing passage differe nt from a ran dom list of senten ces.It is realized by thematic structure, information structure

10、and cohesion.11. theme and rhemeThe Themeis the element which serves as the point of departure of the message. The rema in der of the message, the part in which the Theme is developed, is called the Rheme.As a messagestructure, a clause consists of a Themeaccompanied by a Rheme. The Themeis the firs

11、tconstituentof the clause. All the rest of the clauseis simply labelled the Rheme12. experientialismExperientialism assumes that the external reality is constrained by our uniq uely huma n experie nee.The parts of this exter nal reality to which we have access are largelyconstrained by the ecologica

12、l niche we have adapted to and the nature of our embodiment. In other words, language does not directly re? ect the world.Rather, it re ? ects our unique human construal of the world: ourworldview as it appears to us through the lens of our embodiment.This view of reality has been termed experientia

13、lism or experientialrealismby cognitive linguists George Lako? and Mark Johnson. Experientialrealismack no wledges that there is an exter nal reality that is re? ected by con cepts and by Ianguage. However, this reality is mediated by our uniquely human experienee which constrains the nature of this

14、 reality for us .13. image schemataAn image schemais a recurring structure within our cognitive processes which establishes patter ns of un dersta nding and reas onin g. Image schemas are formed from our bodily in teract ions, from lin guistic experie nee, and from historical con text.14. prototype

15、theoryPrototype theory is a mode of graded categorizati on in cog nitive scie nee, where some membersof a category are more central than others. For example, whe n asked to give an example of the con cept furn iture, chair is more freque ntly cited tha n, say, stool. Prototype theory has also bee n

16、applied in lin guistics, as part of the mapp ing from phono logical structure to sema ntics.二、Directions: Please answer the following questions.1. Why is Saussure called“ one of the foun ders of structural li nguisticsand “ father of moder n lin guistics”He helped to set the study of huma n behavior

17、 on a new footi ng (basis).He helped to promote semiology.He clarified the formal strategies of Modernist thoughts.He attached importa nee to the study of the in timate relati on betwee nIan guage and huma n mind.2. What are the similarities and differencesbetween Saussure s Iangue andparole and Cho

18、msky s compete nee a nd performa neeThe similarities (1) Ian guage and compete nee mainly concerns the user s underlying knowledge; parole and performanee concerns the actual phenomena (2) Ian guage and compete nee are abstract; parole and performa nee are eon crete.The differences (1) according to

19、Saussure, Ianguage is a mere systematic inven tory of items; accord ing to Chomsky, compete nee should refer to the un derly ing compete nee as a system of gen erative processes (2)Accord ing to Saussure, la nguage mainly base on sociology, in separat ing Ian guage from parole, we separate social fr

20、om in dividual;accordi ng to Chomsky, compete neewas restricted to a kno wledge of grammar.3. What is the eon flict betwee n descriptive adequacy and expla natoryadequacy A nd what is Chomsky s solution to this eonflicta theory of grammar: descriptively adequate should adequately describe the gramma

21、tical dada of a Ian guage.should not just focus on a fragme nt of a Ian guage.a theory of grammar: expla natorily adequate should expla in the gen eral form of Ian guage. should choose among alter native descriptively-adequate grammars. should essentially be about how a child acquires a grammar.A th

22、eory of grammar should be both descriptively and expla natorily adequate.But there is a con flict:To achieve DA, the grammar must be very detailed.To achieve EA, the grammar must be very simple. (think why) because the child can learn a Ianguage very easily on very little Ianguage exposure.Chomsky s

23、 solution: con struct a simple UG let in dividual grammars be derivable from UG4. What are Chomsky s contributions to the linguistic revolutionChomsky s contribution to the linguistic revolution is that he showedthe world a totally new way of looking at language and at human nature, particularly the

24、 humanmind. Chomskychallenged behaviorism and empiricism because he believes that la nguage is inn ate.Rati on alism (vs. empiricism in philosophy) Empiricist evide nee is ofte n un reliable.Inn ate ness (vs. behaviorism in psychology)Children can acquire a complicated Ianguage on the basis of very

25、limited exposure to speech.This in dicates that UG is inn ate faculty.5. How to compare and con trast Gen erative Lin guistics and Systemic-F un ctio nal Lin guistics from perspectives of epistemology, theoretical basis, research tasks and methodologyEpistemology 认识论Theoretical baseResearch tasksMet

26、hodologySFGViews lan guage as a part of social system & studies lan guage from an thropologic & sociological perspective1. Mali no wski s theory of an thropology2. Firth s theory of System & Structure3. Hjelm slev s theory of la nguage level &lan guage system school s function sentence perspective1.

27、 To reveal how people make choices through meaning pote ntial in thesystem of language to fulfill various fun cti ons2. Focus on whylan guage possesses such structure1. From a fun cti onal point of view2. Language - semiotic system of three levelsTGGLan guage is related to physiologic & psychologica

28、l featuresRati on alism & men talism1. To study lan guage structure in form2. Focus on how lan guage is structured1. Symbols & formulas in maths & logic2. Deductive methodology6. How many process types are there in the tran sitivity system Please illustrate each type by a proper example.Six. Materia

29、l Processes, Men tal Processes, Relati onal Processes, Behavioural Processes, Verbal Processes, Existe ntial ProcessesThe typical types of outer experienee are actions, goings-on and events: actions happen, people act on other people or things, or makethings happen. This type of process is called Ma

30、terial Processes.The inner experie nee is that in our con scious ness or imag in ati on. You mayreact on it, think about it, or perceive it. This type of process is called Men tal Processes.Then there is a third type of process: we learn to generalize, to relate one fragment of experience to another

31、. It does this by classifying or iden tify ing. This kind of process is called Relati onal Processes.These three processes are called major processes. Related to them are three minor processes: each one lies at the boun dary betwee n two processes of the three. Not so clearly set apart, they share s

32、ome features of each, and fin ally acquire the character of their own.On the borderl ine betwee n material and men tal are the BehaviouralProcesses: those that represe nt outer mani festati onsof inner work in gs, theacting out of processes of con scious ness and physiological states.On the borderli

33、ne of mental and relational is the category of Verbal Processes: symbolic relati on ships con structed in huma n con scious ness and en acted in the form of Ian guage.The n on the borderl ine betwee n the relati onal process and the material process are Existe ntial Processes, by which phe nomena of

34、 all kinds are recog ni zed to be or to exist.7. What is a multiple Theme to be con trasted with a simple Theme What is a marked Themeto be contrasted with an unmarked ThemePlease illustrate them with proper examples.Conjun cti ons in ThemeConjun ctive and modal Adjun cts in ThemeTextual, i nterpers

35、 onal and experie ntial eleme nts in ThemeIn terrogatives as multiple Themesunmarked theme （无标记主位）:The subject and theme are the same one.Ideati onalMaterial processActio n/passiveThis housewasbuiltby Joh n SmithGoal: AffectedProcess: Material: Actio nActor: Age nt An imateIn terpers onal Declarativ

36、eMoodResidueSubjectFi nitePredicatorAdjunctTextualUnm arked ThemeThemeRhemeGive nNewmarked theme （标记主位）:The subject and theme are not the same.Ideatio nalMentalProcess（Cog nitive）Such a taleyouwill n everbelieve.Phe nomenonSenserProcess: Mental, CognitiveIn terpers onal DeclarativeNegativeResidueMoo

37、dResidueCompleme ntSubjectFinitePredicatorTextualMarked ThemeThemeRhemeNewGive nNew8. What are the similarities and differe nces betwee n con ceptual metaphor and con ceptual metonymyMetaphor and metonymy are viewed as phe nomena fun dame ntal to the structure of the con ceptual system rather tha n

38、superficial li nguistic devices .Conceptual metaphor （ 概念隐喻 ） mapsstructure from one conceptual domain onto another, while metonomy highlights an entity by referring to another entity within the same domain.隐喻就是把一个领域的概念投射到另一个领域， 或者说从一个认知域 （来源域） 投射到另一个认知域（目标域） 。转喻是发生在同一认知域中的映射，如整体和部分等。The basic premi

39、se of Conceptual Metaphor Theory is that metaphor is not simply a stylistic feature of language, but that thought itself is fundamentally metaphorical in nature.According to this view, conceptual structure is organised according to cross domain mappings or correspondences between conceptual domains. Some of these mappings are due to pre-conceptual embodied