短暂性动词与延续性动词语法讲解

1、初中短暂性动词与延续性动词语法讲解根据有无含义， 动词可分为 实义动词和助动词 ；根据动词所表示的是 动作还是状态， 可以分为 行为动词和状态动词 ；根据动词所表示的动 作能否延缓，分为 延续性动词和终止性动词 。一）持续性动词 : 表示动作通常是持续性的， 如： live,run,stay,clean,play,hold,watch,teach,read,study,teach, eat,drink,write,dance, sing,smoke常与段时间连用。例如：Mr Zhanghas lived here for two years.张先生在这儿住了两年了。He has taught

2、there since 1987. 自 1987 年来他一直在那儿教书。不与点时间连用 （do, have, eat 等除外）。例如： Mary has worked at eight. ( X )She walked at five yesterday. (二）瞬间性动词 : 表示动作开始即停止 ，如： open,stop,like,love,die,win,close,shot,begin,start等。enter,finish,arrive,borrow,buy,break,close,come,fall,go,lea ve,lend,mary,reach,receive , sell,

3、1，从“开始发生”到 “结束/ 终止”：几乎同时或在极短的时间里（如几秒钟 / 几分钟内）就完成了“开始结束”的过程，如 “Close the door”, “Openthe door”2，有些瞬间动词的“开始结束的过程” 可能稍微长一些，但也不 会很长的，如 ,buy sth (买下)”：付了款、拿了发票即完成了。所以， “我买了这块手表 5 年了”，在汉语中说的通，但英语的表达 就不能说：buy sth have sth (I have bought the watch for five years.拥有)-have/has + had sth forA: I have had the w

4、atch for 5 years.B: It is (has been) five years since I bought the watch.C: I bought it 5 years ago.同理， “borrow sth ” “借书”在办理了相关的登记手续后就 结束了，不可能“借” 几个星期 或好几年的！ 汉语“这本书我已 经借用了 2 星期了。” 的意思是：我两周前 ( borrowed it )，(在归还前)现在它还在我手里 ( I stillhave it or Im still reading it.Right or Wrong?A: I have borrowed the

5、book for two weeks. . (B: I have had / kept it for two weeks.C: It s 2 weeks since I borrowed it.D: I borrowed it 2 weeks ago.总结：终止性动词的肯定式是不能持续的， 所以不能和表示一段时间 的状语连用， 而终止性的否定式就可以和表一段时间的状语连用， 因为否定本身就是可以延续的。如： have a cold 是持续性动词，表示“状态” ，可与表延续性的时间状语连用，不定冠词不能省略。终止性动词构成的现在完成时，不可以用表示一段时间的状语（如：since 和 for 引导

6、的短语）来修饰，终止性动词构成的现在完成时，只表示动作发生的因果关系， 不能表示动作的延续， 因此不能用表示一段时间的状语来修饰。如 可 以 说 ： The Red Cross has alreadystarted for theearthquake-stricken area.但 不 可 说 ： The Red Cross has alreadystarted for theearthquake-stricken area for three days.因为 start 是终止性动词 , 它所表示的动作短促, 当红十字会出发时， start 这个动作便结束了 , 不可能延续两天。常与点时间连

7、用。例如： She often goes to bed at ten. 她经常十点钟睡觉。不能与段时间连用。例如： He has joined thearmy for two years.(X )She has come here for half an hour.(此外，终止性动词与延缓性动词在翻译上也不同，很易混淆。下面我再就终止性动词与延缓性动词的含义问题做一归纳： 1. 在连词 since 引导的时间状语从句中， 用终止性动词的过去时或 用延缓性动词过去时，其含义是大不相同的。A. since 所引导的时间状语从句中，如果句子谓语是终止性动词的过去时， 则从句表示的时间是从“那一时刻开

8、始”eg. He has studied very hard since he came to our school.自从他来校以来，一贯努力学习。B. 在 since 所引导的时间状语从句中，其谓语是延缓性动词的过去时，那么从句所表示的时间是从延缓性动词所表示的动作结束时算起。eg. I haven t heard any noise since I slept.自从我醒后，没听见任何声音。2 介词 for 引导的时间状语，在翻译时有两种不同的情况：A.介词for引导的时间状语和延缓性动词的现在完成时的否定式连用时，有两种不同的含义。He has not lived there for si

9、x months.他不住在那儿已六个月了他住在那儿还不到六个月。 )B.介词for引导的时间状语和终止性动词的现在完成时的否定式连用，只有一种含义。eg. Mary has not left here for six months.玛丽已六个月没有离开过这儿了。句中含有 till 或 until 引导的短语或从句，从句中的谓语动词可以是延续性的，也可以是终止性的，但要注意两种情况：1. 如果主句中动词是延续性的动词，动词肯定或否定都可以，只是含义不同。eg. He listened to the radio until his father came back.他听无线电一直到他父亲回来为止。

10、eg. He didn t listen to the radio until his father came back.直到他父亲回来，他才听无线电。2. 如果主句中的谓语动词是终止性动词，则只能用否定式。eg. Mr. Smith didn t marry until he was forty- five. (right) 史密斯先生到四十五岁才结婚。Mr. Smith married until he was forty-five. (wrong)1） 用于完成时的区别延续动词表示经验、经历；瞬间动词表示行为的结 果，不能与表示段的时间状语连用。He has completed the

11、work.他已完成了那项工作。 （ 表结果 ）Ive known him since then.我从那时起就认识他了。 （ 表经历）2) 用于 till / until从句的差异他到 10 点他一直睡延续动词用于肯定句，表示做直到瞬间动词用于否定句，表示到，才He didnt comeback until ten oclock.才回来。He slept until ten oclock.到 10 点。到达 n. ).I ve had a cold since my arrivalI didn t go to school because I had had a bad cold for day

12、s.catch a cold 是短暂性动作，表“动态” ：它不能和延续性时间状语 连用，不定冠词“ a”可有可无，catch可用take,get代替。Put on your coat,or you ll catch/take/get a cold.Take care not to get cold.但是，若 cold 前有形容词修饰时，则不定冠词不能省。如： Brown has taken a slight cold.注意下列句子：I have caught a cold for over a week.( x) I have had a cold for over a week.( 对) 延

13、续性动词常不能和表示一个短暂具体的时间状语连用； 这类动词如 用于进行时态，则可以和表示一个短暂具体的时刻连用。x ) He was working atHe worked at eight yesterday afternoon.(eight yesterday afternoon.(对)瞬间动词可以用于现在完成时，但不能和表示一段时间的状语连 用。如可说 “Hehas left. ”但不能说 “He has left for three years.如果要表达“他已走了三年了”可用以下几种表达法： 一、用 ago, 使用一般过去时。He left here three years ago.

14、二、用“ It is + 一段时间 since 一般过去时从句 ”It is three years since he left here.般过去时从三、用“ 一段时间 have/ has passed + since + 句”Three years have passed since he left here.以上三种表示方法适用于所有瞬间动词。另外，还可用其它表示方法， 但只适用于部分瞬间动词。 具体办法是将瞬间动词转化为表延续的动词或者表状态的be+名词/形容词或副词介词短语等。I have bought this book for three months.1. 直接转化成延续性动词b

15、uycatch (get) a coldborrow/lendcome/go /become常见的瞬间动词变为延续性动词：borrow-keep die-be dead buy- have comeback-be back goout-be outjoin/take part in-be in/ be a memberofbegin-be on leave-be away from become- befallasleep-beasleep catch acold-havea coldend/finish-be over例句：1、他买了这本书两年了。误： He has bought the b

16、ook for two years.正：He bought the booktwo years ago.2、他们认识 5 年了。误： They have got to know each other for five years.正： Theyhave known each other for five years.3、他父亲死了五年了。误：His father has died for two years.正： His father has beendead for two years.4、汤姆参军 4 年了。误： Tomhas joined the army for four years.

17、 正： It is (has been)four years since Tom joined the army.arrive T be here begin(start) T be on die T be dead fallill(sick,asleep) Tbe ill(sick,asleep)get up Tbe up go out Tbe out finishT be over put onwear 或 be onopen T be open jointbe in 或 be a member of close tbeclosed go to schoolTbe a student bo

18、rrowkeep buy Thavecatch(a cold) T have(a cold)get to know Tknow begin to study Tstudy come to workTworkget up Tbe up 等如：has been a soldier for three years.他参军三年了。father has been dead for two years.他父亲去世二年了。film has been on for ten minutes.电影已开始十分钟了。have studied English for three years.我们（开始）学英语已4. M

19、ary and Rosefriends since they met in 2000.三年了典型例题 1. You dont need to describe her. I _ her several times.A. had met B. have met C. met D. meet答案 B. 首先本题后句强调对现在的影响，我知道她的模样，你 不用描述。再次， several times 告知为反复发生的动作，因此用现 在完成时。m sorry to keep you waiting.-Oh, not at all. I _ here only a few minutes.A. have

20、been B. had been C. was D. will befor 20答案 A. 等待的动作由过去开始，持续到现在，应用现在完成时。1. When he arrived at the bus stop, the busminutes.A. has leftB. had leftC. has beenawayD. had been away2. IA. joinedB. have joinedC. have been inD. have gone to3. The factorysince the February of 1988.A . has been openB. has ope

21、nedC. was openthe League for 5 years so far.D. openedA. have madeB. have beenC. madeD.have become5. You mustntuntil he comes back.A. be awayB. leaveC. be leftD. have left6. The meetingfor a week now.A. has finishedB. has endedC. has beenoverD. ended7. Miss Gaothis school for nearly 5 years.A. has be

22、en inB. has come toC. has taughtD. taught8. Bena teacher for 4 years .A. has beenB. has becomeC. wasD. became9. Ihome for a week.A. have returnedB. have been backC. returnedD. am returned10. How longheA. diedB. has, diedC. has, been dead11. HeD. did, diedat eight yesterday afternoon.A. sleptB. was s

23、leepingC. has sleepD. had slept12. Hethe car for a week.A. boughtB. has boughtC. has hadD. buy13. How longyouill? Two weeks.A. did fallB. have, fellC. have,beenD. have, had14. Since 2000, hehis hometown.A. has leftB. has moved away C.has beenaway from D. left15. Ill lend you the book , but you can o

24、nlyit for 2days.A. borrowB. keepC. takeD. took16. The buson the road for 2 hours so far.A. has stoppedB. stoppedC. has beenD. is17. Are youthe jacket these days?A. wearingB. putting onC. dressingD. on18. Hefor 2 hours.A. got upB. has got upC. has been upD. is up19. Tomis ill in hospital. Hea cold fo

25、r several days.20.A. isB. catchesC. has caughtD. has hadHowlongcan Ithe book?Two weeks.A. borrowB. lendC. getD.keep表示一段时间的 for和 since 短语，两者可相互转换。 与 for, since短语连用的现在完成时态中的动词应为延续性动词。某些非延续性动词也可以用于现在完成时的句子中，但如果有表示段时间的状语，这些动词必须用延续性动词代替。如下，延续性动词与非延续性动词及其转换动词按其动作发生的方式、 发生过程的长短可分为延续性动词与 非延续性动词。. 延续性动词表示能够延

26、续的动作 , 如： learn, work, stand,lie, know, walk, keep, have, wait, watch, sing, read, sleep, live, stay 等。延续性动词可以与表示时间段的状语连用。表示时间段的短语有 :for+ 一段时间 ,for 2 years; since等。句 ,since he camehere; since+ 时间点名词 ,since last year, since 5 days ago; how long; for a long time例 :He has lived here for 6 years. You can keep the book for 5 days. I stayed there for 2 weeks last year. How long didyou stay there last year?二.非延续性动词也称终止性动词、 瞬间动词 ,表示不能延续的动等。作 , 这种动作发生后立即结束。 如 :open, die, close, begin, finish, come, go, move, borrow, lend, buy 非延续性动词在肯定句中与表示时间点的状语