句子简化题补充讲义

1、八、句子简化题SentenceSim plificatio nQuestio ns (题型说明OGP46 )OG句子简化题分类总结：P63 /10P72 /10 P81 / 3P93 / 8P103 / 2P115 / 7P238 /11P244 / 6 P 254 / 9识别：文中一个长句子被阴影标识出来Which of the senten ces below best exp resses the esse ntial in formati on in the highlighted sentence in the p assage? In correct choices cha nge

2、 the mea ning in imp orta nt ways or leave out esse ntial in formatio n.1 .解题要点 解题步骤: 错误选项分析: 极: 假: 大: 多: 少:逻辑关系词: 原因结果：because (of) ,since, as, why, for, therefore, hence, thus, thereby,con seque ntly,accord in gly, lead to, as a result (of),result in, result from, reas on, Acon tribute to B, attri

3、bute/ascribe A to B, explain, come from, so A that B,A beresponsible for B ,方式状语 by/though，分词等注意：原因结果位置别颠倒 1. Sociologists view p rimary groups as bridges betwee n in dividuals and the arger society because they tran smit, mediate, and in terpret a societys cultural patter ns and provide the sense o

4、f onen ess so critical for social solidarity.Note taking : A. Sociologists think that cultural p atter ns establish conn ecti ons betwee n the in dividual and the larger society.B. Sociologists believe that in dividuals with a sense of onen ess bridge the gap betwee n society and p rimary groups.C.

5、Sociologists thi nk p rimary groups con tribute to social solidarity because they hel p main tai n a societys cultural p atter ns.D. Sociologists believe that the cultural p atter ns that p rovide social solidarity arise as bridges from p rimary groups.2-P hysiological immaturity may be part of why

6、infan ts and toddlers do not form dxtremely en duri ng memories, eve n whe n they hear stories that p romote such dememberi ng in p reschoolers.Note taking : A .IncompIete physiological development may partly explain why hearing stories does not improve Ion g-term memory in infants and toddlers.B .O

7、ne reas on why p reschoolers fail to comp rehe nd the stories they hear is that they are p hysiologically immature.C. Give n the cha nee to hear stories infants and toddlers may form en duri ng memories des pite p hysiological immaturity.D. Physiologically mature children seem to have no difficulty

8、remembering stories they heard as p reschoolers.3.As a result of crustal adjustments and faulting, the Strait of Gibraltar, wherethe Mediterra nean now conn ects to the Atla ntic, open ed, and water cascaded sp ectacularly back into the Mediterra nean.Note taking : A. The strait of Gibraltar reopene

9、d when the Mediterranean and the Atlantic became connected and the cascades of water from one sea to the other caused crustal adjustme nts and fault ing.B. The Mediterra nean was dramatically refilled by water from the Atla ntic whe n crustal adjustme nts and fault ing opened the Strait of Gibraltar

10、, the p lace where the two seas are join ed.C. The cascades of water from the Atla ntic to the Mediterra nean were not asspectacular as the crustal adjustments and faulting that occurred when the Strait of Gibraltar was conn ected to those seas.D. As a result of crustal adjustme nts and fault ing an

11、d the creati on of the Straitof Gibraltar, the Atlantic and Mediterranean were connected and became a sin gle sea with sp ectacular cascades of water betwee n them.注意：原句与正确选项逻辑词可能不对应4. In equalities of gen der have also existed in pastoralist societies, but theyfieem to have bee n softe ned by the a

12、bse nee of stee p hierarchies of wealth in Most com mun ities, and also by the requireme nt that wome n acquire most of the skills of men, in clud ing, ofte n, their military skills.Note taking : A .Despite the fact that wealth is relatively evenIy distributed in pastoral societies, gen der in equal

13、ity still exists because on ly men can acquire military skills and social status.B. In equalities of gen der existed in p astoralist societies un til most com mun ities bega n to require wome n to po ssess the same skills as men and take part in the military.C. In equalities of gen der in p astorali

14、st societies were caused by stee p hierarchies of wealth and differences in military training between men and wome n.D. In P astoral societies, gen der in equality is comp aratively mild because wealth is relatively eveniy distributed and women have to learn most of the same skills that men do.5. Gl

15、aciers move slowly across the land with treme ndous en ergy, carving into dven the hardest rock formati ons and thereby resha ping the Ian dsca pe as they en gulf, pu sh, drag, and fin ally depo sit rock debris in pl aces far from its origi nal locati on.Note taking : A .As a glacier moves, it leave

16、s behind rock formations that have been en gulfed, p ushed, and dragged by the glacier.B. Glaciers resha pe the Ian dsca pe by carv ing into rock and transporting the result ing debris to dista nt locati ons.C. Glaciers carve the hardest rock formations with great energy and slowly resha pe them int

17、o debris.让步转折：while（句首D. The treme ndous en ergy of slowly movi ng glaciers transp orts and fin ally dep osits rock debris into large rock formati ons.),although,though,eve n(though/if),des pite,i nsp ite of,( + 词 ) but,yet ,n evertheless,whereas注意：补全转折的语气，注意虽然（ although 等）与但是（but 等）后边跟的内容别颠倒6. Esti

18、mates in dicate that the aquifer contains eno ugh water to fill Lake Huron, but unfortun ately, un der the semiarid climatic con diti ons that p rese ntly exist in the regi on, rates of additi on to the aquifer are mini mal, amoun ti ng to about half a cen timeter a year.Note taking : A. Despite the

19、 current impressive size of the Ogallala aquifer, the region s climate kee ps the rates of water additi on very small.B. Although the aquifer has been adding water at the rate of only half a cen timeter a year, it will eve ntually accumulate eno ugh water of fill Lake Huro n.C. Because of the region

20、 s present climatic conditions, water is being addedeach year to the aquifer.D. Eve n whe n the regi on exp erie nces unfortun ate climatic con diti ons, the rates of additi on of water continue to in crease.7. I ndeed, stability of the biological clocks period is one of its major features, even whe

21、n the organisms environmentis subjected to considerableexpected to affectChan ges in factors, such as temperature, that would be biological activity stro ngly.Note taking : A. Stability, a feature of the biological clocks p eriod, depends on cha ngeable factors such as temp erature.B. A major featur

22、e of the biological clock is that its p eriod does not cha nge des pite sig nifica nt cha nges in the en vir onment.C. A factor such as temperatureis an important feature in theestablishme nt of the biological clocks p eriod.D. Biological activity is not stro ngly affected by cha nges in temp eratur

23、e. 否定： no , not , refuse to , cease , miss , unlikely , little , too to ,rather than, morethan一切表示没有、拒绝、停止等否定概念的词汇8. Many ecologists now think that the relative Iong-term stability of climax com mun ities comes not from diversity but from the “ p atch in ess of the environment, an environment that v

24、aries from place to place supports morekinds of orga ni sms tha n an en vir onment that is uniform.Note taking : A. Ecologists now think that the stability of an environment is a result of diversity rather tha n p atch in ess.B. P atchy en vir onments that vary from p lace to p lace do not ofte n ha

25、ve high sp ecies diversity.C. Uniform en vir onments cannot be climax com mun ities because they do not support as many types of orga ni sms as p atchy en vir onmen ts.D. A p atchy en vir onment is thought to in crease stability because it is able to support a wide variety of orga ni sms.9. Therefor

26、e, when observational assessment is used as a technique for study ing infant p erce ptual abilities, care must be take n not to over gen eralize from the data or to rely on one or two studies as con elusive evide nee of g particular p erce ptual ability of the infant.Note taking : A. Researchers usi

27、ng observati onal assessme nt tech niq ues on infants must not over gen eralize and must base their con clusi ons on data from many studies.B. On the basis of the data from one or two studies, it seems that some infants devel op a p articular p erce ptual ability not observed in others.C. To use dat

28、a from one or two studies on infants perceptual abilities, it is n ecessary to use tech niq ues that will pro vide con clusive evide nee.D. When researchers fail to make gen eralizati ons from their studies, their observed data is ofte n incon clusive.10. But detractors maintain that the terraces co

29、uld also have bee n created by geological activity, p erha ps related to the geologic forces that dep ressed the Norther n Hemis phere far below the level of the south, in which case they have nothing whatever to do with Martia n water.Note taking : A. But detractors argue that geological activity m

30、ay be responsible for the water associated with the terraces.B. But detractors argue that the terraces may have bee n formed by geological activity rather tha n by the p rese nee of water.C. But detractors argue that the terraces may be related to geological forces in the Norther n Hemis phere of Ma

31、rs, rather tha n to Martia n water in the south.D. But detractors argue that geological forces depressed the Northern Hemis phere so far below the level of the south that the terraces could not havebee n formed by water.11. For example, some early societies ceased to consider certain rites esse ntia

32、l to their well-be ing and aba ndoned them, n evertheless, they reta ined as p arts of their oral traditi on the myths that had grow n up around the rites and admired them for their artistic qualities rather than for their religious usef uln ess.Note taking : A. A society rites were more likely to b

33、e retained in the oral tradition if its myths were admired for artistic qualities.B. The artistic quality of a myth was sometimes an essential reason for a society to aba ndon it from the oral traditi on.C. Some early societies stopped using myths in their religious p ractices whe n rites ceased to

34、be see n as useful for social well-be ing.D. Myths sometimes survived in a societytrsfdition because of their artisticqualities eve n after they were no Ion ger deemed religiously ben eficial.补充托福阅读常见倒装搭配：vt+介词短语 +名词； Bring to B A ; carry with B A ; retain as例: Black Fiction surveys a wide variety o

35、f no vels, bringing to our atte nti on in the pro cesssome fascinating and little- know works like James Weldon Johnson s Autobiography of anEx-colored Man.),whereas 比较对比： more/less than, most, as as, while(12. The traditi on of religious scu Ip ture exte nds over most historical p eriods but is les

36、s clearly deli neated tha n that of ston ewares or po rcela ins, for it embraces the old custom of earthe nware burial ceramics with later religious images and architectural orn ame nt.Note taking : A. While stonewares and porcelains are found throughout most historical p eriods, religious scu Ip tu

37、re is limited to the an cie nt p eriod.B. Religious scu Ip ture was created in most p eriods, but its history is less clear tha n that of ston ewares or po rcela ins because some old forms continued to be used eve n whe n new ones were devel op ed.C. While stonewares and porcelains changed throughou

38、t history, religious scu Ip ture rema ined uniform in form and use.D. The historical development of religious scuIpture is relatively unclear because religious scuIptures sometimes resemble earthenware architectural orn ame nts.条件：if, only if, exce pt, uni ess, p rovide that, as long as13. He the n

39、set up exp erime nts with caged starli ngs and found that their orie ntatio n was, in fact, i n the proper migratory directi on exce pt whe n the sky was overcast, at which times there was no clear direct ion to their restless moveme nts.Note taking : A. Ex perime nts revealed that caged starli ngs

40、dis pl ayed a lack of direct ional sense and restless moveme nts.B. Ex perime nts revealed that caged starli ngs were un able to orie nt themselves in the directi on of their no rmal migratory route.C. Exp erime nts revealed that the restless moveme nt of caged starl ings had no clear directi on.D.

41、Exp erime nts revealed that caged starli ngs orie ntati on was accurate uni ess the weather was overcast.当原句中没有明显逻辑词汇时，注意原句中隐含的逻辑关系并且注意分析句子主干，然后看选项中是否有假，大，多，少，进行排除。注意原句与正确选项可能出现逻辑词不对应情况。5种句子主干结构:主系表（系动词本身有一定的词义，但不能独立作谓语，必须和句子中的表语一起构成谓 语。系动词有 be , feel , look , sound , taste , smell 等）Lindy is happy.

42、主谓 Lindy laughed.主谓宾I lov you.主谓双宾（主语+及物动词+间接宾语+直接宾语）Lindy gave me a big smile.主谓宾宾补（动词+宾语+宾语补足语，宾语和宾语补足语之间存在逻辑上的主谓关系宾语兼做前面动词的宾语和后面成分-逻辑上的谓语-的逻辑主语 儿indy made me laugh.简单句：只有一套主谓结构的句子 简单句=句子主干+非主干成分（定语+状语+同位语+插入语） 简单句分析：找谓语动词 一谁发出的动作（主语 ）-谁承受的动作（宾语 ）Note taking : 复杂句：两套或两套以上主谓结构的句子 复杂句=简单句+连接词（连词、关系代

43、词、冒号和分号）ugh,while 复杂句拆分点:that,if,whether,what,which,who,whom,as,whe n, where,why,because,altho不定式to,分词（过去分词和现在分词），标点符号14. Certainiy, rational appeals in advertising aimed at children are limited, as most advertiseme nts use emotio nal and in direct app eals to p sychological states or associati ons.

44、Note taking : A. Rati onal app eals in advertis ing are certai nIy limited by childre ns emoti onal immaturity and the in direct n ature of their associati ons.B .In direct app eals to childre ns p sychological states or associati ons can limit the effective ness of rati onal app eals in advertis in

45、g.C .Rational appealsplay a much smaller role in advertisements for childrenthat emoti onal app eals and p sychological associati ons do.D .Ratio nal app eals in advertis ing aimed at childre n should certai niy be limited un til the childre n are emoti on ally and p sychologically ready.15. Fladmar

46、k hypothesis received additional support from the fact that the greatest diversity in Native America n Ian guages occurs along the west coast of the America ns, suggest ing that this regi on has bee n settled the Ion gest.Note taking : A. Because this regi on has bee n settled the Ion gest, it also

47、dis plays the greatest diversity in Native America n Ian guages.B. Fladmarks hypo thesis states that the west coast of the Americas has bee n settled Ion ger tha n any other regi on.C. The fact that the greatest diversity of Native American Ianguages occurs along the west coast of the America ns len

48、ds stre ngth to Fradmarks hypo thesisD. According to Fladmark, Native American Ianguages have survived the Ion gest along the west coast of the Americas.16. America n p ale on tologists David Raup and Joh n Sep koski, who have studied exti ncti on rates in a nu mber of fossil groups, suggest that ep

49、i sodes of in creased ext in cti on have recurred p eriodically, approximately every 26 milli on years since the mid-Cretaceous p eriod.A. Based on their studies of extinction rates of numerous fossil groups, p ale on tologists David Raup and Joh n Sep koski have determ ined that mass exti ncti ons

50、occur about every 26 milli on years.B. David Raup and Joh n Sep koski studied exti nction rates of nu merous fossil groups and suggest that mass extinctions during the Cretaceous period con ti nued for 26 millio n years.C. Studies that p ale on tologists David Raup and Joh n Sep koski con ducted of

51、various fossil groups have revealed that exti nction rates have in creased over the past 26 millio n years.D. The studies con ducted by p ale on tologists David Raup and Joh n Sep koskiof the fossil rema ins of sp ecies suggest that the ext in cti on rate of sp ecies started to in crease by the midd

52、le of the Cretaceous p eriod.17. How did those dense southern Maya populations deal with the resulting water p roblem? It in itially surp rises us that many of their cities were not built n ext to the rivers but in stead on high terra in in rolli ng uplan ds. The explan ati on is that the Maya excav

53、ated dep ressi ons, or modified n atural dep ressi ons, and then plugged up leaks in the karst by p lasteri ng the bottoms of the depressi ons in order to create reservoirs, which collected rain from large plastered catchme nt bas ins and stored it for use in the dry seas on.Note taking : A. Souther

54、n Maya populations obtained the water they needed for the dry seas on by collect ing and stori ng rain water in sealed dep ressi ons.B. The Maya are credited with creating methods for modifying natural rain water and stori ng it.C. Leaks in the karst caused difficulties in the creation of reservoirs

55、, which were n eeded to store water for the dry seas on.D. Souther n Maya ns were more successful at collecti ng rain tha n stori ng it duri ng dry seas ons.注意：排除 大”的错误，排除插入语和such as中表达做句子主干（通常是主语）的选项18. Classical Moder nist painting that is, abstract art as devel oped in differe nt ways by Picasso

56、and Matisse presupposes highly developed skills of look ing and a familiarity with other pain ti ngs and the history of art.Note taking : A. As the founder of Classical Modernist painting, Picasso and Matisseovertur ned traditi on method of painting.B. The main reas on why Pi casso and Matisse devel

57、 oped Moder nist painting is that they in herited many fine art laws that came from scu Ip tors.C. It was Picasso and Matisse who devel oped the Classical Moder nist pain ti ng that familiar with other types of painting.D. Prerequisite of Classical Modernist painting developed by Picasso and Matisse

58、 depends on the acqua intance with other style and dee p in sight.19. Perhaps, like many contemporary peoples. Upper Paleolithic men and women believed that the drawing of a human image could cause death or injury, and if that were in deed their belief, it might explain why huma n figures are rarely depi cted in cave art.Note taking : A. Upper P aleolithic peop le, like many contemporary peop les, believed that if they drew a huma n image in their c