人机交互考试几个大题的问题及答案

1、EXERCISECan you think of any instances in which the user control guideline suggested by Apple is not followed (Hint: Think about the use of dialog boxes.)answerThe user control guideline states that, The user, not the computer, initiates and controls all actions. In the case of dialog boxes, this gu

2、ideline is clearly contradicted. A dialog box can be used to indicate when an error occurs in the system. Once this error has been detected and presented to the user in the dialog box, the only action that the system allows the user is to acknowledge the error and dismiss the dialog box. The system

3、preempts the user dialog, with good reason. The preemptive nature of the dialog box is to ensure that the user actually notices that there was an error. Presumably, the only errors that will be produced in such an intrusive manner are ones which the user must know about before proceeding, so the pre

4、emption is warranted. But sometimes dialog boxes are not used to indicate errors and they still prevent the user from performing some actions that they might otherwise wish to perform. The dialog box might be asking the user to fill in some information to specify parameters for a command. If the use

5、r does not know what to provide, then they are stuck. A lot of the time, the user can find out the information by browsing through some other part of the system, but in order to do that they must exit the dialog box (and forfeit any of the settings that they might have already entered), find out the

6、 missing information and begin again. This kind of preemption is not desirable. It is probably this kind of preemption the user control guideline is intended to prevent, but it doesnt always get applied.EXERCISEIt has been suggested in this chapter that consistency could be considered a major catego

7、ry of interactive principles, on the same level aslearnability, flexibility and robustness. If this had been the case, which principles discussed in this chapter would appear in support of consistencyanswerThe discussion of consistency suggested that it can take many forms, because it is usually ref

8、erred to in relation to some other feature of the interaction between user and system. Mentioned already in the text we have consistency related to the following principles:Familiarity - consistency with respect to prior real-world experienceGeneralizability - consistency with respect to experience

9、with the same system or set of applications on the same platformIn addition, we could interpret some other principles as contributors to consistency:Affordance - consistency with understood intrinsic properties of an object, so a soft button on the screen should allow us to always push on it to sele

10、ct some actionPredictability - consistency of system response with users expectation, given the user has some information about past interaction historySubstitutivity - consistent permission from system to allow use of equivalent values for input and output Commensurate effort - consistency of effor

11、t with respect to doing and undoing tasksResponse time stability - consistency of system response for similar actionsSome other principles for consistency from the text and elsewhere:Consistency can be relative to the form of input/output expressions relative to the users conceptual model of the sys

12、tem. An example in the text involves using keys whose relative positions are similar to commands for the systems (any set of four typewriter keys that form a diagonal to indicate up, down, left and right information for an input command).As discussed in the exercise on colour, consistency can be wit

13、h respect to social or cultural conventions ., using red to indicate stop or hot, green for go, blue for cool).EXERCISEChoose an appropriate evaluation method for each of the following situations. In each case identify(i) The participants.(ii) The technique used.(iii) Representative tasks to be exam

14、ined.(iv) Measurements that would be appropriate.(v) An outline plan for carrying out the evaluation.(a) You are at an early stage in the design of a spreadsheet package and you wish to test what type of icons will be easiest to learn.(b) You have a prototype for a theatre booking system to be used

15、by potential theatre-goers to reduce queues at th box office.(c) You have designed and implemented a new game system and want to evaluate it before release.(d) You have developed a group decision support system for a solicitors office.(e) You have been asked to develop a system to store and manage s

16、tudent exam results and would like to test two different designs prior to implementation or prototyping.answerNote that these answers are illustrative; there are many possible evaluation techniques that could be appropriate to the scenarios described.Spreadsheet package(i) SubjectsTypical users: sec

17、retaries, academics, students, accountants, home users, schoolchildren(ii) TechniqueHeuristic evaluation(iii) Representative tasks Sorting data, printing spreadsheet, formatting cells, adding functions, producing graphs(iv) MeasurementsSpeed of recognition, accuracy of recognition, user-perceived cl

18、arity(v) Outline planTest the subjects with examples of each icon in various styles, noting responses.Theatre booking system(i) SubjectsTheatre-goers, the general public(ii) TechniqueThink aloud(iii) RepresentativetasksFinding next available tickets for a show, selecting seats, changing seats, chang

19、ing date of booking(iv) MeasurementsQualitative measures of users comfort with system, measures of cognitive complexity, quantitative measures of time taken to perform task, errors made(v) Outline planPresent users with prototype system and tasks, record their observations whilst carrying out the ta

20、sks and refine results into categories identified in (iv).New game system(i) SubjectsThe games target audience: age, sex, typical profile should be determined for the game in advance and the test users should be selected from this population, plus a few from outside to see if it has wider appeal(ii)

21、 TechniqueThink aloud(iii) RepresentativeWhatever gameplay tasks there are - character movement, problem solving, etc.tasks(iv) MeasurementsSpeed of response, scores achieved, extent of game mastered.(v) Outline planAllow subjects to play game and talk as they do so. Collect qualitative and quantita

22、tive evidence, follow up with questionnaire to assess satisfaction with gaming experience, etc.Group decision support system(i) SubjectsSolicitors, legal assistants, possibly clients(ii) TechniqueCognitive walkthrough(iii) RepresentativeAnything requiring shared decision making: compensation claims,

23、 plea bargaining, complex issues with atasksdiverse range of expertise needed.(iv) MeasurementsAccuracy of information presented and accessible, veracity of audit trail of discussion, screen clutter and confusion, confusion owing to turn-taking protocols(v) Outline planEvaluate by having experts wal

24、k through the system performing tasks, commenting as necessary.Exam result management(i) SubjectsExams officer, secretaries, academics(ii) TechniqueThink aloud, questionnaires(iii) RepresentativeStoring marks, altering marks, deleting marks, collating information, security protectiontasks(iv) Measur

25、ementsEase of use, levels of security and error correction provided, accuracy of user(v) Outline planUsers perform tasks set, with running verbal commentary on immediate thoughts and considered views gained by questionnaire at end.EXERCISEWrite a manual page for making a cup of coffee. Assume your u

26、ser has no experience but will recognize a cup, a kettle, a spo etc. Swap your manual with a partner. Does your partners manual give you sufficient instruction to make the cup of coffee Discuss improvements with your partner and agree on a final version of the manual.answerFirst you have to decide u

27、pon the level of granularity at which you are going to work. The aim of the exercise is to demonstrate that it is not as straightforward as it might seem to provide instructions even for a very familiar and well-understood task.Given this, it is most helpful to assume that the user knows very little

28、. The example solution (Table assumes that the user will recognize objects (perhaps they are labelled) and understands common actions and directions, but not the specific actions required here. Alternatively you could choose to assume that the user does know how to turn on a tap and open a jar.The t

29、wo options could be expanded further if required. Other alternatives could be included, such as getting water from another source.Manual for making a cup of coffeeRequired:an automatic electric kettle, a jar of instant coffee powder or granules, a mug, a teaspoon, a mains water tap(or an alternative

30、 source of water), a mains electricity supply, milk (optional), sugar (optional).CAUTION:To boilwater:Electricity can be dangerous - avoid any contact between electric connections and water.Boiling water can scald - take care.Ensure plug on kettle is not connected to mains electricity supply.Remove

31、lid from kettle.Place kettle directly beneath spout of tap.Turn tap handle anticlockwise to release water.When water reaches mark labelled full on kettle turn tap handle clockwise to close off water supply.Replace kettle lid.Move kettle to proximity of mains electricity supply.Place kettles plug int

32、o electricity socket.Press button marked on on top of kettle to switch kettle on.When the water has boiled, the kettle will switch off automatically and the on button will return to its original position with a click.Remove kettles plug from electricity socket.To makecoffee:Take jar of coffee and re

33、move lid by turning anticlockwise.Fill teaspoon with coffee.Place contents of teaspoon in cup.Replace lid on coffee jar and turn clockwise to tighten.Pour boiling water from the kettle into the cup up to approximately 1/2 an inch from the top.Add milk if required (to almost fill cup).Add sugar if re

34、quired.Stir coffee mixture with spoon.The coffee is now ready to drink.Table - Coffee making manualThe discussion should focus on the assumptions that are made. You should make a conscious decision about what assumptions to make, rather than making them by default. This should ensure that the assumptions that are made are appropriate to the particular user.You could also contrast your answers here, based on the material in this chapter, with the making tea manual in Chapte