第十一讲特殊句式和主谓一致

1、第十一讲 特殊句式和主谓一致、倒装种类倒装条件例句全部倒装(1)表示方式或方位的副词或介词短 语，如 here，there，now ，then，up， down ，in ，away，off ，out，on the wall ， under the tree 等臵于句首，且主语 是名词时。 Hearing the dog barking fiercely ， away fled the thief .温馨提示 上述情况中， 若主语是人称代词，则不用倒装。 Away they went.(2)代词 such 放在句首， 且在句中作 表语时。Such are the facts； no one ca

2、n deny them.(3)为平衡句子结构或使上下文衔接 紧密， 常将作表语的形容词、 副词、 分词或介词短语提到句首，引起全 部倒装。 Present at the meeting were Professor White and many other guests. Hanging on the wall is a beautiful picture.部分倒装(1)only 修饰副词、介词短语或状语 从句，且放在句首时。 (2013 高考江西卷 )Only when he apologizes for his rudeness will I speak to him again. Onl

3、y then did I know the importance of learning.(2)含有否定意义的副词或词组 (never， seldom, little, hardly, by no means, not until 等 )位于句首时。Never before has she seen anybody who can play tennis as well as Robert.部分倒装(3)hardly. when, no sooner. than, not only. but(also) .等引导两个分 句时，若 hardly, no sooner, not only 位于句首

4、，前一个分句用部分倒装， 后一个分句不变。 Hardly had I reached the bus stop when the bus started. Not only was the coat soft， but it was also warm.(4)so/ neither / nor 臵于句首，意为 “也”或“也不”，表示前面所说 的情况也适用于另一个人或事物 时。He is a doctor.So is his wife.Lily can t ride ， neither/ nor can Lucy.(5)so/ such.that.句型中，当 such n.或 so adj./

5、adv.位于句首时， 主 句部分倒装， that 从句不倒装。So small was the market that I could hardly see it. So carelessly did he drive that he almost killed himself.(6)though / as引导让步状语从句时， 意为“尽管 ”，通常把句中状语、 Try as he would, he might fail again. Unsatisfied though he was with the表语或动词提前；若表语是名词， 其前不用冠词。常见结构：状语 / 表语/ 动词 though

6、 / as主谓结构。payment, he took the job just to get some work experience.（7）当 if 引导的虚拟条件从句中含有 had, were 或 should 等时， 如将 if 省 略，则要将 had, were 或 should 等移 到主语之前。Had I attended the meeting， I would have met Jim.1 （2014 高考陕西卷 ）No sooner stepped on the stage than the audience broke intothunderous applause.A h

7、ad Mo YanB Mo Yan hadC has Mo YanDMo Yan has解析： 选 A 。考查倒装句以及时态。句意：莫言一登上舞台，观众就发出了雷鸣般的掌 声。 no sooner.than.“ 一 , 就, ” 是一个固定搭配，而且主句通常用过去完成时态； no sooner 臵于句首时，其后用部分倒装，所以选择 A 项。2（2014 高考大纲全国卷 ）_ the nurses want a pay increase，they want reduced hoursas well.A Not do onlyB Do not onlyCOnly not doD Not only

8、do解析： 选 D。考查倒装句。句意：护士们不仅要求提高工资，还要求缩短工作时间。notonly 在句首引起句子时， 该句用部分倒装， 其结构为 not only do/will/can etc. ，因此 D 项正确。3 （2014 高考湖 南卷）Only when you can find peace in your heart goodrelationships with others.A will you keepB you will keepC you keptDdid you keep解析：选 A 。考查倒装句。 句意：唯有找到内心的宁静， 方能维持人际关系的和谐。 “ only 副

9、词 /介词短语 /状语从句 ”臵于句首时，句子 （主句 ）要用部分倒装语序。本题中，时间状语 从句 when you can find peace in your heart 被 only 修饰，且臵于句首， 故主句用部分倒装结构。二、强调句强调句（1）It is/ was.that/ who 可以对除谓语 以外的成分进行强调。 当强调部分为 “人”时，可用 that 或 who，其他情 况下用 that 。（2014 高考湖南卷 ）Its not doing the things we like ， but liking the things we have to do that makes

10、 life happy.（2）一般疑问句： Is/ Wasit .that/ who. ？ 特殊疑问句：疑问词 is/ was it that/who. ？ The patient looks much better.What is it that has made him what he is today? Was it on a lonely island that he was saved one month after the boat went down？（3） “not.until. ”句型的强调句： It is / was not until.that.（2013 高考天津卷 ）

11、It was not until near the end of the letter that she mentioned her own plan.强调谓语 动词do/ does/ did 动词原形 （只用于肯定 句，并且只有现在时和过去时 ） I do hope you can take my plan into consideration. He did write to you last night.1 （2014 高考四川卷 ）Was it because Jack came late for school Mr. Smith gotangry?A whyB whoC whereD

12、 that解析：选 D。考查强调句型。 强调句型结构为： It is/ was 被强调部分 that剩余部分。 强调句的判断方法是将 It is/was 与 that 去掉，看剩余句子成分是否完整。 经判断，“ Because Jack came late for school ，Mr. Smith got angry. ”句子成分完整，因此可以断定本句是强调句，空格 处应用 that。另外，由 “Was it.？”可知本句为强调句型的一般疑问形式。2（2014 高考福建卷 ）It was the culture ，rather than the language，made it hard f

13、orhim to adapt to the new environment abroad.A whereB whyC thatD what解析： 选 C。考查强调句型。句意：是文化而不是语言使他很难适应国外的新环境。该 题强调主语 the culture ，其中 rather than the language 为插入语，是迷惑部分，所以空格处应 用 that 。进入 91 导学网 （）强调句型第 1 讲三、省略状语从句当状语从句的主语和主句的主语一致或 从句的主语为 it 且从句中有 be 动词时， 可以省略状语从句中的主语和 be 动词。（2015芜湖一中高三模 拟 ）Every day

14、after I went home, if not tired from work, I will go out for a walk with my wife.（2013高考天津 卷）Although small ，the company has about 1， 000 buyers in over 30 countries.宾语从句“替代性 ” 省略： not 与 be afraid, hope, think, believe, suppose, expect 等连用，代 替否定的宾语从句， so 代替肯定的宾语从 Do you think it will rain？I hope not

15、 / so.句，但表示否定意义时， hope 与 be afraid 只用 I hope/ am afraid not 的形式，而 think, believe, suppose 等有两种形式，即： I think/believe/suppose not 和 I don t think/believe/suppose so 。 Do they mind you smoking there ？ I dont think so/ I think not.动词 不定 式不定式 符号 to 的省略(1)感官动词或使役动词 (如 feel, see, hear, notice, watch, obser

16、ve, let, make, have 等 ) 后接不定式作宾语补足语时省略to ，但在被动语态中不能省略 (let 除外 )。I heard someone sing in the next room.My mother wouldn t let me go to see the film.(2)在 do nothing but do, cant help but do, why not do, would rather do. than do. ， prefer to do. rather than do. 等句型中省 略 to 。I would prefer to swim rather

17、 than play football.不定式 的省略(1)使用不定式符号 to 来代替不定式后被 省略的动词， 常在 be afraid, expect, forget, hope, intend, like ， love, mean, prefer, refuse, seem, try, want， wish 等的后边。I asked him to see the film, but he didn t want to.(2)在某些形容词如 glad，happy ，pleased， delighted 等后面使用不定式符号 to 来代 替省略的动词。 Will you join in th

18、e game ？ I d be glad to.(3)如果不定式中含有 be，have，have been， 通常保留 be, have和 have been。 Are you a sailor ？ No, but I used to be.1 (2014 高考湖南卷 )Children ， whenby their parents，are allowed to enter thestadium.A to be accompaniedB to accompanyC accompanyingD accompanied解析： 选 D 。考查省略。 when 引导时间状语从句，逻辑主语是题干的主语c

19、hildren ，把该时间状语从句补充完整为 when children are accompanied by their parents 。根据状语从句省略 的条件，可以省去主语和系动词，故选D。2 (2013 高考新课标全国卷 )The driver wanted to park his car near the roadside but was asked by the police .A not to doB not toC not doDdo not解析：选B。考查动词不定式符号 to 的保留、不定式符号 to后面的省略以及不定式的否 定形式。句意：那个司机想把他的小汽车停在路边，但

20、是警察让他不要把车停在路边。通过 分析题干，再结合句意可知，动词不定式符号 to 后面省略了 “park his car near the roadside ”， 全句补充完整是 “The driver wanted to park his car near the roadside but was asked by the police not to park his car near the roadside. ”。在此种用法中可以只在句中保留不定式符号to，从而把与前面重复的内容省略； 动词不定式的否定形式是直接在不定式符号 to 的前面加上否定副词 not/never，故答案选 B 项

21、。四、其他句式1祈使句的固定句式(1) 祈使句 and简单句，可译为“如果, 就 , ”。(2) 祈使句 or/otherwise 简单句，可译为“ , 否则 , ”。(3) 名词词组 (多含有 more， another) and简单句，可译为“如果再, 就 , ”。(2014 高考大纲全国卷 )Call me tomorrow and I llelt you know the lab result. 明天给我打电话，我会让你知道实验结果的。2感叹句的固定句式(1) What a/an形容词单数名词主语谓语！ How 形容词 a/an单词名词 主语谓语！(2) What (形容词 )不可数名

22、词 /复数名词主语谓语！(3) How 形容词 /副词主语谓语！(4) How 主语谓语！The shocking news made me realize what terrible problems we would face. 这个惊人的消 息使我意识到我们将面临多么严重的问题。3反意疑问句(1)祈使句的反意疑问句 肯定的祈使句，简短问句用 will you/won tyou 。 否定的祈使句，简短问句用 will you 。 Let s.， shall we? Let us. ， will you?(2) 主从复合句的反意疑问句，与主句的主谓语保持一致。但当陈述部分是 I/We thi

23、nk/believe/expect/suppose 加从句时，疑问句应和从句的人称时态保持一致。There is little doubt in your mind that he is innocent ， is there? 毫无疑问，你认为他是无辜的。难道不是吗？温馨提示 当陈述部分为否定式，反意疑问部分为肯定式时，其回答往往与汉语不 一致，要特别注意！ Tom doesnt know it ， does he?汤姆不知道这事，对吧？ No ，he doesn t./Yes， he does.对，他不知道。 /不，他知道。(2014 高考重庆卷 ) I spent two weeks i

24、n London last summer. Then you must have visited the British Museum during your stay ， you?A mustntB haven tC didn tDhadnt解析： 选 C。考查反意疑问句。句意： 去年夏天，我在伦敦度过了两个星期。 那么，在此期间你肯定参观了英国博物馆，是不是？ must have done 结构在句中表示对过去 事情的推测，当句末有反意疑问的语气时，可分为两种情况：(1) 句中没有明确的过去时间状语时，反意疑问句结构为 “ havent/hasnt.” ； (2)句中有明确的过去时间状语时

25、，反意疑 问句结构为 “ didn t. ？ ” 。根据题干中的过去时间状语 last summer 以及 during your stay 可 知，反意疑问句的结构应用第二种情况。五、主谓一致含 all ，most，half ，rest 等的名词词组作主语， 所指的内容是复数意义时，谓语动词用复数； 反之，用单数。 All of my classmates work hard. All of the water is up now.在主谓倒装句中，谓语动词的数应与其后的主语一致。Between the two windows hangs a picture.用 and 或 both.and

26、连接并列主语，其内容是 复数的， 谓语动词用复数。 若 and连接的两个 单数主语指同一人、同一物或同一概念，谓 语动词用单数。The teacher and writer has already come to the meeting. Both my brother and my sister are workers.主语后面接连接性短语时，谓语动词的数与 主语的数保持一致。 此类连接性短语有 as well as，as much as，along with ，with ，like ，rather than， together with ， but， except， besides， in

27、cluding ， in addition to 等。 Your sister as well as your parents is very kind to me. She， like you and Betty ，is very clever.以 or， either.or，neither.nor ， not only.but also.等连接的名词或代词作主语时，谓语动 词的数应与就近的名词或代词一致。Either you or one of your students is to attend the meeting that is due tomorrow.Are not only

28、you but also he wrong？lots of ，plenty of ，a great/large number of 等以 及分数、百分数表示 “许多 ”，后接可数名 词时，谓语动词用复数。 (large) quantities of 修饰可数名词或不可数名词作主语时，谓语 动词一般用复数； a(large)quantity of 作主语 时，谓语动词的单复数形式取决于后面的名 词。 There are large quantities of food in the shop. A number of students like English very much.the num

29、ber of 复数名词， the amount of 不 可数名词等构成的短语作主语时，谓语动词 用单数。The amount of money spent on the project is great.many a名词单数， more than one名词单 数，“ no/each/every/many a名词单数 and no/each/every/many a名词单数 ” 作主语， 谓语动词用单数。 Every man and every woman has a good reason to be proud of the work done by their fathers. Mor

30、e than one question was raised.当其他名词性从句或动名词短语作主语时， 谓语动词通常用单数形式。What he said leaves much for us to think about.1 (2014 高考湖南卷 )All we need a small piece of land where we can plant variouskinds of fruit trees throughout the growing seasons of the year.A areB wasC isD were解析： 选 C。考查主谓一致和时态。句意：我们所需要的就是一小

31、块地而已，在那里我 们可以在整个作物生长期内栽种各种各样的果树。当all，all of ， half of ， the rest of， most of及“百分数或分数 of ”等后接名词作主语时，句子谓语动词形式根据其后的名词而定。而 根据句中的 All we need 可知，这里说的是现在的事实，所以用一般现在时。2 (2013 高考江苏卷 )Generally ， students inner motivation with high expectations from othersessential to their development.A isB areC wasD were解析

32、： 选 A 。句意：一般说来，别人对其期望值高的学生，他们的内在动机对自身的发 展是至关重要的。分析句子结构可知，该句的主语部分为students inner motivation with highexpectations from others ，中心词 inner motivation 显然为第三人称单数。 再根据 generally（一般 说来 ）判断该句话讲的是通常情况， 所以用一般现在时。 解答该类题目的关键在于找准中心词。1 （2015 合肥质量检测 ） you got Wang Feng asutograph photo? Didn t you know I went to h

33、is live concert ？ See？ Easy!A How it wasB When it was thatC How was it thatD When was it解析： 选 C。考查强调句型的特殊疑问句。句意： 你怎么会有汪峰亲笔签名的照片的？ 难道你不知道我去他的现场演唱会了吗？看到了吗？很简单！根据答句可知，此处 解释了答话人是如何拥有汪峰亲笔签名的照片的，故用引导词how 。结合句中的时态可知应用一般过去时。由强调句型的特殊疑问句形式 “特殊疑问词 is/wasit that从句 ”可知， C 项正确。2 （2015 安徽合肥名校实验部高三模拟 ）It was not th

34、e word you saidangered Mr.Zhang， but you said it.A that； howB which ；whatC that； thatD which ；why解析： 选 A 。考查强调句和名词性从句。句意：不是你说的话激怒了张老师，而是你说 话的方式 （激怒了他 ）。第一空填 “that”，与 It was 构成强调句型；第二空填 how ，how 表方式， 在此引导名词性从句。3 （2015 湖南部分重点中学联考 ）When wea mistake ， we must correct it fully ，openly ，and as quickly as

35、possible.A do makeB dont makeC makingDnot making解析： 选 A 。考查强调句。句意：当我们的确犯错误时，我们必须尽快地、公开地并完 全地改正它。在谓语动词前面加一个助动词do，表示强调。4 （2015 湖南湘潭模拟 ）Only after the teacher explained it to me a second time thequestion.AI did understandBdid I understandC I had understoodD had I understood解析：选 B 。考查倒装句。 句意：只有在老师向我再次解释

36、以后我才明白这个问题。“ only状语 ” 位于句首时，句子要用部分倒装，且根据explained 可知，用一般过去时，故选 B项。5To my great surprise ，there at the doortrembling in wet clothes.A stood a girlB a girl stoodC did a girl standDhad a girl stood解析： 选 A 。考查倒装句。句意：让我很吃惊的是，门口站着一个正在颤抖的女孩，衣 服湿透了。介词短语臵于句首，且句子主语为名词时，句子要用全部倒装，即“ 介词短语谓语主语 ” 结构。故选 A 项。6 （2015

37、 天津六校联考 ） ， they couldn t make her change her mind.A Hard as they triedB Tried hard as theyC As they tried hardD They tried as hard解析： 选 A 。考查倒装句。句意：尽管他们尽力了，但他们还是没能让她改变主意。 as 引导让步状语从句时可以把状语或者表语放于句子的前面， 采用部分倒装的形式， 故选 A 项。7 （2015 浙江金丽衢十二校联考 ）The director was fully convinced that this moving story ， if

38、for television ， would be a hit.A adaptedB being adaptedC to be adaptedD having been adapted解析： 选 A 。考查省略。此处为条件状语从句中的省略，省略了主语及系动词，补全后 为 if it was adapted for television ，因此选择 A 。8（2015 陕西长安一中、 高新一中等五校模拟 ）Hey ，look at your pale face ；you must have stayed up late last night ，？A have youB haven t youC

39、did youDdidnt you解析： 选 D 。考查反意疑问句。句意：嘿，看看你苍白的脸色，你昨天晚上肯定熬夜了， 是不是？由句中的 “must have stayed up late last night ”可知，此处是对过去情况的肯定推测， 故附加问句应用否定形式 didnt you 。9 Each of the students whocoming to the party bringing a gift.A is； areB are； isC have； isD are； have been解析：选 B。考查主谓一致。 句意：来参加聚会的每个学生都会带来一份礼物。先行词 “thes

40、tudents”在定语从句中作主语， 表示复数概念， 所以定语从句中的谓语动词用复数； 主语 “Each of the students”作整个主句的主语， 表示单数概念， 所以主句中的谓语动词用单数。 故选 B 项。10 （2015 湖南五市十校联合检测 ）You should be fully prepared before going walking in the mountain.Above all ， plenty of drinking water with you.A to bringB broughtC bringingD bring解析： 选 D。考查祈使句。句意：去山里散步之前你应该做好充分的准备。最重要的是 要带足够多的饮用水。分析句子结构及语境可知后一句缺少谓语，故选 D 项。此处为祈使句 结构。11I dont believe you can do today s job with yesterday s methods and be in tom