




版权说明:本文档由用户提供并上传,收益归属内容提供方,若内容存在侵权,请进行举报或认领
文档简介
1、Development and Regeneration of the Nervous System 神经系统发育与神经再生 讲解内容: 1. 引言NS的组成回顾 2. NS发育的基本过程 3. NS发育的基本机制 4. 神经再生 1. The component of nervous system the Nervous System neurons and synapses in the cerebral cortex The overall process of nervous system development Neural induction(神经诱导形成神经管neural tub
2、e 和神经嵴 neural crest )specification of neural cell identity(神经细胞分化) migration of neural cell(神经细胞迁移) outgrowth of axons(突起生长) formation of synapses(突 触形成) programmed cell death (NS发育阶段 特定性细胞凋亡). 1) The formation of the neural tube: neural tubebrain development 1) The formation of the neural tube: Not
3、ochord(脊索)induces the ectoderm on dorsal surface of embryo during gastrulation to form the neural plate(神经板), and the neural plate begins to fold and form the neural tube(神经管). The cells of neural plate: epithelium When the forming of the neural tube, the epithelium differentiate into nerve cell The
4、 cells within the neural tube give rise to the brain and spinal cord, which together comprise the central nervous system Neural tube formation and migration of neural crest cells 2) The migration of neural crest cells: 2) The migration of neural crest cells: Neural crest(神经嵴) cells migrate away from
5、 the dorsal half of the neural tube undergoing an epithelial to mesenchymal transition and give to both the sensory neurons of the peripheral nervous system and to the autonomic nervous system. 3) The specification of neural (neuron or glial) cell identity Expression of genes known as proneural gene
6、s(原神经基因)initiate neural specification by regulating the transcription of down-stream target genes. Intrinsic differences External signals Drosophila (fruit fly) Neurectoderm(神经外胚层) In Drosophila, the presumative central nervous system is specified at an early stage of development as two longitudinal
7、 stripes of cells along the dorso-ventral axis of the embryo. This region is called the neurogenic zone(神经发生区)or neurectoderm. Expression of genes known as proneural genes, the neurectodermal cells are given the potential to become neural precursors. Of particular importance as proneural genes in Dr
8、osophila are the genes of the achaete- scute complex(毛翅-鳞甲基因复合体). 1). Proneural genes(原神经基因) Achaete-scute complex Encoding transcription factors, notably the proteins achaete and scute, which have a basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) DNA-binding motif. These transcription factors form homodimers and het
9、erodimers with each other, and bind to target genes to initiate neural specification. Within neurectoderm, the cells expressing these genes form groups called proneural clusters. basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) Within the neurectoderm, cells expressing achaete gene form groups called proneural cluster
10、s Pattern of achaete-scute complex expression The correct pattern of expression of achaete-scute depends on a regulatory module that control the pattern of neurogenic gene expression at specific sites. Site-specific expression of achaete and scute depends on combinations of transcription factors bin
11、ding to the regulatory module. Regulatory module of achaete-scute complex Transcription factors Site-specific expression of achaete-scute complex The neurectodermal cells are given the potential to become neural precursors In addition, the pair-rule genes, together with genes expressed along the dor
12、so-ventral axis and the segment polarity gene wingless, are involved in patterning the proneural clusters and distinguishing them from the rest of the neurectoderm, which will become epidermis. 触发proneural clusters 形成的其他基因 Achaete-scute complex The pattern of prospective sensory cells within the ima
13、ginal disc(器官芽,成虫 盘 ) is constructed by the independent action of site-specific regulatory modules along the achaete-scute complex. Functions in PNS(外周神经系统) Imaginal disc Are small sacs of epithelium present in the larva of Drosophila and other insects, which at metamorphosis give rise to adult stru
14、ctures such as wings, legs, antennae, eyes, and genitalia. The wings represent a main phenotype in fruit fly Sensory bristles of Drosophila Bristle:刚毛 Specification of sensory neurons in the Drosophila wing Thus has an important role in the speci- fication of the sensory nervous system of the adult
15、fly. Contributing to establishment of CNS and PNS. 小结:Achaete-scute complex 2) Lateral inhibition allocates neuronal precursors The singling out of the prospective neural cells involves lateral inhibition(侧向抑制). The lateral inhibition leads to just one cell developing as a neuroblast, with the rest
16、of the cluster becoming epithelial epidermal cells. The role of lateral inhibition in neural cell development Lateral inhibition的定义 Some cells inhibit neighboring cells from developing in a similar way to themselves. 在具有相同分化命运的胚胎细胞中,如果 一个细胞“试图”向某个特定方向分化,那 么,这个细胞在启动分化指令的同时也发 出另一个信号去抑制邻近细胞的分化。 Molecul
17、ar mechanism of lateral inhibition: Notch-Delta interaction In the specification of both central nervous system neurons and sensory organs, the Notch and Delta genes play a key role in lateral inhibition once the proneural clusters have formed. Their activity ensures that just one neuron or sensory
18、organ develops from each cluster at a given time. Notch-Delta interaction Notch-Delta interaction is involved in lateral inhibition 3) Asymmetric cell divisions(细胞不对称分裂) are involved in Drosophila sensory organ development Single neuroblast External sensory organsInternal chordotonal organs are made
19、 up of four cells, one of which is a sensory neuron Chordotonal:脊索的 Are cell divisions in which the daughter cells are different from each other because some cytoplsmic determinants have been distributed unequally between them. 在胚胎早期发育过程中,细胞质成分是不均质 的,胞质中某些成分的分布有区域性。 当细胞分裂时,细胞质成分被不均等地分配到 子细胞中,这种不均一性胞
20、质成分可以调控细 胞核基因的表达,从而决定细胞的分化。 细胞不对称分裂:胚胎细胞分裂时胞质的不均等分配. Sensory nervous system of Drosophila Sensory bristles Asymmetric cell divisions are involved in sensory neuron development Numb is involved in sensory neuron development Asymmetric division during sensory cell development in Drosophila is a very c
21、lear example of cytoplasmic localization involved in cell specification. Drosophila Neurectoderm Sensory neuron Proneural clusters Neuroblast Lateral inhibition by Notch-Delta Asymmetric cell division Proneural gene (achaete-scute) Development of Sensory bristles Dev. Of CNS In vertebrate: Toward th
22、e end of gastrulation(原肠胚形成) , the neural plate begins to fold and form the neural tube, and neural crest cells neural tube brain and spinal cord neural crest cells peripheral nervous system There are similarities in specification of cells as neuronal precursors between vertebrates and Drosophila. L
23、ateral inhibition specifies single cells as neural precursors Interaction of Delta ligand and Notch receptor provides a signal that inhibits neuronal differentiation by inhibiting Neurogenin synthesis. The Neurogenin gene, which codes for a bHLH transcription factor, is related to the achaete and sc
24、ute proteins.(Neurogenin是achaete 和 scute的同源体蛋白)。 Lateral inhibition is involved in the specification of vertebrate neuronal precursors Expression of Neurogenin in one cell leads to the cell expressing neruoD, which codes for a transcription factor required for neuronal differentiation. Asymmetric ce
25、ll divisions (Numb protein) by stem cells generate neurons 2. Neural migration in Vertebrates Neural tube formation Neurons arise from VPZ and neural crest Lateral inhibition Neural migration VPZ:ventricular proliferative zone, 室管膜增 生区 In both brain and spinal cord, all neurons and glia arise from a
26、 proliferative layer of epithelial cells lining the lumen of neural tube, called ventricular proliferative zone (VPZ). 放射状迁移(radial migration): 是神经元沿垂直于脑表 面的方向迁移,是大脑皮层发育早期神经元的主要迁移模式。 Neural migration during the brain development VZ: 室管膜增生区增生区 SVZ: 室管膜下层 IZ: 中间带 SP: 底板 CP: 皮质板 MZ: 边缘带 PS: 软脑膜表面 RGC:
27、放放射状神经 胶质细胞 切线位迁移(tangential migration): 指神经元沿着 与脑表面平行的方向迁移,是大脑皮层发育晚期,在皮质 板(cortical plate)形成后的主要迁移模式。 Mechanism of of cerebral cortex cell migration Reelin is a large secreted extracellular matrix glycoprotein that helps regulate processes of neuronal migration and positioning in the developing bra
28、in by controlling cellcell interactions. Mutations in Reelin disrupts migration and proper Mutations in Reelin disrupts migration and proper cerebellar cortical layers do not form.cerebellar cortical layers do not form. Neural crest cells migration Neural crest cells migrate away from the neural tub
29、e, giving rise to a wide variety of different cell types including cartilage in the head, pigment cell in the dermis, medullary cells in the adrenal gland, glial Schwann cells, neurons of peripheral nervous system neurons of autonomic nervous system The outgrowth of axons to their targets is followe
30、d by formation of synapses with the target cellswhich can be other neurons, muscle or gland cells The growth cone(生长锥) controls the axon growing Growth cone: The motile tip of the axon or dendrite of a growing nerve cell, which spreads out into a large cone-shaped appendage. A cultured sensory neuro
31、n extending a growth cone with lamellipodia and filopodia 生长锥是轴突延伸生长过程的末端膨 大,是发育神经元引导轴突前端的结 构,包括丝状伪足(filopodia)和片状 伪足(lamellipodia). An early event in the differentiation of a neuron is the extension of its axon by the growth cone at the axon tip. The growth cone can continually extend and retract f
32、ilopodia, which help to pull the axon tip forward over the underlying substratum. 生长锥内有微管蛋白(负责运输小泡到生长锥)。 生长锥内含肌动蛋白和肌球蛋白(负责提供生长锥移动的收缩力)。 The activity of the growth cone guides axon outgrowth, and is influenced by the contacts the filopodia make with other cell and with the extracellular matrix. 生长锥突起
33、上有许多膜受体,可接 受神经递质和某些蛋白酶的作用, 并通过电压依赖的Ca2+通道对生长 锥膜兴奋性产生影响。 Axon growth cones are guided by two main types of cueattractive and repulsive. Axon pathway depends on envionmental cues and neuronal identity 特定位置细胞分泌的可扩散 性旁分泌因子及其提供的浓 度梯度在引导轴突生长中起 重要作用,可表现为吸引及 排斥性趋化效应。 旁分泌因子Slit、 Ephrins、Netrins和导向蛋 白Semaphor
34、ins等既可影 响神经元的迁移,又对轴 突的生长有导向作用。 Basic process of 1) synaptogenesis(突触发生) 轴突到达靶点后,按照竞争排斥的原则与靶细胞形成突 触的过程。 2) synaptodifferentation(突触分化) 突触前膜、突触间隙及突触后膜的形态发生。 3) synaptorearrangement(突触重排) 该过程经历很长时间,本质是突触前膜与突触后膜 的电活动一致。 4) synaptoregressive(突触消退) 多余突触的消失。 The refinement of synaptic connections, through
35、the elimination of axon branches and by programmed cell death 神经发育异常: 神经管闭合不全:脊柱裂。 大脑皮层发育异常:头小畸形、局灶性 皮质发育不良、侧巨脑症; 神经易位、 无脑回畸形;多小脑回和脑裂;结节状 硬化症。 5. Neural regeneration(神经再生) (一)外周神经(PNS)再生 现象: PNS受损后,被切断的神经纤维可产生一系列被称为 断离神经纤维脂肪变性(wallerian degeneration)的 特征性变化: 髓鞘和轴索(突)崩解破碎、残体被吞噬消除, 但包括神经纤维的施旺细胞(Schwan
36、n cell)仍保持活 力。 在损伤3个月之后,整个神经纤维能完成修复 (再生)。 PNS再生过程: PNS再生机制:主要是施旺细胞对轴突延伸的引导。 受损神经轴突退化溃变、髓鞘破碎分 解成许多卵圆形残体,随机被侵入的巨噬 细胞吞噬; 溃变周围的施旺细胞开始分裂增殖,并 形成血多饰带(cordon),构成轴突修复 延伸的管道; 在损伤处神经细胞的胞体端,轴突形成 一个或多个生长锥,并进入施旺细胞管 道,通过生长锥不断延伸,直至与远端靶 细胞重新连接。 (二)中枢神经(CNS)再生 1. CNS轴突再生的抑制 现象: CNS中轴突被切断后,在最初有生长现象, 但随后便逐渐退化了。 若将CNS中神
37、经元轴突移植到外周神经 中,发现受损的轴突可继续生长。 以上现象提示:中枢神经的轴突不能再生可 能与它处在抑制其再生的环境有关。 机制:一些具有促进轴突生长的蛋白因子可在胚胎发育和PNS中表达,但在CNS中 不表达;相反在CNS损伤处有大量的轴突再生抑制因子. 少突胶质细胞表达 轴突再生抑制因子: Nogo, MAG(myelin-associated glycoprotein), CSPG(chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan), Arretin. 星形胶质细胞被激活后形成神经胶质疤痕(glial scar),其中含多种轴突延伸抑制 因子:Tenascin,Ker
38、atin,CSPG;致使延伸的轴突被阻止,而形成收缩球(retraction bulb). 2. CNS中成体神经干细胞的存在说明有再生的潜 能,但临床上未见有病变损伤的神经元得到修 复或补充 此种现象的机制,有待研究。 3. CNS受损后的再生修复策略 1)消除轴突再生抑制因子的作用; 2)应用体外培养的神经干细胞进行细胞替换(目前是脑内 注射); 3)深入探讨CNS内成体(或组织)神经干细胞的谱系维持 及诱导分化机制,为寻找潜在干预靶点打基础; 4)探讨选择性开放血脑屏障(BBB)的机制,为向脑内无 创伤性输送神经细胞提供潜在技术手段。 脑血管的发育与大脑发育的关系 ? 脑血管的总长度 6
39、00-700公里 A Cast of the Microvascular Network and Two-Photon In Vivo Imaging of the Mouse Brain Microcirculation A Simplified Molecular Atlas of the BBB Schematic of the Neurovascular Unit Nearly every neuron in human brain has its own capillary The total length of capillaries in human brain is about
40、 400miles 4) The migration of neurons and the outgrowth of axons to their targets All cortical neurons have their origin in the ventricular proliferative zone(VPZ,室管膜增生 区), and migrate outward to their final positions along radial glial cells(放射状胶质细 胞, RGC细胞). 大脑皮质的组织发生:发生于室管膜层(室层) 从时间上:大脑皮层的分 化顺序为古
41、皮质 (archicortex,海马和齿状 回)、旧皮质 (paleocortex)、新皮质 (neocortex). 从组织上:大脑皮层表现 为有特定神经元分布的板层 结构. 边缘层内含Cajal-Retzius 细胞(C-R细胞),它分泌 细胞外基质蛋白reelin. The outgrowth of axons to their targets, the formation of synapses with the target cellswhich can be other neurons, muscle or gland cells 原发诱导(Primary induction) :
42、指形成神经板的诱导。其本质是中胚 层向外胚层释放神经化因子(neurolizing factor),促使外胚层向具有神经组织特 异性转变。 次发诱导(Secondary induction ):指形成早期脑与脊髓的诱导。其 本质是中胚层通过与具有预定发育为神经系统的外胚层互作(直接接触或分泌因 子):中胚层前部与外胚层互作诱导出前脑;中胚层中部与外胚层互作诱导出中 脑和后脑;中胚层最后部与外胚层互作诱导出脊髓。 机制:Dorsal signals (e.g. BMP-4) and Ventral signal (Sonic hedgehog) pattern neural tube 中胚层分泌
43、的神经诱导因子: 诱导前端神经组织而不诱导后端结构的 因子:Noggin、follistatin、chordin和 cerberus, 其功能是起到BMP(bone morphagenetic protein )抑制剂作用。 其他诱导因子:Notch、Wnt、FGF、 HGF、Dorsalin和Hedgehog. 神经管的演 变(侧面观 及冠状切面 观) 神经管的组织发生(histogenesis/ tissue organization) 最初神经管管壁是由一层较厚的假复层上皮细胞组成,称为神经上皮细胞 (neuroepithelium)。 随神经上皮不断增值,分裂后的一个子细胞向神经上皮的
44、外周迁移,分化 为成神经细胞(neuroblast), 形成套层(mantle layer),各种类型的神 经元和神经胶质细胞在套层发生分化。此时神经管由内向外由神经上皮 层、套层和边缘层(marginal layer)组成。 神经嵴形成 来源于神经嵴细胞的神经组织 3. External signals Dorsal signals (e.g. BMP-4) and Ventral signal (Sonic hedgehog) pattern neural tube 神经上皮形成中的有关信号: BMP(Bone Morphogenetic Protein)蛋白家族成BMP-4在神经诱导中起
45、 关键作用,其主要功能是:BMP4并不是直接作用于将形成神经组织的细胞, 而是神经组织形成的抑制物。 很多与BMP竞争的分泌蛋白,包括Chordin、Noggin、Cerberus都与神经 诱导有关: Chordin在将来的神经板下面的组织的中胚层中表达,它可以与BMP-4结合, 抑制其活性。 Noggin,由组织者(中胚层、脊索)表达分泌。 Cerberus,可以与BMP-4结合而抑制后者的信号。 示例:Xenopus laevis(爪蟾) 迁移机制: 依赖于细胞间黏附因子( cell adhesion molecule )的表达: 曾经是外胚层一部分的神经管,在它形成之后从预期的表皮组织中
46、分开, 这涉及到细胞黏着的变化。 示例: 在鸡胚(chicken embryo)中,神经板细胞起初和外胚层的其余部分一 样,在它们的表面表达相同的黏着因子L-CAM(cell adhesion molecule)。 但随着发育的进程,神经板外胚层开始表达N-cadherin 和N-CAM, 而邻近的外胚层只表达E- cadherin。这些黏着性的改变可能使神经管从 周围的外胚层分开。 Mechanism of neural migration in vertebrates Slug mediated-EMT(epithelial to mesenchymal transition ) 脊椎动物
47、的神经嵴细胞最初在神经褶边缘发生,当神经管闭合时, 它们经历了从表皮到间充质细胞的转换(EMT),离开中线上的表皮细胞层,从 两侧迁移离去。 从表皮到间充质的转变与slug基因有关,它参与调控从不移动的上 皮细胞到可迁移的间充质细胞的转变过程。 slug基因在所有迁移的神经嵴细胞中表达。对slug基因表达的抑制,将 阻碍细胞迁移。 Regulation of cadherin expression 迁移需要细胞与神经管的黏着力的失去,在迁移发生的时,N- cadherin和E-cadherin从神经嵴细胞中消失。 Role of Environmental signals 四、从干细胞看NS发
48、育 神经干细胞(Neural stem cell, NSC)的概念: 始于20世纪90年代,是人们从成年个体脑内分离培养 了能不断分裂增殖且具有多种分化潜能的细胞群后提出的。 神经干细胞的定义:具有分化为神经元(neuron)、星形胶质 细胞(astrocytes)和少突胶质细胞oligodendrocyte)的能力, 能自我更新(self-renew),并足以提供大量脑组织细胞的细胞 群。 1. The basic concept of neural stem cells Characteristics of neural stem cells(广义的神经干细胞 定义): 1)可生成神经组织
49、或来源于神经系统,具有多向分化潜能 (Multilineage differentiation potential),包括跨胚层 分化; 2)能进行自我复制与自我更新; 3)可通过不对称分裂( Asymmetric division )产生一个新的 干细胞和一个祖细胞,对称分裂(Symmetric division)则产生 两个干细胞或两个组细胞。 Neural stem cell marker(神经干细胞的标志物): 1)Nestin(neuroepithelial stem cell protein, 巢蛋白) 属于细胞内的中间纤维蛋白,是神经干细胞的标志性抗原, 但巢蛋白的分布并不局限于
50、神经干细胞。 2)CD133 神经干细胞选择性地表达CD133+/CD34-/CD45-, 以及CD9、 CD15、CD81和CD95等表面标志物,其中CD133是神经干细 胞特异的表面抗原,被用来分离和鉴定神经干细胞。 2. 神经系统是否起源于一种神经干细胞? 一般认为神经系统中干细胞的分化是通过潜能的逐步限制 而实现的:在周围环境的控制下,多能神经干细胞(原始神经上 皮细胞)先产生各种前体细胞,尔后再形成相应的成熟细胞。 神经前体细胞: 神经元限制性前体细胞(neuron-restricted precursor); 胶质限制性前体细胞(glia-restricted precursor)
51、; 神经嵴干细胞(neural crest stem cell) 3. Adult neural stem cells(成体神经干细胞) 传统观点认为,中枢神经系统的神经元在出生后 不久就丧失其再生能力,成人脑组织一经损伤就不能再 生。 近年的研究发现,在大多数成体哺乳动物神经系统 的侧脑室壁的室管膜下区(subventricular zone, SVZ) 和海马齿状回的颗粒下区(hippocampal subgranular zone,SGZ)有神经干细胞(neural stem cells, NSC)的存在。 1)成体神经干细胞的来源: 在哺乳动物(mammals )发育的原肠形成期 (gastrulation period,开始有神经上皮细胞 (neuroepithelial cell
温馨提示
- 1. 本站所有资源如无特殊说明,都需要本地电脑安装OFFICE2007和PDF阅读器。图纸软件为CAD,CAXA,PROE,UG,SolidWorks等.压缩文件请下载最新的WinRAR软件解压。
- 2. 本站的文档不包含任何第三方提供的附件图纸等,如果需要附件,请联系上传者。文件的所有权益归上传用户所有。
- 3. 本站RAR压缩包中若带图纸,网页内容里面会有图纸预览,若没有图纸预览就没有图纸。
- 4. 未经权益所有人同意不得将文件中的内容挪作商业或盈利用途。
- 5. 人人文库网仅提供信息存储空间,仅对用户上传内容的表现方式做保护处理,对用户上传分享的文档内容本身不做任何修改或编辑,并不能对任何下载内容负责。
- 6. 下载文件中如有侵权或不适当内容,请与我们联系,我们立即纠正。
- 7. 本站不保证下载资源的准确性、安全性和完整性, 同时也不承担用户因使用这些下载资源对自己和他人造成任何形式的伤害或损失。
最新文档
- 岳飞传介绍课件
- 展示自我的班会课件
- 小学生课件软件版
- 雨季防洪彩钢瓦房加固工程合同
- 车位使用权长期租赁与物业管理服务合同
- 高新技术企业研发团队派遣服务合同
- 2025年建筑企业上半年安全生产工作总结
- 安全附件的动态性能测试方法考核试卷
- 家电行业专利布局与产业生态协同创新模式构建考核试卷
- 老年教育政策研究考核试卷
- 2024年辽宁省大连市小升初数学试卷
- DGJC-2型断轨监测系统-1
- 福建省旋挖成孔灌注桩技术规程
- DL∕T 1057-2023 自动跟踪补偿消弧线圈成套装置技术条件
- 北京2024年北京市公安局人工智能安全研究中心招聘笔试历年典型考题及考点附答案解析
- 气体分析仪检定规程
- 2024-2029年吞咽困难饮食增稠剂行业市场现状供需分析及市场深度研究发展前景及规划投资研究报告
- DZ/T 0430-2023 固体矿产资源储量核实报告编写规范(正式版)
- 小学数学研究专题
- HYT 104-2008 陶瓷微孔滤膜组件
- 2021年电梯检验员理论考试题库
评论
0/150
提交评论