马原11级学生讲义(专题3)

1、专业好文档马克思主义基本原理概论学生讲义第三专题 辩证法与科学思维方式对应马克思主义基本原理概论教材第一章第二节、第三节教学目的：使学生在了解世界的物质性存在的基础上，进一步掌握世界究竟是如何存在的，掌握唯物辩证法的基本特征，了解事物的存在和发展都是一个过程的思想，使学生明确从发展的观点来考察一切事物，要不断地与时俱进。通过本章的学习使学生在掌握对立统一规律的基础上，学会“具体问题具体分析”的科学分析方法，以及运用正确的辨证思维方式思考问题。 重点难点： 矛盾以及事物的存在与发展。 理论教学：一、 联系观点、发展观点、矛盾观点（一）、联系和发展的普遍性和多样性 1. 事物的普遍联系（1）联系的

2、涵义（2）联系的特点：客观性、普遍性 、多样性。补充：联系的条件性 2. 事物的永恒发展（1）运动、变化、发展的区别（2）发展的实质是新事物的产生和旧事物的灭亡（新生旧灭）（二）矛盾观点见对立统一规律二、 唯物辩证法三大规律（一） 对立统一规律（实质和核心）*区分逻辑矛盾与辩证矛盾*矛盾的内涵1. 矛盾的同一性和矛盾的斗争性及其在事物发展中的作用矛盾的基本属性：同一性和斗争性（1） 同一性（2） 斗争性内外因的关系矛盾与和谐2. 矛盾的普遍性和特殊性及其相互关系（1） 普遍性与特殊性相互区别。（2） 普遍性与特殊性相互依存。（3） 矛盾的普遍性与特殊性在一定条件下相互转化。（二） 质量互变规律

3、 1. 概念分析：质、量、度2. 量变和质变概念3. 量变和质变的辩证关系定性分析与定量分析相结合的原则（三） 否定之否定规律 1、 肯定和否定的含义2、 辩证的否定（1） 事物的自我否定（2） 事物发展的环节（3） 事物联系的环节v 辩证否定的实质是扬弃扬弃即既克服又保留。v 辩证否定观与形而上学否定观的对立3、 事物的辩证发展经过两次否定、 三个阶段，形成一个周期 4、 方法论意义（1） 坚持辩证的否定观，对一切事物都要采取科学分析的态度。（2） 坚持否定之否定规律，把握事物发展的总趋势，正确对待前进与曲折。5、 哲学上的错误倾向（1） 直线论（2） 循环论三、 辩证思维的范畴和方式（一）

4、 唯物辩证法是客观辩证法与主观辩证法的统一1. 主观辩证法是客观辩证法的反映 2. 客观辩证法与主观辩证法在本质上是统一的，但在表现形式上却是不同的。案例：载舟覆舟理论（二） 唯物辩证法是科学的认识方法 1. 矛盾分析方法案例：我国发展问题上的两点与重点2.诸对范畴（1）原因和结果（3） 必然性和偶然性（4） 现实性和可能性（5） 现象与本质（6） 内容和形式案例：要善于运用形式，表现内容（三） 辩证思维方法与现代科学思维方法 1、 辩证思维方法归纳与演绎分析与综合抽象与具体逻辑与历史2、 现代科学思维方法控制方法信息方法系统方法结构功能方法 模型化方法理想化方法3、 现代科学思维方法与辩证思

5、维方法的一致性实践教学内容:1、 案例讨论:诡辩论与辩证法-欧布里得提出“有角的人”与公孙龙的“白马非马”1、 欧布里得提出“有角的人”命题，其主要错误是什么？2、 公孙龙的“白马非马”命题，其主要错误又在哪里？3、 诡辩论与辩证法到底有哪些不同？ 二、案例讨论 1、下面的图是什么意思，表达了什么哲学原理？ 2、 元朝书画家赵孟俯（赵孟頫f赵孟頫（12541322），字子昂，号松雪，松雪道人，又号水精宫道人、鸥波，中年曾作孟俯，汉族，吴兴（今浙江湖州）人。元代著名画家，楷书四大家（欧阳询、颜真卿、柳公权、赵孟頫）之一。赵孟頫博学多才，能诗善文，懂经济，工书法，精绘艺，擅金石，通律吕，解鉴赏。特

6、别是书法和绘画成就最高，开创元代新画风，被称为“元人冠冕”。他也善篆、隶、真、行、草书，尤以楷、行书著称于世。）的夫人(管夫人管道升)写了一首表达爱情的词我侬词：“把一块泥，捻一个你，塑一个我。将咱两个、一齐打破，用水调和，再捻一个你，再塑一个我。我泥中有你，你泥中有我。”这首词表达了什么哲学原理？我侬词你侬我侬，忒煞情多。情多处，热如火。把一块泥，捻一个你，塑一个我。将咱两个，一齐打破， 用水调和。再捻一个你，再塑一个我。我泥中有你，你泥中有我。与你生同一个衾，死同一个椁。当时社会上的名士纳妾成风，赵孟頫也不甘寂寞想纳妾，加以官运亨通，年近五十的赵孟頫却也爱慕年轻漂亮的女孩子起来了。而他不好

7、向妻子明说，可文人有文人的办法，作了首小词给妻子示意：“我为学士，你做夫人，岂不闻王学士有桃叶、桃根，苏学士有朝云、暮云。我便多娶几个吴姬、越女无过分，你年纪已四旬，只管占住玉堂春。”这词儿意思是说，你没听说过王献之先生有桃叶、桃根这两个小妾，苏轼先生也有朝云、暮云这两个小妾。因此，我就是多娶几个小妾也并不过分；何况你年纪已经40多岁了，只管占住正房元配的位子就行了。一、 理论研讨：马克思主义的矛盾学说与社会主义和谐社会理论的关系winger tuivasa-sheck, who scored two tries in the kiwis 20-18 semi-final win over e

8、ngland, has been passed fit after a lower-leg injury, while slater has been named at full-back but is still recovering from a knee injury aggravated against usa.both sides boast 100% records heading into the encounter but australia have not conceded a try since josh charnleys effort in their first p

9、ool match against england on the opening day.aussie winger jarryd hayne is the competitions top try scorer with nine, closely followed by tuivasa-sheck with eight.but it is recently named rugby league international federation player of the year sonny bill williams who has attracted the most interest

10、 in the tournament so far.the kiwi - with a tournament high 17 offloads - has the chance of becoming the first player to win the world cup in both rugby league and rugby union after triumphing with the all blacks in 2011.id give every award back in a heartbeat just to get across the line this weeken

11、d, said williams.the (lack of) air up there watch mcayman islands-based webb, the head of fifas anti-racism taskforce, is in london for the football associations 150th anniversary celebrations and will attend citys premier league match at chelsea on sunday.i am going to be at the match tomorrow and

12、i have asked to meet yaya toure, he told bbc sport.for me its about how he felt and i would like to speak to him first to find out what his experience was.uefa hasopened disciplinary proceedings against cskafor the racist behaviour of their fans duringcitys 2-1 win.michel platini, president of europ

13、ean footballs governing body, has also ordered an immediate investigation into the referees actions.cska said they were surprised and disappointed by toures complaint. in a statement the russian side added: we found no racist insults from fans of cska. baumgartner the disappointing news: mission abo

14、rted.the supersonic descent could happen as early as sunda.the weather plays an important role in this mission. starting at the ground, conditions have to be very calm - winds less than 2 mph, with no precipitation or humidity and limited cloud cover. the balloon, with capsule attached, will move th

15、rough the lower level of the atmosphere (the troposphere) where our day-to-day weather lives. it will climb higher than the tip of mount everest (5.5 miles/8.85 kilometers), drifting even higher than the cruising altitude of commercial airliners (5.6 miles/9.17 kilometers) and into the stratosphere.

16、 as he crosses the boundary layer (called the tropopause),e can expect a lot of turbulence.the balloon will slowly drift to the edge of space at 120,000 feet ( then, i would assume, he will slowly step out onto something resembling an olympic diving platform.they blew it in 2008 when they got caught

17、 cold in the final and they will not make the same mistake against the kiwis in manchester.five years ago they cruised through to the final and so far history has repeated itself here - the last try they conceded was scored by englands josh charnley in the opening game of the tournament.that could b

18、e classed as a weakness, a team under-cooked - but i have been impressed by the kangaroos focus in their games since then.they have been concentrating on the sort of stuff that wins you tough, even contests - strong defence, especially on their own goal-line, completing sets and a good kick-chase. theyve been great at all the unglamorous stuff that often goes unnoticed in the stands but