影响电子政务的因素和规则

1、影响电子政务的因素和规则摘 要本文的研究目的是列举一系列体现电子政务效能和限制条件的因素以及这些因素的不同方面。它们是从原有的相关（电子政务）学说和论述中得出的综合性结论。关键词：通信技术，电子政务一介绍每一个政府的中心主旨都是在短时间内用简单的方式为人民服务，使部门机构之间交换信息得到高效率。信息交流科技（ict）不仅能够提高我们的日常生活，而且每个人都会受益于它（就像网络和数码电视一样）。ict已经广泛运用于商界，并且各公司已有盈利，一方面能够与他们的客户和消费者保持联系，另一方面还能够不流失其他生意合作伙伴，很大程度上为服务带来方便。现在，政府最主要去做的是在公共区域运用ict得到最好的

2、效果，同时避免发生所有可能犯的错误。 二电子政务电子政务，意味着“政府的举措，帮助地方当局提供计划生育服务，通过网络和邮件接收。例如，设置计划门户网站，根据战略依据设置不同期望的入口，比如要达到金融手指平衡，建立行政机构，给市民提供服务，或者给先前政策的不足之处给予补救。科技信息交流应该周密的考虑到一系列现代化进程的发展和提高，以及科技信息交流和电子政务的全球化。电子政务的另一种定义是由联合国网站呈现的，“电子政务设计到信息与科技交流的运用，例如政府机构设立的广域网，因特网，移动计算。”三电子政务成功的影响因素（电子政务多么的有期望值）影响因素的成与败已经广泛被几家研究所所讨论，下面是对一家最

3、具有权威的研究访问和发现：1.发展中国家经常出现的问题是时事于未来的系统不匹配，由于是软件设计者与2006时事的数据在物理，文化，经济和其他上下文之间存在的很大的差距：缺乏有计划的训练和高品质员工缺乏各部门间的努力缺乏较好价值观和从电子政务中受益的市民政府员工有很高的营业额，因为存在缺乏有竞争力的薪酬和就业条件缺乏公共部门技巧有很大程度上的现实差距适当的基础设施需求，意味着基础设施的匮乏缺乏能够提供丰富经验的科技领导2.发达国家和发展中国家的差距，研究者研究发现一项客服差距的综合政策。研究变量的数据显示电子政务的成功是由马克霍尔泽泰金完成的。信息传播方式和手段双向交流，关系的自然性对市民提供服

4、务和任何利益相关者集成政府部门怎么在政策事件上扩大受益市民，怎么发挥它的影响力。安全，如何确保交易安全可使用性，如何更简易的使用交易，是否友好。3.四个干系区域阶级在2001年移至电子政务。有点信息：提高电子信息基础设施和固定电话及移动电话，降低电信消费。鼓励pc的消费，确保全球进入系统提升公共机构，图书馆，双向交流系统：制作数据可行性，建立训练交换价值：改革公共部门，确保经济安全性，综合服务和交换：提升分配系统，建立安全性。4.电子政务标杆意味着采取向比较表演的形式，国家或机构致力于市民为电子政务的服务接收者，在他们的电子政务有效措施的标杆模范和理查德的关注。政府商务政府对政府-不同政府部门

5、的内部关系5.大体的电子政务的框架模板已由相关文字分析做出准备评估，并推荐出一系列基础因素。准备的组织性：为电子政务做好组织政府性及领导能力就绪：加强项目的领导能力能力就绪：为很好的使用电子政务做好准备科技就绪：高科技的法律准备6.电子政务应该结合一个数据，而不是重新开发商业公司在政府的模式。7.政府与市民的互动应从政府的观点以及考虑到这种关系如何影响到新的发展和电子政务的观点呈现。改变交流和特征能够强大政府项目,也就能给社区带来稳定而持续的益处。8.电子政务项目接触到管理观念，解释了类似的冒险性，比如分析系统.9.标杆的重要性，对于当地政府是最实际的，也是活跃当地电子政府工程的关键之基础，通

6、过四块区域电子服务：有政府通过网站发送电子服务电子管理：通过高科技方法和信息与科技技术提高政府管理电子民主：电子交流的有用方式电子商务：产品在线买卖与服务10.为高质量的公共信息提高要求，以防疏忽政府职位。有效提高行政管理工程：可信赖，更精确，没有数据消费。增加透明度：所有的信息都应该是可信赖的，提高服务质量降低腐败：系统将会严格按照 规则行事贡献于税收的增长或消费的降低：市民运用在线电子政府的服务会感到非常的舒服，快速明了，帮助建立政府与市民的信任度，达到更好的政策收入支出，对经济政策也很有利。四政府信息数据的电子政务实施准则沙特阿拉伯理事会部长会议决议2006年40号1. 政府信息和数据考

7、虑国际财富应该有所有政府机构监督实施。2. 政府实体应根据统一的详细指令将数据信息进行分类，由电子政务项目精细水平划分。涉及到项目以下详情3. 每一个政府实体都应该保持使用此电子文件形式4. 政府实体应在他们的数据显示中避免不断地重复，项目也应与其他政府实体合作，为确保信息数据的完整性，用一种方式使实体为持续性和保持信息的同种型号，成为有责任的灵魂派对，同时要根据实体的特殊性，以至于能够保证不发生重复的事情，一季数据显示的差异，以及他们所示资源的多重性，尽可能的为每一个数据基础提供一个备份版本。5. 每一个政府实体应该管理好自己的数据信息，并尽可能的为其他政府实体分享电子版数据，项目提供的详细

8、的要求更方便使用。6. 更精确的目的是在政府实体应该为更新记录好的数据信息设置有力度详细的，跟踪性的，清晰地机制。7. 每一个政府实体应该依靠电子数据信息和相对的实体及相关要求的数据信息机制，提供政府实体的申请表和形式。没有数据信息要求在申请中，除了有特别需要，并且要实施履行发送服务。8. 所有的政府实体都要指示他们的员工配合保密和隐私他们的标准。政府服务申请的相关数据信息只能面向相关人士。政府权威应该有必要的行动措施保证它的服务使用权利。政府的工作和服务：9. 每一个政府实体都要列清分辨清他们的需求服务项目，他们的要求，为了创立被证明由这张目的醒目有目的的，依据电子形式而努力。10. 每一个

9、政府实体应该明确行政管理工作的文件和服务的程序，根据向导方法以及有目的的项目。11. 每一个政府实体应该在正在进行的行政管理工作的基础，过程，程序之上重设介绍提升，提供电子服务，为了与电子政务交易要求的根据相配，与这样一个目的的方案的目的的指导方法相匹配。电子政务的申请：12. 所有的政府实体应该建立在电子交流和信息技术申请之上，为了积极的实施好他们的内部工作，依据他们提供的服务，例如用电子记录详细的由项目准备的执行电子政务的互动性操作性的执行计划。13. 每一个政府实体应该在执行活动时使用电子邮件和电子交流多媒体。14. 每一个政府实体应该在提供政府服务的方式上减少依赖于传统的方式，在使用电

10、子政务运用中不断加强。15. 每一个政府实体应该提供详细的打印信息和当地提供的服务信息还包括服务程序。同样需要提供必要的电子表格来获取依稀相关服务，依法执行命令显示其规章，并在相应网站上或其他合适的电子渠道进行公布，根据此方案的标志知道标准。16. 每一个政府实体应该在有效地时间内与该项目合作为电子政务的实施应用设置详细的交易实施计划。17. 该项目应该为电子政务服务建立国家门户，基础设施进入政府信息并获取政府服务。通则：18. 每一个政府实体应该采取措施：在每半年基础上进行一次，电子政府改造的学位，根据该计划的编制，这些指标应该在实体的年度报告会上提出，如有相抵则会在计划中列出。19. 半年

11、年度报告会应由该计划准备，由两省司法提出，显示出政府实体指标的深度和宽度，建立在电子政务的指标中。20. 该计划应由政府机构出版，它对政府各实体很有必要，遵守规章制度的条款和各项指标，考虑有关规定和法律。21. 这些规定应与建立好的法律法规无偏见，相符合。五总结这篇论文遇见了许多电子政务的相关因素和规则的研究性问题。讨论了电子政务的方方面面的定义，标准评价成功的因素。每一个国家都应该考虑到方方面面的工作指在用这种方式提高，能够引导更好的计划和管理程序，人力资源的好的训练设置实施措施走向成功有效地电子政务计划。factors and rules effecting in e-government

12、abstractthe purpose of this paper is to specify a set of factors that shows the effectiveness and restrictions of the e-government and its different aspects. these factors were derived from a comprehensive revision of previous studies and literature related to the subject matter (e-government). keyw

13、ords: communication technologies, e-government 1. introduction each government focuses on achieving highly effectiveness in its provision of services to its citizens and also exchange information between its departments and institutions in short time and in an easy way. information and communication

14、 technologies (ict) is expanding and improving in our daily lives, and everyone is getting surrounded by the effects of it (like the world wide web (internet), and digital tv (dtv). ict is being used in a larger way by big business, and companies that seek profit, to keep in touch with their clients

15、 and customers in one hand, and other business associates in the other one, giving huge enhancements in terms of convenience and services. now, the main point for the government is to get the best results out of ict in the public sector, while keeping all the potential pitfalls away from happening.

16、2. what is electronic government e-government, which means government initiatives helping local authorities provide planning services online and accessible via the internet and email, for example, the planning portal website, depends on diverse expectations exist within its strategies , like achievi

17、ng financial cost-benefits, restructuring administrations , delivering services to citizens, or a remedy for previous policy failures . information and communication technologies (ict) should be considered closely linked to the process of modernization and hence, globalization is closely related to

18、e-government and itc. another definition of e-government was presented by united nations website to be “e-government refers to the use of information and communication technologies (ict) - such as wide area networks, the internet, and mobile computing - by government agencies”. 3. factors affecting

19、the success of e-government (how well e-government meet the expectations) the factors affecting success or failure have been widely discussed by several researches, below is a review of the most important reaches and its findings: 1. the problem that often arises with developing countries is that th

20、ere is frequently a mismatch between the current and future systems, due to the large gap in the physical, cultural, economic, and various other contexts between the software designers and the place it is being implemented danish dada (2006) : lack of training schemes and qualified staff. lack of ch

21、ange management efforts lack of educating citizens about the value and benefits of e-government high turnover rates of government it staff because of uncompetitive payment andemployment conditions lack of public sector skills large design-reality gaps the need of appropriate infrastructure that mean

22、s that weak infrastructure the large gap between the skilled leaders who can afford technology, and the unskillful poor who can not afford the same. 2. gap between developed and under-developed countries and the researchers recommend finding a comprehensive policy for overcoming that gap. the catego

23、rization of study variables to success e-government were marc holzer, seang-tae kim (2005): information dissemination, means and methods. two-way communication, the nature of the relationship. services that will be available to the citizen or any stakeholder. integration. political participation. to

24、 what extend the citizens will be involved in the political matters, and how it would affect it. security, how secure transactions will be. usability, how usable (easy to use) will the transactions will be, and if it is user friendly or not. 3. four distinct stages in the launching and moving to the

25、 e-government sami atallah (april 2001). posting information: enhance the telecommunications infrastructure and increase the number of landlines and mobiles, reduce the costs of telecommunications .encourage or subsidize the costs of pcs, ensure universal access by improving access in public institu

26、tionslibraries two-way communication system: make data available, fund training exchange of value: reform the public sector, ensure financial security. integrated service & exchange: enhance the delivery & distribution system, build security. 4. e-government benchmarking means undertaking a review o

27、f comparative performance of e-government between nations or agencies concentrated on citizens as receivers of e-government services (g2c) in their benchmarking model for e-government efficiency measurements and focused on richard heeks (2006) : (g2b) government to business. (g2g) government to gove

28、rnment the interrelationship between different governmental departments. 5. general framework model for e-government readiness assessment by analyzing related literature, and then recommended a set of basic factors ahmed al-omari and hussein al-omari (2006) : organizational readiness: do the organiz

29、ations ready for e-government. governance and leadership readiness: strong leadership to lead the project competency readiness: do people ready for use e-government? technology readiness: high technology legal readiness. 6. e-government should embrace an agenda much more ambitious than re-inventing

30、the government in the form of a business enterprise douglas a. galbi (2001) . 7. interaction between government and civilians from a political point of view and how this relationship was affected by the new developments and the presentation of e-government concept. changes in communities and their c

31、haracteristics will power the governance processes meant to give steadiness and consistency to community life jane e. fountain (2003) . 8. e-government project touched from a project management point of view, viewing and explaining the probable risks linked with such projects (a system analyst point

32、 of view) simone cecchini, monica raina,(2005) . 9. importance of benchmarking, best practices and actions for local e-government, and key basics of a thriving local e-government project, through four dimensions tan yigitcanlar, scott baum (2003). e-service: services delivered electronically by the

33、government over the web. e-management: improve the governmental management by using the means of it and ict. e-democracy: the use of electronic communication methods. e-commerce: buying and selling products and services online using internet. 10. increasing demands for high security of public inform

34、ation in the case of digital government applications istvn mezgr (2006).improving efficiency of administrative processes: reliable, more accurate, no data costs. increasing transparency: all information must be available, improving services, decreasing corruption: the system will do exactly the rule

35、s, contributing to revenue growth and/or cost reductions: the citizens will feel comfortable with the e-services online (fast and clear), helping trust building between governments and citizens, achieving specific policy outcomes, and contributing to economic policy objectives, 4. e-government imple

36、mentation rules the government information and data kingdom of saudi arabia council of ministers resolution no. (40) dated (2006): 1 government information and data are considered a national treasure that should be nourished by all government entities. 2 government entities shall classify their info

37、rmation and data according to unified guidelines of specifications and levels set by the e- government program(referred to hereinafter as the program) 3 each government entity shall keep its documents in electronic form. 4 government entities shall avoid duplication and repetition in their data base

38、s , and the program shall coordinate with other government entities to ensure the integrity of information and data , in a way that one entity becomes the sole responsible party for maintaining and keeping information and data of the same type according to the entitys specialization, so as to guaran

39、tee non occurrence of repetition and duplication, discrepancy in the information and data, and multiplicity of their sources - provided that a back-up version shall be available for each data base. 5 each government entity shall manage its own data bases and make the shared data electronically avail

40、able to other user government entities to enable data integration amongst them and to facilitate electronic provision of the government services pursuant to the requirements specified by the program. 6 for accuracy purposes, government entities shall set forth and follow specific and clear mechanism

41、s for updating the information recorded in their data bases. 7 each government entity shall electronically rely on the data and information available with relevant entities and minimize the data and information required to be provided in the government entitys applications and forms. no information

42、or data shall be requested from the applicants except for cases where such a request is necessary, and for the purpose of fulfilling the delivery of service to the user 8 all government entities shall instruct all their staff to comply with the confidentiality and privacy protection criteria. inform

43、ation and data relevant to the government service applicants shall be reviewed only by the authorized persons. government authorities shall take all necessary actions to guarantee this right for the service user/beneficiary.government works and services: 9. each government entity shall list and iden

44、tify the services it offers, their requirements, and create the approved electronic forms for this purpose pursuant to the guiding methodology proposed by the program for such a purpose. 10. each government entity shall clearly and accurately document the administrative works and procedures for its

45、services and business processes according to the guiding methodology proposed by the program for such purposes. 11. each government entity shall re-design and introduce improvements on an ongoing basis of its administrative works, processes, procedures and providing the services electronically, in o

46、rder to meet the e-government transactions requirements pursuant to the guiding methodology prepared by the program for such a purpose. e-government applications: 12. all government entities shall rely on telecommunications and information technology applications in performing all their internal wor

47、k activities and their offered services such as using the electronic records specified in the executive plan for implementing the e-government interoperability applications as prepared by the program 13. each government entity shall use e-mail and e communication media in performing its activities 1

48、4. each government entity shall minimize reliance on traditional methods in providing government services as per the conditions and phases of implementing the e-government applications therein 15. each government entity shall provide detailed information on the types and locations of its offered ser

49、vices as well as the procedures followed to obtain these services. it shall also provide the necessary electronic forms to obtain the above-mentioned services, display its regulations and executive by-laws, and publish them on its website or on other appropriate electronic access channels pursuant to the guiding criteria prepared by the program for this purpose. 16. each government entity shall set a detailed plan for transformation and implementation of egovernment interoperability applications within a specified time frame in coordination with the program. 17. the program shall e