医学英语文章带翻译

1、公司绝密医学英语文章带翻译医学英语文章带翻译1椎间盘突出unit2textaherniateddisc(discherniationofthespine)第二单元主题a椎间盘突出症manypatientswithbackpain,legpain,orweaknessofthelowerextremitymusclesarediagnosedwithaherniateddisc.许多患腰腿疼痛,下肢肌端乏力的病患均为椎间盘突出症。whenadischerniationoccurs,thecushionthatsitsbetweenthespinalvertebraispushedoutsidei

2、tsnormalposition.椎间盘突出发生时,脊柱间的缓冲带将发生侧突。ahrniateddiscwouldnotbeaproblemifitwerentforthespinalnervesthatareveryclosetotheedgeofthesespinaldiscs.如果脊神经不是离椎间盘特别近的话,椎间盘突出就不是什么大问题了。howarethespineanditsdiscsdesigned脊柱与椎间盘thevertebrasarethebonybuildingblocksofthespine.脊椎是建造脊柱的构件。betweeneachofthelargestparts(

3、bodies)ofthevertebraearethediscs.各椎骨之间为椎间盘。ligamentsaresituatedaroundthespineanddiscs.脊椎和椎间盘周围散布着韧带。thespinehassevenvertebraeintheneck(cervicalvertebrae),12vertebraeinthemid-back(thoracicvertebrae),andfivevertebraeinthelowback(lumbarvertebrae).颈部有7条椎骨,胸部为12条,腰部有5条。inaddition,inthemid-buttock,beneath

4、thefifthlumbarvertebra,isthesacrum,followedbythetailbone(coccyx)此外,在臀部中央,第五条腰椎下面为荐骨,再往下是尾骨。thebonyspineisdesignedsothatvertebraestacketogethercanprovideamovablesupportstructurewhilealsoprotectingthespinalcord(nervoustissuethatextendsdownthespinalcolumnfromthebrain)frominjury.椎骨之间层层叠加,支撑身体移动构架,并保护脊髓(

5、大脑神经组织在脊柱的延伸)。eachvertebrahasaspinousprocess,whichisabonyprominencebehindthespinalcordthatshieldsthecordsnervetissue.每个椎体都有一个棘突,即位于脊髓后方保护脊髓神经组织的骨性突起。thevertebraealsohaveastrongbonybodyinfrontofthespinalcordtoprovideaplatformsuitableforweight-bearing.脊髓外部为椎骨,椎骨是人体的负重部位。thediscsarepadsthatserveascushi

6、onsbetweenthevertebralbodiesthatservetominimizetheimpactofmovementonthespinalcolumn.椎间盘充当各椎体间的衬垫,椎体的作用是承受负重,将脊柱压力减到最小。eachdiscisdesignedlikeajellydonutwithacentralsofterponent(nucleuspulposus).椎间盘就像果冻甜甜圈,中间为软组织髓核。ligamentsarestrongfibroussofttissuesthatfirmlyattachbonestobones.韧带由极具弹性的纤维软组织组成,连接骨与骨。

7、ligamentsattacheachofthevertebraeandsurroundeachofthediscs.韧带与每条椎骨相连,并附着在椎间盘周围。whenligamentsareinjuredasthediscdegenerates,localizedpainintheareaaffectedcanresult.随着椎间盘退行性变,韧带损伤,疼痛在所难免。whatisthespinaldisc什么是椎间盘thespinaldiscisasoftcushionthatsitsbetweeneachvertebraofthespine.各椎体之间存在着充当缓冲垫的椎间盘。thisspi

8、naldiscbeesmorerigidwithage.随着年龄增长,椎间盘出现僵化。inayoungindividual,thediscissoftandelastic,butlikesomanyotherstructuresinthebody,thediscgraduallyloosesitselasticityandismorevulnerabletoinjury.对于年轻人而言,椎间盘柔软既富弹性,像其它部位一样,椎间盘也会逐渐失去弹性,受伤风险增加。infact,eveninindividualsasyoungas30,mrisshowevidenceofdiscdeteriorat

9、ioninabout30%ofpeople.事实上,根据核磁共振显示,像30岁年轻人,椎间盘的退行性变比例达30%。2蟑螂奶未来或成为超级食品aninternationalteamofscientistshasjustsequencedaproteincrystallocatedinthemidgutofcockroaches.thereason最近,一个国际科学家团队确定了蟑螂中肠内的蛋白质晶体的结构序列。为什么要研究这个itsmorethanfourtimesasnutritiousascowsmilkand,theresearchersthinkitcouldbethekeytofeed

10、ingourgrowingpopulationinthefuture.因为它的营养价值是牛奶的四倍多。研ahref=/./yangsheng/kesou/target=_blank咳嗽比衔谌丝诓欢显龀慕矗肽炭梢猿晌死嗟闹匾澄铩/palthoughmostcockroachesdontactuallyproducemilk,diplopterapunctate,whichistheonlyknowncockroachtogivebirthtoliveyoung,hasbeenshowntopumpoutatypeofmilkcontainingproteincrystalstofeeditsba

11、bies.尽管大多数蟑螂自身并不产奶,但有一种斑点折翅类蟑螂,是目前已知的唯一一种胎生蟑螂,它会分泌出一种含有蛋白质晶体的奶来喂养下一代。thefactthataninsectproducesmilkisprettyfascinatingbutwhatfascinatedresearchersisthefactthatasingleoneoftheseproteincrystalscontainsmorethanthreetimestheamountofenergyfoundinanequivalentamountofbuffalomilk(whichisalsohigherincalorie

12、sthendairymilk).昆虫产奶这一事实本身已十分有趣,但更让研究者感兴趣的是一份蛋白质晶体中所含的能量是相同重量的水牛奶的三倍(所含热量也比相同重量的牛奶多)。clearlymilkingacockroachisntthemostfeasibleoption,soaninternationalteamofscientistsheadedbyresearchersfromtheinstituteofstemcellbiologyandregenerativemedicineinindiadecidedtosequencethegenesresponsibleforproducingth

13、emilkproteincrystalstoseeiftheycouldsomehowreplicatetheminthelab.显然,要像挤牛奶一样挤蟑螂的奶并不是个切实可行的方法,所以这个国际科学家团队就决定测定控制产生蛋白质晶体的基因序列,尝试在实验室内复制这组基因。该团队的领头人是印度干细胞生物学和再生医学研究院的研究人员。thecrystalsarelikeapletefood-theyhaveproteins,fatsandsugars.ifyoulookintotheproteinsequences,theyhavealltheessentialaminoacids,saidsa

14、ncharibanerjee,oneoftheteam,inaninterviewwiththetimesofindia.其中一名队员桑贾利班纳吉在印度时报的采访中说道:这些晶体就像完整的食物,有蛋白质脂肪还有糖分。如果你仔细研究蛋白质序列,还会发现它们含有一切必不可少的氨基酸。notonlyisthemilkadensesourceofcaloriesandnutrients,itsalsotimereleased.astheproteininthemilkisdigested,thecrystalreleasesmoreproteinatanequivalentratetocontinue

15、thedigestion.蟑螂奶不仅富含热量和营养物质,同时也具有时间控释性的。当奶中的蛋白质被消化,晶体会相应地释放出等量的蛋白质来继续被消化。itstime-releasedfood,saidsubramanianramaswamy,wholedtheproject.ifyouneedfoodthatiscalorificallyhigh,thatistimereleasedandfoodthatisplete.thisisit.研究负责人萨布拉马年拉马斯瓦米说:这是时间控释性的食物。如果你需要高热量具有时间控释性并且营养全面的食物,那么非它莫属了。itsimportanttopointo

16、utthatthisdenseproteinsourceisdefinitelynevergoingtobeforthosetryingtoloseweight,andprobablyisntevenrequiredformostwesterndiets,wherewearealreadyeatingtoomanycaloriesperday.需要指出的是,这种高蛋白质的食物并不适合想要减肥的人,也不适合大多数西方人的饮食,因为西方人每天已经摄入了太多的卡路里。butforthosewhostruggletogettheamountofcaloriesrequiredperday,thisco

17、uldbeaquickandeasywaytogetcaloriesandnutrients.但是对于那些每天努力要获得足够热量的人来说,这将是他们获取热量和营养快捷而简单的方式。theyreverystable.theycanbeafantasticproteinsupplement,saidramaswamy.拉马斯瓦米说:它们十分稳定,将会是极好的蛋白质补充物。nowtheresearchershavethesequence,theyarehopingtogetyeasttoproducethecrystalinmuchlargerquantities-makingitslightlym

18、oreefficient(andlessgross)thanextractingcrystalsfromcockroachsguts.目前科学家们已经测定出了结构序列,他们希望用酵母大量生产这种蛋白质晶体,相比直接从蟑螂肠中获取能更有效率一点,也比较不会令人恶心。3超级基因将使人类不再患病thestudyofnearly600,000peoplefound13whoshouldhavedevelopeddebilitatingdiseases,butdidnot.在这项基于60万人的医学研究中,科学家发现有13人本应该患有衰弱性疾病,但是却并没有任何迹象显示他们曾有过类似病史。thehopei

19、sdiscoveringwhat,againsttheodds,keepsthemhealthyandifthatcouldleadtonewtherapies.鉴于这样有这样的情况存在,科学家们希望弄明白到底是什么原因使得他们能够保持健康,并且研究是否有可能因此开发出新的治疗手段。expertssaidtheapproach,publishedinnaturebiotechnology,wasfascinatingbutthatitwasstillearlydays.专家表示,自然生物技术上发表的这种研究方法非常令人着迷,但就目前的研究成果来说,下结论还为时尚早。errorsinourcod

20、eoflife-ourdna-cancausedisease.如果我们的生命代码dna出错了的话,我们就会得病。largenumbersofstudieshavetriedtounderstandthesemutationsbylookingatpeoplewhobeeill.许多研究都希望通过观察病人来试图了解基因突变。buttheinternationalteamofresearcherstriedtheoppositeapproach-searchingforpeopleharbouringdamagingmutationsbutwhoremainhealthy.但这支由各国科学家组成的

21、团队却另辟蹊径。他们研究那些本该因为严重基因突变而患病,但是却仍然健康的人。millionsofyearsofevolutionhaveproducedfarmoreprotectivemechanismsthanwecurrentlyunderstand,saiddrericschadtfromtheicahnschoolofmedicineatmountsinaihospitalinnewyork.纽约西奈山医院伊坎医学院的ericschadt博士说:数百万年的进化使得人类的身体拥有了许多保护机制,而我们目前对此还知之甚少。headded:mostgenomicstudiesfocuson

22、findingthecauseofadisease,butweseetremendousopportunityinfiguringoutwhatkeepspeoplehealthy.他还说道:大多数基因组学的研究都致力于寻找致病原因,但我们却另辟蹊径找到了另外一个具有重要意义的研究方向-即探究到底是什么原因使得人类能够保持健康。theresearchersscoureddnadatabasescontaininginformationon589,306people.这项研究的数据来源于一个拥有589306个样本的dna信息数据库。theyfound13healthypeoplewhoshoul

23、dhavedevelopedoneofeightgeneticdiseases:cysticfibrosis,smith-lemli-opitzsyndrome,familialdysautonomia,epidermolysisbullosasimplex,pfeiffersyndrome,autoimmunepolyendocrinopathysyndrome,acampomeliccampomelicdysplasiaandatelosteogenesis.科学家们发现样本中有13个人虽然健康,但从dna信息来看,他们本应该患有遗传病。从基因信息来看,他们曾经有可能患上8种不同的遗传病,

24、包括囊性纤维化史密斯-雷凌-奥匹兹综合征家族性自主神经功能异常单纯型大疱性表皮松解斐弗综合征自身免疫性多内分泌腺病综合征躯干发育异常症和骨发育不全症。thereportsaidthediseasesweresoseverethatitwashighlyunlikelythatsuchanindividualwouldhavemanifestedthediseasewithoutitbeingclearlyannotatedintheirhealthrecords.研究报告称这些疾病是如此的严重以至于完全没有病人患上此类疾病而没有在健康记录上清楚地记载的可能性。profstephenfriend

25、,fromtheicahnschoolofmedicine,said:findingtheseindividualsisastartingpointtosearchingfortheotherchanges,eginthegenome,thatmightgiveuscluestodeveloptherapies.来自伊坎医学院的史蒂芬佛伦德教师说道:这些个体案例的发现为我们指出了另外一个研究方向,我们开始对诸如基因组等对象进行研究,希望发现使得他们保持健康的原因。并且探寻是否有可能据此开发出新的治疗手段。studythehealthy,dontjuststudythesick.我们应该研究人们保持健康的原因,而不仅仅执着于寻找到底是什么原因使人得病。however,thisiswherethetantalisingstoryends.thescientistswereunabletogooutandfindthelucky13becauseoftheconsentrulessignedwhentheirdnasamplewastaken.但这项前景无限的研究却无法再进行下去了。科学家们无法找出那13名幸运的人,因为他们在捐献dna信息的时候曾签署保密协议,数据库不得泄露捐献人的个人信息。itmeanstheydonotknowwhatisprotect