英语论文摘要范文

1、dont think about creating the sea, you must first start with small rivers.通用参考模板（页眉可删）英语论文摘要范文 英语论文格式：中英文摘要范例【1】关键词：英语论文格式英文摘要范例摘要：威尼斯商人是莎士比亚戏剧作品之一，它的主题是歌颂善良，友谊和爱。在这里，我们要提及人文主义那段时期主要的特征区别，也展现在这部戏里最重要的角色上。摘 要威尼斯商人是莎士比亚戏剧作品之一，它的主题是歌颂善良，友谊和爱。在这里，我们要提及人文主义那段时期主要的特征区别，论文格式也展现在这部戏里最重要的角色上。女权主义是人文主义最重要的一部分

2、之一。它的主要的目标和内容都是从人文主义的思想体系和人物性格中学习而来的。人们研究莎剧主要从人文主义思想和人物形象两方面研究。_将从女性和女权主义角度分析威尼斯商人,结合该作品主要内容和背景,评议作品中的三个女性人物形象及其表现,揭示威尼斯商人深刻反映的女权和女性主义思想。通过女性主义“妇女形象”批评方法，发现莎士比亚塑造了反传统的、具有现代思想的女性。同男性形象相比，女性处于主动、中心地位而男性别处于被动、服从地位。这与其他女性批评家所批评的男性笔下两个极端类型好女人，坏女人相去甚远;相反的，他创造的女性人物有着反传统的和现代的思想。莎翁的女性形象打破了父权中心，解构了父权社会对妇女的界定，

3、指明了莎士比亚的女权主义倾向。关键词：人类 ;精神 ;女性意识;价值;abstractthe merchant of venice is one of dramatic work write by shakespeare. its theme is to extol kindness, friendship and love，there, we mention humanismthe main distinguishable feature of that period, also the bright characteristic which is shown from the import

4、ant role in this play. feminism is an important part of humanism. and the main target and content are studied from this work are its humanism ideology and character image. in accordance with the related bibliographies and spirit essences of female and feminism, while combining with the main contents

5、 and backgrounds of the work, this paper sees through and analysiss the work from the angle of the female and feminism, as well as makes judgments on three female characters appearances and behaviors in this drama and reveals the feminism and female ideology that the merchant of venice has deeply re

6、flected. the paper intends to make an analysis of the merchant in venice in the critics of the women image of feminism and finds that the women image in shakespeares works is not the two extreme type created by female authors who are criticized by the feminism critics: 51/yingyulunwengeshi

7、/ good woman and bad woman; on the contrary, he creates the female characters with anti-tradition and modern ideas. compared with the male characters, the female ones are active and in central position and the male ones passive and subornation. thus the patriarchy-centered and deconstructs the defin

8、ition of women in a patriarchal society and indicates the feminism tendency in shakespeares works.keywords: human; spirits; female consciousness; value论文英文摘要写作注意事项【2】论文摘要，作为一篇论文的精髓，对一篇_的意义非常重大，但是国内很多人在这方面缺乏足够的重视，会在一定程度上影响论文的质量。希望能够通过分享这篇_对广大学生带来相应的帮助。由于_是很久以前的，已经无法找到出处，请作者谅解。论文摘要的 时态 基本上有两种 : 一般现在时、

9、一般过去时。由于学术论文写作通常采用一般现在时, 摘要也多用一般现在时。目的、方法、结果及结论部分多用一般现在时 , 背景介绍常采用一般过去时。一般现在时用于描述研究目的和范围、研究内容、结果和结论 ;一般过去时用于描述论文撰写前作者已做的工作, 也可用于表示转述已发表文献的报导、讨论和研究内容。语态与人称主张多采用被动语态。因为使用被动语态不仅可以省略施动者 , 避免出现“we ”表示式 , 而且还可以使需强调的事物做主语而突出了它们的地位,有利于说明事实。英文摘要往往采用第三人称的被动语态 , 可以避免提及有关执行者, 使行文显得客观。同时, 被动语态句子在结构上有较大的调节余地, 有利于

10、使用恰当的修辞手段, 扩展名词短语, 扩大句子信息量。但有时采用主动语态比用被动语态在结构上更简练, 表达更英文摘要的翻译英文摘要应直接用英文写, 这样能按英文思维方式更直接、准确地表达原文。但是, 这对一些作者尚有难度。在翻译过程中, 要避免按中文字面意义逐字翻译, 应从语篇层次把握原文, 选择恰当的翻译单位。刘士聪认为, 在翻译过程中, 分析和转换是一个难以截然分开的思维过程, 以主 述位作翻译单位 , 一方面是注意到了它本身的形式特点, 另一方面也注意到了它在语篇中的衔接功能 , 可以把对原文的分析和转换统一起来。英文摘要的写作根据ei的要求 , 一篇较好的英文摘要应较好地回答以下 4

11、个方面的问题:1) what you want to do(目的)，2)how you did it (方法) ，3) what result didi you get and what conclusions can you draw ( 结果和结论 ); 4) what is original in your paper ( 创新独到之处 ) 。在开头交待论文的目的时 , 英文摘要的首句不要重复题名或题名的一部分 , 同时摘要中要尽量少谈或不谈背景信息。在介绍方法、结果和结论时 , 忌泛泛而谈 , 空洞无物。在写作时 , 要尽可能明确地把论文的创新、独到之处交待出来。关于英文摘要的文法ei

12、提出了以下几点要求 :1) 尽量用短句 ; 2) 用主动语态而不用被动语态 ; 3) 要尽量简洁 , 去掉一切并不增进对摘要理解的多余字句 ; 4) 介绍过去所做的工作时用过去时态 , 介绍结果和结论时则用现在时态。(1) 研究的背景、目的和范围常用现在时 ; (2) 研究的方法、手段或步骤常用过去时、现在时或现在完成时 ; (3) 研究的结果常用过去时 ; (4) 研究得出的主要结论常用现在时或情态助动词。现以下篇英文摘要为例进行分析和说明。标点符号科技期刊英文摘要中标点符号使用不当的问题很普遍 , 主要原因是作者沿用汉语标点符号的习惯。这类问题在文稿、报告中不明显 , 但正式印刷出来后非常

13、抢眼。所以 , 在组织英文摘要时应特别注意以下几点 :(1) 英文标点符号中除了破折号长度占 2 个英文字符外, 其他均只占1个英文字符 ( 大致半个汉字 ) 。中、英文的逗号、分号、冒号等乍看起来完全一样 , 但实际上也是不一样的。排英文摘要时应转换到英文状态下操作 , 避免英文中出现全角标点 , 例如“ darwins theory of natural selection ” ( 应该是“ darwins theory of natural selection ” ) 等 , 影响版面的美观。(2) 英文标点符号中没有“”、“、”和“”。英文中书名一般用斜体表示 , 该用顿号时用逗号 ,

14、 表示数字范围则用半字线“ - ”。英文中“”有时用在阿拉伯数字前表示近似。(3) 文中破折号、数字范围号与连字符分别为 : “” ( 长度占 2 个英文字符 ) 、“ - ” ( 占 1 个英文字符 ), 而汉语中相应符号的长度分别比其长 1 倍 : “” ( 长度占 2 个汉字 ) 、“” ( 占 1 个汉字 ) 和“ - ” ( 占半个汉字 ) 。此外 , 英文中的省略号是 3 个由空格隔开的英文句点“ . ” , 而不是“”。(4) 在英文中 , 无论引号中是一个单句、短语、从句还是独立成分 , 末尾的逗号和句号等一律封闭在引号之内。(5) 汉语中标点符号前后均不空格 , 而英文则不一

15、样。英文点号前不空 , 后要空一格 ; 英文破折号 “” , 数字范围号“ - ”和连字符“ - ”前后均不空格 ; 英文引号和括号外面前后均空格 , 里面前后均不空格。(6) 带缩略号的缩略语位于句末时 , 可省略一个黑点 , 但省略号位于句末时 , 句点不能省略。(7) 可用若干个带连字符的词修饰同一个名词 , 例如“ the second-, third-or forth-class mails ”( 二、三、四级邮件 ), “ three- and four- syllable words ” ( 三音节和四音节词 ), 不能写作“ three-four-syllable words

16、”。例 :blackmur writes, “mr. eliots poetry is not devotional in any sense of which we have been speaking. ” 例 :dashes, parentheses, commasall are used to set off parenthetical matter(see also page111).数字表示目前科技期刊英文摘要中的数字表示很随便。在英文中用到数字时是用文字 (one,two,three,.) 还是阿拉伯数字 (1,2,3,-) 表示 , 需要遵循一定的规则 , 这就像在中文科技文稿

17、中用汉字还是用阿拉伯数字有一定的规则一样。一般说来 ,1 位数 (1 至 9) 通常用文字表示 , 多位数 ( 10) 则趋向于使用阿拉伯数字 , 也遵循易读、易写、前后一致的原则。有统计意义的、与单位符号及数字符号一起的数字 , 一般都用阿拉伯数字。在编写时应注意下列问题 :(1) 表示概数时 , 只能使用英文数字 :about five hundreds ( 约 500), approximately forty thousands( 近 4 万 ) 。(2) 阿拉伯数字不宜出现在句子的开头。例如“ six percent students voted. ” (6% 的学生投了票 ) 不宜

18、为“ 6 percent students voted. ”。这种情况下最好改写句子 , 避免用数字开头 , 例如“ fifteen new products are set for release in the next year. ” ( 有 15 种新产品决定在明年推出 ) 可改写为 : “ the company decides to release 15 new products in the next year. ” ( 公司决定明年推出 15 种新产品 ) 。(3) 2 项数字相连时 , 其中一个用文字 , 另一个用数字 , 具体看哪一种方式简短 : “ 36 fifty-wat

19、t amplifiers ”或“ thirty-six 50 watt amplifiers ” (36 个 50w 的放大器 ) 。(4)4 位以上的数字最好每隔 3 位用 1/4 的空格分开。目前许多书刊上仍用逗号作分隔符。鉴于有些国家用逗号表示小数点 , 为避免引起混淆 , 国际标准化组织建议科技书刊中用空格来分隔数字。这种做法已开始为人们所接受。例如 ,us $ 23000, 9600000km 2; 在科技书刊中推荐采用 a 10n 的形式。(5) 由于在英、美等国 billion, trillion 及 quadrillion 所代表的数目不一致 , 科技文稿中应避免使用 , 例如

20、“ 12.5 亿人口”最好表示为“ apopulationof1.25 109 ” 。英文摘要正文的写作模式 英文摘要语篇结构固定 , 内容完整。英文摘要的篇章结构通常涉及主题句、拓展句和结论句三部分 , 涵盖了研究的背景、目的和范围 , 研究的方法、手段或步骤 , 研究的结果 , 研究得出的主要结论或建议四个方面。由于摘要字数有限 ( 英文摘要一般不超过 250 个词 ), 所以研究的背景、目的和范围有时候可省略 , 写作的重点放在后三个方面。1. 主题句的常用句型或表达方法主题句多用于介绍论文涉及的研究课题和领域 , 提供研究背景信息或陈述研究目的 , 其常见的句型或表达方法如下 :(1)

21、 previous reaearch has shown that.;(2) it has been shown that.;(3) the principle of .is outlined;(4) the apparatus for .is described;(5) automation of.is examined;(6)an account of.is given;(7)the use of . is addressed;(8)the mechanism of . is examined;(9) the dependence of . was established;(10) an

22、analysis of . was carried out;(11) the purpose of the present study is was to .;(12) the aim of our research is was to.;(13)the objective of this investigation is was to .;(14) this paper is intended to.;(15) this paper is to.;(16) the author(s) made this study inorder to find out discover reveal ob

23、tain demonstrate test.;(17) with the aim of.;(18)this paper deals with.;(19) based on . is described discussed presented analyzed dealt with in this paper(20)in this paper . is discussed explored an analyzed2. 拓展句的常用句型或表达方法拓展句承接主题句 , 通常处于摘要正文的中间 , 多描述研究的方法、手段、过程、步骤或结果 拓展句常见句型或表达方法如下(1) the method of

24、 . was used to .;(2) the experiment was to.;(3) the investigation has been conducter to .;(4) the data are derived by using.;(5) the experimental results are obtained by .;(6) the test was conducter with .;(7) a relationship is observed between . and .;(8) a theoretical procedure is described for.;(

25、9) the method was based on.;(10). can be achieved through by using.3. 结论句的常见句型或表达方法结论句置于正文的最后 , 通常用于介绍主要研究成果 , 提出独到的见解或建议 , 陈述主要结论。结论句常用的句型或表达方法如下 :(1) the findings indicate that .;(2) the results indicate show that.;(3)this paper concludes that .;(4)this study investigation research leads the autho

26、r(s) to a conclusion that .;(5)the research enables us to conclude that .;(6) it is concluded that.;(7) the results agree with .;(8) the test experiment shows that.;(9) it is suggested that.;(10)these results will can be significant for .英文文献摘要范例【3】abstractwilliam faulkner is one of the greatest wri

27、ters in the 20th century. as a leader ofamerican “southern renaissance”, he won the nobel prize of literature in 1949 for “hispowerful and artistically unique contribution to the modern american novel”. (faulkner,1949) light in august is one of his masterpieces which explore moral themes related tot

28、he decline of the old south. this thesis primarily concentrates on hard-to-defineidentity of the protagonist-joe christmas with the application of the post-colonialisttheory.identity, from the perspective of post-colonialism, is a dynamic process ofconstruction involved with historical and social el

29、ements. it is neither natural nor stable,but invented and constructed outside. in the novel, joe christmas is regarded as amulatto suspect because of his birth riddle, despite the fact that there is no clearevidence about his uncertainty. caged within the racism-rooted southern society, joesuncertai

30、n identity sets him onto the tragic life, for this ambiguity itself is a threat to thestability of the community. on the one hand, joe is in the endless pursuit of his ownidentity under the influence of society. he is so obsessed with locating his own positionand seeking the sense of belonging that

31、he cannot find peace in deep heart. it turns outthat all his efforts fail, without satisfactory consequences. in a certain sense, joe createsthe predicament for himself. having failed to apply the strategy of hybridity inpost-colonialism to fight back the society, joe is doomed to be ostracized anda

32、bandoned by the mainstream white society. he is like a round peg in a square hole,wavering between the white and the black community all his lifetime. on the other hand,the whole society is keen to pin down joes clear identity in his own will, regardless ofjoes intention. in a hierarchical society,

33、it is the racial prejudice and different socialpowers that create and construct joe as a part nigger.there are four chapters in the thesis besides introduction and conclusion parts.chapter one is the literature review of light in august both at home and abroad.chapter two gives an overview of the po

34、st-colonialist theories, especially theories ofidentity construction, which constitutes the theoretical foundation. chapters three andfour are the main body, respectively analyzing both the internal and external elementsof joes identity dilemma in the light of the post-colonial theories.in conclusio

35、n, the indeterminacy of joe christmas identity demonstrates that theessence of identity issue is not whether one is a black or not, but the social constructionof identity of human beings.abstractthe term “intertextuality”, which was introduced by french literary critics juliakristeva in the 1960s, r

36、efers to the relationship between texts. and it has been in thespotlight of the academic world since its debut. kristeva claims that every text isconstructed as a mosaic of quotations; every text is the absorption and transportation ofother texts. the theory of intertextuality not only brings about

37、great social, cultural andhistorical significance, but also stimulates a new thought and a refreshing researchperspective for the evolution of translation theory.biancheng, a novella that expresses the localism, is the masterpiece of the famousmodern chinese writer shen congwen. the story happened i

38、n a border town namedchadong of xiangxi in the 1930s, and it depicts the special local flavor of xiangxidistrict. at the same time, the novel showcases the kindness of the humanity and thepurity of the soul by describing the tragic story of a girl called cuicui. the novel hasattracted lots of reader

39、s at home and abroad for its unique artistic charm and vivid localflavor.the thesis deals with the two representative english versions of biancheng, one isfrom the famous british translator gladys yang, the other is from the americansinologist jeffrey c. kinkley. the author engages in the exploratio

40、n of how to apply thetheory of intertextuality to the translation of novels from theory and practice and tries todig up a new perspective concerning the translation studies of biancheng as an effort toprove the fact that the theory of intertextuality can not only be viewed as epistemologybut also be

41、 taken as methodology for the research of novel translation.all in all, two research methods are included in this thesis. first and foremost, thecombination of qualitative analysis and quantitative analysis runs through the wholethesis in order to reflect the frequency distribution for use of domest

42、ication andforeignization; in addition, the thesis mainly uses the case analysis, especially in themain body part. it expounds the enlightenment the theory of intertextuality brings to thenovel translation by comparing different translations of the different chineseculture-specific items (csi) in te

43、rms of linguistic, material, social, religious andecological culture. the features of the application of the intertextuality into thetranslation studies are as follows: it pays much more attention to the translatorssubjectivity and manifests the nature of translation activities as intertextuality in

44、 aclearer way. thus, it helps to build the new intertextual connections between the sourcetext and the target text and provide fresh new theoretical support for the macroscopicconstruction of the translation studies.this thesis can be divided into six parts.in the introduction, the author displays a

45、 brief introduction of the researchbackground, research significance, the methodology, and the structure of the thesisrespectively.chapter one is the review of the previous studies on biancheng and its englishtranslations both at home and abroad.chapter two is primarily concerned with the establishm

46、ent and development of thetheory of intertextuality, and then the relationship between the theory of intertextualityand translation will be presented.chapter three is about biancheng and its two english translations. it not onlypresents a brief introduction of shen congwen, but also elaborates the d

47、escription of thetwo translators-gladys yang and jeffrey c. kinkley. meanwhile, it provides us withthe background information about the formation process of these two english versions.chapter four is the main body of the thesis. the author initiates the comparativestudy of the two english versions o

48、f biancheng by detailed analysis of five differenttypes of culture-specific items, namely linguistic, material, social, religious andecological culture,the last part is the conclusion. the author holds that biancheng contains a lot ofdifferent types of intertextual signals of chinese culture-specifi

49、c items which can betraced in other previous texts. at the same time, because of the different environmentand cultural background, the two translators share different understandings on theintertextual signals of those culture-specific items, resulting in the two translators different choices of diff

50、erent translation strategies. gladys yangs version involves bothdomestication and foreignization, and foreignization occupies a larger percentage. asthis version got published in 1981, the readers from the english speaking countriescould grasp the style and content of the translated version in a rat

51、her difficult way;while kinkleys version was out in 20_, and he tended to use more foreignization thanthat of gladys yang, which helped to meet the needs of those foreign readers who notonly possessed basic knowledge of china and chinese culture, but also yearned forhaving a better understanding of

52、chinese culture. in addition, kinkleys versionsuccessfully maintained the local flavor of the source text, helps transmit chineseculture to the world, and making it a worthwhile material for further study.abstractwith the development of optical networks, the architecture of optical networkbecome mor

53、e and more complex, so the demand to establish monitoring network foroptical network is urgent and necessary. traditional optical network monitoring systemfocused on the terminal of equipment, take the form of protection switching when thebreakdown of network to keep the integrity of the network,but

54、 this method can not givethe type and location of breakdown in optic cable.“multi-fible monitoring system” isproposed to solve this problem.this system, based on the principle of backscatter, consists of otdr block,opticalswitching, computers, embedded operating systems etc.it establishes a monitori

55、ng systemwhich could efficiently manage the complex optical networks.in this thesis,it firstlyintroduces the present research background of otdr,describes the optical principle offiber measurement and the structure of modern digital otdr block;then it gives thearchitecture of the fiber monitoring sy

56、stem which consist of mcu,otdr block,opticalswitching,ethernet and management software;at last it mainly introduces the self-defineprotocols,with these protocols we can request measurement,modify ip address ofmcu,switch the fiber link we measured,cancel the measurement and store the result ofmeasure

57、ment.meanwhile its monitoring function has no impact on the networkscommunication and it could discover the potential threat to optical networks by setting ofmanagement software,promoting the reliability and stability of optical network.abstractthe paper regards the dress code as the theoretical basis, systematicallyresearching and finishing the mans shirt custom culture connotation and process. through thedomestic on-the-spot investigation and foreign online survey the author gets to know sh