The Changing Sino-American Relationship 中美关系变化

1、The Changing Sino-American RelationshipOn 9th July,1971,Henry Kissinger ,Secretary of the States in America,set up his secret trip to China. This trip was to pave the way for the later Nixons visit to China,which turned to be a historical event in the history of Sino-American Relations.1971:Sino-Ame

2、rica ping-pong diplomacyIn April,1971,the athletes became the first Americans to officially visit China since 1949.This event promoted the normalization of relations between China and the United States.1972:Nixon visited to China On 21st February,1972,Richard Nixon,President of the states in America

3、 arrrived at Beijing,and received a good welcome from Zhou Enlai and other Chinese leaders.On 28th February,China and US have issued the joint communique in Shanghai which suggested the normalization of relations between China and the United States.最惠国即最惠国待遇（英语：most-favored-nation treatment） 英文简称MFN

4、，是国际经济贸易关系中常用的一项制度，是国与国之间根据某些条约规定的条文，在进出口贸易、税收、通航等方面互相给予优惠利益、提供必要的方便、享受某些特权等方面的一项制度，又称“无歧视待遇”。它通常指的是缔约国双方在通商、航海、关税、公民法律地位等方面相互给予的不低于现时或将来给予任何第三国的优惠、特权或豁免待遇。条约中规定这种待遇的条文称“最惠国条款”。最惠国待遇原则包含4个要点。1.自动性。当一成员国给予其他国家的优惠超过其他成员享有的优惠时，其他成员便自动享有这种优惠。2.同一性。当一成员给予其他国家的某种优惠自动的转给其他成员方时，受惠标的必须相同。3.相互性。任何一成员既是受惠方，又是给

5、惠方。即在享受最惠国待遇权利时，也承担最惠国待遇义务。4.普遍性。最惠国待遇适用于全部进出口产品、服务贸易的各个部门和所有种类的知识产权的所有者和持有者。MFN（最惠国） 原因如下: 1.自从1978年改革开放以后,中国出口的商品都是统一以美元来计价的,这样导致了中国外汇储备中有大量的美元,中国购买美国国债,是一种投资动机,毕竟国债是风险比较小,而且以国家的信誉做保证的,美国是超级大国,经济发达,购买其国债风险小,回报率也稳定. 2.美国是经济增长比较稳定的国家,美元是世界通行的货币,中国购买其国债,股票等,是为了使中国外汇增值,也为了使外汇避免缩水. 3.出于国家战略利益考虑,中国有大量的美

6、元和美元资产,美国不会轻视中国的默默无闻,中国这样和美国扯上关系,捆绑在一起,在经济往来中,美国就不会那么傲慢.这也是改革开放的两个目的之一:把自己富起来;不要被人小看,实际上就是追求一种平等或者平等对话权利. 4.美元和美元资产,我们是绝不能全部抛售出去的,这样会引起多米诺骨牌效应-伤了别人,更伤自己.原因如下:(1)中国是发展中国家,最需要不是树敌,而是更需要的世界的稳定,尤其是周边国家的稳定,中国视美国是外交攻势中的头号对象,目的也就是稳住美国,不要让他再来一次冷战,更不希望它干涉台湾问题,更希望的是双赢,因为站在国家的立场上,任何国家都不想做亏本生意,尤其是美国. 中国为什么要买美国国

7、债中国为什么要买美国国债4.(2)中国如果大量抛售美元以及美元资产,根据价值规律,供求关系一定失衡,供过于求,自己的美元和美元资产也会贬值,改革开放20多年来,辛辛苦苦赚来的人民的血汗钱,怎么向人民交代?国家能做这么亏本的生意吗? (3)中国外汇的初衷是偿还中国借贷国际金融机构(如世界银行,国际货币基金组织等)的短期及长期外债的,尤其是短期外债.为的是维护国家经济安全,防范金融风险. 5.中国的外汇充足之后,由于面临人民币升值压力,不再与美元挂钩,也就是外贸不一定以美元支付,因为一国货币的升值会导致另一国货币的贬值,所以中国人民银行改用一篮子的货币支付,也就是允许外汇中不只有美元,还有英镑,欧

8、元,日元,甚至是韩元,这样做也是为人民币升值做准备和规避外汇储备中美元和美元资产贬值. 6.中国会出售美元以及美元资产的,但外汇中美元以及美元资产规模庞大,目标太大,容易引起美国的注意,为了缓和矛盾,中国会分规模,分步骤的出售美元以及美元资产,或者成立专门机构在国际市场上专门对美元和美元资产进行保值,增值交易.这样做也是为了防范美元缩水.Inflation（通货膨胀） Inflation is the rate at which the general level of prices for goods and services is rising and, consequently, the

9、purchasing power of currency is falling.Central banksattempt to limit inflation, and avoiddeflation, in order to keep theeconomy running smoothly. As a result of inflation, the purchasing power of a unit of currency falls. For example, if the inflation rate is 2%, then a pack of gum that costs $1 in

10、 a given year will cost $1.02 the next year. As goods and services require more money to purchase, the implicit value of that money falls.Deflation（通货紧缩） Deflation is a general decline in prices, often caused by a reduction in the supply of money or credit. Deflation can be caused also by a decrease

11、 in government, personal or investment spending. The opposite of inflation, deflation has theside effectof increased unemployment since there is a lower level of demand in the economy, which can lead to an economic depression.Central banksattempt to stop severe deflation, along with severe inflation

12、, in an attempt to keep the excessive drop in prices to a minimum. The decline in prices of assets, is often known as Asset Deflation.Currency swap（互换货币） A currency swap is aswapthat involves the exchange of principal and interest in one currency for the same in another currency. It is considered to

13、 be aforeign exchangetransaction and is not required by law to be shown on a companys balance sheet.IMF（国际货币基金组织） TheInternational Monetary Fund (IMF)is an international organization created for the purpose of standardizing global financial relations andexchange rates. The IMF generally monitors the

14、 global economy, and its core goal is to economically strengthen its member countries.Specifically, the IMF was created with the intention of: 1. Promoting global monetary and exchange stability. 2. Facilitating the expansion and balanced growth of international trade. 3. Assisting in the establishm

15、ent of a multilateral system of payments for current transactions.World bank（世界银行） TheWorld BankWorld Bankis aninternational financial institutionthat provides loans todeveloping countriesfor capital programs. It comprises two institutions: theInternational Bank for Reconstruction and Development(IB

16、RD), and theInternational Development Association(IDA). The World Bank is a component of theWorld Bank GroupWorld Bank Group, which is part of the United Nations system. The World Banks official goal is thereduction of poverty. However, according to its Articles of Agreement, all its decisions must

17、be guided by a commitment to the promotion offoreign investmentandinternational tradeand to the facilitation ofCapital investment.World list initiative (line1) 主动权主动权 blossom into (line3) 发展成发展成 bilateral (line4) 双边的双边的 mutually(line4) 互相的互相的 hyper(line5) 亢奋的亢奋的 adversarial(line6) 对立的对立的 surplus(lin

18、e9) 盈余盈余 trillion(line10) 万亿万亿 qualitative(line13) 性质上的性质上的 lean on (line14) 依赖依赖 treasury(line16) 国债国债 creditor(line20) 贷方贷方 resilience（line22）恢复力）恢复力 lurch (line26)突然倾斜突然倾斜 ，挫折，挫折 perturb (line28)扰乱扰乱 averse to (line29)反对反对 nightmare (line34) 噩梦噩梦 lifeblood （line37）命根子）命根子 substantial (line39) 大量的

19、大量的 generate (line41) 形成形成 quest for(line54) 追求追求 affiliation （line56） 友好关系友好关系 implementation (line59) 实现实现 conducive (line63) 有益的有益的 hallmark (line64）特点）特点 multilateral(line72）多边的）多边的 aviation (line81) 航天航天 combat aircraft (line82) 战斗机战斗机 sanction (line84) 制裁，处罚制裁，处罚 tide over (line89) 克服克服 crunch (line89) 财政上的紧缩财政上的紧缩 leverage（