定语和定语从句.doc

1、定语和定语从句山东淄博一中任大中定语从句贯穿每份高考试卷，是复习重点。由于它是定语的一种形式，复习应从“定语”抛砖引玉。一、定语定语是句子成分之一，可以由单词、短语或从句担当，对名（代）词修饰和限制。名（代）词称为中心词。形容词作定语一般前置，短语和从句作定语要后置，翻译成“的”。另外名词、数词、非谓语动词（短语） 、介词短语也可以担当定语。例如：a beautiful girl （形容词作前置定语）一个美丽的女孩a girl in white（介词短语作后置定语）一个穿白色衣服的女孩a girl who is singing（定语从句， a girl 为先行词）一个正唱歌的女孩定语有限制性和

2、非限制性之分。对中心词来说必不可少的定语叫限制性定语，一般不用逗号将两者分隔；只起补充说明，用逗号隔开的定语叫非限制性定语。She had manyred pencils .(red 作限制性定语 ) 她有许多红铅笔。She had many pencils ,red .(red 作非限制性定语 ) 她有许多铅笔，是红的。高考“定语”考点：名词作定语；不定式作定语；多个形容词作定语的排列；定语后置。【高考衔接】1. (NMET 1993)He dropped the _ and broke it .A. cup of coffeeB. cup for coffeeC. coffee s cup

3、 D. coffee cup2. (NMET 2001 )The _ is just around the corner and youwon t missit .A. bicycle s shopB.bicycle shopC. bicycles shopD. bicycle sshop3. (1999上海 ) There are five pairs of shoes _ , but I m at a loss whichto buy .A. to be chosenB. to choose fromC. to choose D. for choosing4. (NMET1997)- Ho

4、w was your recent visit to Qingdao ?- It was great . We visited some friend , and spent the _ days at theseaside.A.few last sunny B. last few sunny C. last sunny few D. few sunny last5. (NMET 1998)If I had _ _ , I d visit Europe , stopping at all the smallinteresting places .A. a long enough holiday

5、 B. an enough long holiday C. a holiday enough long D. a long holiday enough6. (NMET2000)_ to take this adventure course will certainly learn a lot of useful skills .A. Brave enough studentsB. Enough brave studentsC. Students brave enoughD. Students enough brave7. I d like you to give me _ to readA.

6、different nothingB. something differentC. different anythingD. anything different【答案与分析】 1-2.D;B 名词修饰名词。例如 apple tree, door bell , church yard , shoe factory , cotton production , art works ; school gate , party member ; letter box 等。3.B 不及物动词不定式作后置定语不能忽略介词。 4.B 几个形容词同时修饰一个名词的排列顺序： 限定性的 + 数量的 + 描述性

7、+ 度量 + 形状 + 新旧年龄 + 颜色 + 国家来源出处+ 材料质地，例如 that pretty little old white house ; his interesting new history book。5-6A;C. 考查 enough 用法。 7. B 形容词修饰不定代词 -thing 要后置。二、定语从句概述定语从句是定语的一种特殊形式， 定语从句中的中心词叫做先行词。形容词常作定语， 因此定语从句又称形容词性从句。 定语从句也有限制性和非限制性之分，注意两种形式的翻译。例如：I still remember the day when we went out for a

8、picnic .(限制性定语从句 )至今我仍记得我们一起外出野餐的那一天。This pupil studies very well , whose father feels glad （.非限制性定语从句）这位小学生学习不错，他的爸爸感到挺高兴。重点 关系词的选择。主要是： which 和 that 区别； as 和 which 用法；介词 + 关系词。关系代词的省略。定语从句和其他句型区别。在复习过程中树立辨证、全面的观点，由普遍到特殊，结合具体语境发散思维。切忌死背语法条目，只记特殊情况，忽略一般情况，形成思维定势。例如：1. -Look ! My name is on the bag .

9、- Yes . I think this is the same bag _ you lost yesterday .2. (2002 上海春季 ) Is this the reason _ at the meeting for hiscarelessness in his work ?A. he explainedB. what he explainedC. how he explainedD. why he explained【答案与分析】 如果认为 the same 修饰的先行词后用 as， reason 后面用 why ，两个题目必错无疑。 1. B 根据上下语境，指“同一个包”，并非

10、同类。 2. A the reason 在定语从句中作宾语。典型错误书面表达使用定语从句常出现下列错误： 成分多余或缺失； 从句主谓不一致； 关系词误用或搭配错误 ；与其他句型混淆。单句改错1.The boy I helped him that day isn t good at English .2. Who is the soldier gave us a speech last month ?3. I , who is in Australia , feel proud of being a Chinese .4. All what she could do was to go to c

11、hurch .5. The building which roof we can see is a school .6. The girl failed in the exam , that made us disappointed .7. I still remember the house which I lived when I was a child .8. They talked an hour things and persons who they remembered .9. Is this factory where he works ?10. The citizens wel

12、comed the new mayor , most of who are workers .【答案与分析】1、删除 him ，如果使用关系代词可在I 前加 that/who/whom；2 、在 gave 前加 that 。注意关系代词作主语不能省略，为避免歧义，本句不能使用 who ；3 、is 改为 am ，应根据先行词确定谓语动词的形式； 4、有 2 种改正方式：删除 all，句子为主语从句；删除 what 或者把 what 改为 that 。5 、有 2 种改正方式：误用关系代词 which ，表示所有关系，关系代词作定语要用 whose ；在 which 前后分别加 of 和 the

13、 。6、that 改为 which 或 as，两者可以代替整个句子。位于句首只能用 as，即 As made usdisappointed ，the girl failed in the exam .7 、which 改为 where ；lived后面加 in，此时 which 还可 that 或省略； which 前加 in 。8 、删除 who ；将 who 改为 that ，先行词既指人又指物，使用 that 。想一想：还有哪些情况只用 that 而不用 which ？9、this factory 为主语，不是先行词，可 where 前加 the one ； 10、who 改为 whom

14、 ，其它改法参考（二） 2 定语从句的转换。命题 定语从句的命题一般不会太偏。单项选择命题以“隐身”为显著特点，即隐藏定语从句真面目不被轻易发现：以假乱真：借助名词性从句、强调句等形似句型混淆。例如：It was (at )the bus stop _we met the singer and dancer保.留 at 是强调句，填that；去掉是定语从句，应填where/at which。改头换面：采用并列复合句， 使句子结构复杂化。 例如：Do you think that it could be in the inn in _ you sang a folk song yesterday

15、 _ you lostyour passport ?此句包含宾语从句的疑问句、强调句和定语从句，应填 which 和 that。笑里藏刀：借助关系词辨析、 标点符号、插入语等手段， 增加试题难度。例如：A. itB. asC. thatD. whatE. which1. _ is known to everybody , the moon travels round the earth .2. _ is known to everybody that the moon travels round the earth .3. _ is known to everybody is that the

16、 moon travels round the earth .4. _ everybody knows, the moon travels round the earth .5. The moon travels round the earth ,_ everybody knows. 【答案】 1.B; 2.A; 3.D; 4. B; 5. A/E【高考衔接】 2004 上海春季高考的 36、 37、38 和 41 题。1. (36)A fast food restaurant is the place _ , just as the name suggests, eatingis perfo

17、rmed quickly .A . whichB. whereC. thereD. what2.(37) It was only with the help of the local guide _.A. was the mountain climber rescuedB. that the mountain climber was rescuedC. when the mountain climber was rescuedD.then the mountain climber was rescued3.(38) The other day , my brother drove his ca

18、r down the street at _I thought was a dangerous speed .A.asB. whichC. whatD. that4.(41)Along with the letter was his promise _ he would visit me thiscoming Christmas .A. whichB. thatC. whatD. whether【答案与分析】 1. B 先行词 the place 和从句之间加入插入语 just as the name suggests，使两者分隔，加大了辨别难度。 2.B 本题实际考查强调句，其中 A,D 两

19、个选项迷惑性较强， 前者借助倒装， 后者借助定语从句模样加以干扰。 3.C 如果不正确分析结构，容易选择 B. what I thought was a dangerous speed 作 at 的宾语 .4. B 为保持句子平衡，本句进行了部分倒装， his promise 是主语，后面为 that 引导的同位语从句。三、定语从句的合成和转换 1 定语从句的合成定语从句的合成是1+1=1，即 2 个简单句合并成1 个复合句。例如：Tom has an English book . The cover of it is very beautiful . 把合并成一个句子表达：Tom 有本封面很

20、漂亮的英语书。找重合an English book = it合并 Tom has an English book the cover of it is very beautiful （. an English book和 it 重复）换关系词 Tom has an English book the cover ofwhich is very beautiful.（ which 起替代、连接简化和在从句中作宾语作用）其它表达形式： Tom has an English bookof which the coveris very beautiful. Tom has an English book

21、whose coveris very beautiful.另外，上述三个定语从句还可以使用非限定性定语从句形式，这样共有 6 个定语从句。 2 定语从句的转换（一）合久必分。定语从句首先可以转换为 2 个简单句，即 1=1+1 的“断句”。断句是把握定语从句结构的关键。 （参考 1）（二）定语从句可以转换为单词或短语的定语，使其简单化。（1）非限制性定语从句转化为两个简单句、并列句或同位语形式。例如：I found many flowers in the garden , most of which were red I found many flowers in the garden ; m

22、ost of them were red.( 两个简单句 ) I found many flowers in the garden . Most of them were red .(两个简单句 ) I found many flowers in the garden ,and most of them were red（.并列句） I found many flowers in the garden and most of them were red（.并列句） We finally reached London , which was the end of our journey . We finally reached London , the end of our journey （.同位语）（2）限制性定语从句可以转化成含有形容词、非谓语动词或介词的短语。在定语从句中，如果谓语动词是主动语态，就用现在分词短语替换；如果是被动语态，可