时态和语态讲义

1、时态动词的时态和语态导读动词时态和语态是英语学习过程中非常重要的一环，也是语法学习中的一个难点。 本章将十六种动词时态予以总结并进行比较； 同时归纳了动词语态方面容易混淆的问题， 给予分 析，旨在帮助同学们掌握好这一关键语法。一、知识点拨（一） 动词的时态（tense问题一：动词的时态有几种?英语的时态从时间上看，可分为现在、过去、将来和过去将来四大类，每一类又可分为一 般、进行、完成和完成进行西种情况。因此，共有十六种时态，其中常用的时态有十二种。各 时态以动词do为例，列表如下：一般时态进行时态元成时态完成进行时态现一般现在时现在进行时现在完成时现在完成进行时在do/doesam/is/a

2、re doinghave/has donehave/has bee n doing过一般过去时过去进行时过去完成时过去完成进行时去didwas/were doinghad donehad bee n doing将一般将来时将来进行时将来完成时*将来完成进行时来shall/will doshall/will be doingshall/will have doneshall/will have bee n doing过去将过去将来时should/would do*过去将来进行时should/wouldbe doing*过去将来完成时should/would have done*过去将来完成进行时

3、should/wouldhave bee n doing来（注：加*号为不常用时态）问题二：一般现在时用于什么情况？1. 表示经常性、习惯性的动作，或现状、经常存在的状态。常与always，usually， often ,sometimes, seldom, n ever, every day / mon th / year, once / twice a week / month / year 等表示频度的时间状语连用。 This novelist draws his characters well. She often attends coaching sessions for Engli

4、sh.2. 表示永恒状态、科学规律、普遍真理、等不受时间限制的客观存在，或用于谚语中。女口： Metals are good con ductors of heat and electricity. Actions speaks louder than words.3. 在时间、条件状语从句中表示将来的动作，或表示经常发生的动作或状态。如： If time allows, we shall go there after a tour to the Win ter Palace. Experiments show that light waves change speed when they g

5、o_ from one kind of material into ano ther.4. 表示按计划、规定或安排要发生的将来动作。如： I leave there tomorrow morning. The ship sails on Sun day.5. 表示对快速动作的解说。如： Michael passes to Clint. Clint to Jack, Jack back to Clint-and Clint shoots and it a goal.（足球直播评论） Watch carefully. First I pick up the receiver, dial the n

6、umber I want, and then drop the coin into the slot as required.（动作示范）6. 用于某些倒装的感叹句中。如： Here comes your wife! There goes our bus; we have to wait for next one.7. 在间接引语中，有时主句谓语动词虽是过去时态，但如果间接引语是客观事实，引语的 谓语动词仍用一般时。如：The teacher said that Asia is the most populous continent in the world.8. 一些状态动词往往用一般时，而

7、不用进行时态。 be, seem, appear, become, get等表示状态的动词。 look, feel, taste, smell, sou nd 等表示感觉的动词。 have, own, possess, belong, contain , hold，等表示 拥有的动词。如：see, hear等表示 看见” 听见的动词。 agree, approve, believe, expect, forget, guess, hope, know , mean, realize, remember , suppose, think , trust , understand , want ,

8、 wish 等表示思想状况的动词。 admire , appreciate , care , like , love , hate , regret 等表示情感的动词。 measure , weigh , depend , need , owe , require 等其它动词。问题三：现在进行时用于什么情况?1. 表示说话时刻正在进行的动作，常与now, at this moment等时间状语连用。 Pass me the book you are reading. The hands of the clock are pointing to half past eight.2. 表示现阶段正

9、在进行但说话时可不一定在进行的活动。如： He is working on a paper these days. He is attending a conference in China.3. 表示计划或预计将要发生的、基本不会改变的动作，。常用于come，go，arrive，drive， fly， travel，leave， move， return， start， begin 等表示从一处向另一处 运动的动词，或用于表示事先能作安排的动作。如： They are going to Beijing Terminal this coming Friday. She is coming he

10、re next month and is staying here until April.4. 用于时间或条件状语从句，强调动作的正在进行。如： Don t talk while you are eating. Don t disturb him if he is working.5. 表示目前暂时经常发生的动作。如： The students are preparing for the entrance exam at present. I am writing a book about foreign Ianguage teaching methods.6. 用于经常不断的行为，带有感情

11、色彩，表示说话人对此行为的赞许、抱怨、反感”等情绪，常与 always， constantly， continually等副词连用。如： He is one of those who are always thinking of others. She is always asking the same question.问题四：一般现在时和现在进行时的有何区别？1. 一般现在时强调一般事实或特征，而现在进行时强调说话时刻的情况。如：.He plays tennis every day.（强调一般爱好）- He is playing tennis right now.（强调正在打网球）2. 一

12、般现在时强调动作的突发性和瞬间性，而现在进行时强调说话时刻的情况。故对快速 动作的解说要用一般现在时。如：” The house falls down!The house is falli ng dow n.3. 一般现在时表示一贯的行为，而现在进行时表示暂时的行为。My parents live in Shanghai. They have been here for 50 years （永久住处）-She is living with some friends until she can find an apartment （暂时住处）4. 带有always等副词的句子，若用一般现在时表示

13、客观陈述，若用现在进行时则带有感情 色彩。如：rShe always changes her mind.（说明事实）L She is always changing her mind.（表示不满）问题五：一般过去时用于什么情况?1. 表示过去的状态或动作，常与 yesterday, the day before yesterday, last week / month / year, the other day, in (the year of) 1990, once, once upon a time, the n, at that time, 时间段 +ago, just now等时间状语

14、连用。也常用 used to do sth.句型结构来表示。 The driver accelerated the car to a speed of 120 mph. It took 2, 000 years for this idea to become accepted by most scientists.2. 过去时间不明显，但实际上发生在过去的动作。如： Who put_ forward the suggestion at the meeting? She parked her car in a parking lot and made for a supermarket.3. 表

15、示一个已经终止的动作。如： The people of long ago made up many stories to explain the pictures they saw in the moon. We did three con certs in the Spring Festival.4. 表示几个连续的过去动作。如： She entered the room, picked up a newspaper and read it carefully. The students got up early in the morning, did morning exercises a

16、nd then read English aloud in the ope n air.5. 用于某些虚拟语气结构中。如： It s timyou made up your mind to fulfill your dream. I wish I were an engin eer!问题六：过去进行时用于什么情况?1. 表示过去某一时刻正在进行的动作，常与at that time, (at) this time yesterday, yesterdaymorning / after noon / evening 等时间状语连用。如： What were you doing this time

17、yesterday? At that time he was working in an institute in Paris.2. 表示过去某个阶段正在进行的暂时性的动作。句中常有表示过去时间段的时间状语。如：She was reading an English novel from 7 to 8 last night.3. 表示过去的将来。如：They asked me if I was going on errand the next morning.4. 表示故事发生的背景。如：One day a little mon key was playing in a tall tree by

18、 the river. A crocodile was looking for food n ear the bank.问题七：一般过去时和过去进行时的有何区别?1. 一般过去时陈述过去事实；过去进行时陈述动作的持续性。It snowed all ni ght-It was snowing all night.2.般过去时表示动作已经完成，过去进行时含有动作未完成的意思。如：: He was writing his composition last night.He wrote his compositi on last ni ght.3.在when引导的时间状语从句的复合句中，须注意： 主句

19、中谓语动词若用一般过去时，表示该动作发生在从句动作之后；若用过去进行时,表示过去某时刻该动作正在进行。如:I saw him, he ran. away.I saw him he was running away. 从句用过去进行时，主句用一般过去时，表示在过去某个动作发生的过程中，突然发生另一个动作。如:I broke a glass while I was doing housework. 若要强调主从句的两个动作同时进行时，两个谓语动词可同时使用一般过去时或过去进 行时。如：When he was prepari ng for the less on, she was readi ng

20、a no vel. Whe n he prepared the less on, she read a no vel.问题八：将来时间的表达法有哪些？英语中表示将来时态有多种表示方法，其共同特点是句中常有tomorrow, next week /month / year ，in a week / month / yea等表示将来时间的状语。1. 一般将来时shall / will +do sth. （shall用于第一人称）。用于谈论日子、时间，或表示对 将来情况的预测。如： The agreement will come into force next spring. They will g

21、o to the technical centre once every other day.2. be goi ng to do sth.表示打算进行的动作或目前迹象表明即将发生的动作。如： How are you going to spe nd your two-day weeke nd? They are going to join a garden party.3. 现在进行时：表示按计划或安排即将发生的动作。这种结构通常只限于come, go, arrive ,drive , fly , travel, leave, move,return , start, begin 等表示从一处

22、向另一处运动的动词，且这时通常需要有一个表示不久将来意义的时间状语。（参见|问题三：现在进行时用于什么情况？ |4. 将来进行时shall / will be doing sth，表示纯粹将来意义。通常限于动作动词，在疑问句 中可表达较婉转的语气。如：I hope you will be returning the books to the library soon.5. 一般现在时，表示在规定的时间里必须要发生的行为，有很强的限定性，多用于时刻表。常用的动词有 arrive, be, begin, go, leave, stay 等。女口： The train leaves at nine

23、a.m.6. be to do sth.强调事先制定的计划、安排，常用于宣布官方计划。如：The French Preside nt is to visit China.表示命令、指示，意为 必须” 应该”故其被动语态常用于注意事项的说明。女口： You are to be back by 9 o lock. You are not to stay too late outside. 用于条件状语从句中，表示两件紧密相关的事，意为如果要（就必须/必然）”女口：If he is to succeed, he must try his best.7. be about to do sth.表示即将

24、马上发生的动作，通常不用时间状语。如： The sun is about to sink to the west. When is the concert supposed to start?ft is about to start now. ”问题九：一般将来时 shall / will do sth.和be going to do sth.有何区别？1. shall / will do sth.可指在某种情景下所做出临时决定、即时反应；be going to do sth.更强调事先的打算、安排。如：- This is a terribly heavy box.- I will help

25、you to carry it.r -Why are you taking down all the pictures?- I m going to repaper the room.2. 对将来情况预测时，shall / will do sth.强调主观推测，或表示迟早会发生的事；be going todo sth.强调当前迹象表明不久将发生某事，或表示即刻就要发生的事。如：n I believe China will become one of the richest countries in the world.（主管推测）- Listen to the wind. We are goi

26、ng to have a rough crossing.（客观迹象表明）He will get better.（认为最终会恢复健康，而不是马上恢复健康）.He is going to get better.（指有恢复的迹象，即刻就要发生）3. 在条件状语从句中的复合句中，shall / will do sth.用于主句，不用于从句中；而 be goingto do sth.可用于从句中，不用于主句中。如：* If you are going to attend the meeting , you d betteave now.If you look at the park from here,

27、 it will offer a unique view.问题十：过去将来时用于什么情况？过去将来时表示在过去某一时间来预计以后要发生的动作或存在的状态。常用在宾语从句中，主句的谓语动词是一般过去时。常见结构有： should / would do sth. （ should用于第 一人称），was / were going to do sth.，was / were to do sth.，was / were about to do sth.等。如: She said she would raise the questi on at the sem inar. He rang up to t

28、ell me that he was going to finish the article on time. They didn tknow what measures they were to take next. He was about to start for the march when she came into his office.问题十一：现在完成时用于什么情况？1. 表示一个过去发生的但对现在仍有影响的动作。常与already, just, yet, before, ever, never,recently, lately等副词连用。如：I have decided ag

29、ainst seeing him again.2. 表示从过去某一时刻开始一直延续到现在的动作或状态，常与for或since连用。注意，此用法与for或since引导的时间状语连用时，动词须是持续动词。如：He came back three weeks ago. V He has been back for three weeks.VHe has come back for three weeksxThe writer died two years ago. V The writer has been dead for two years V.The writer has died for

30、two years. x常用的一些瞬间动词与持续动词的转换列举如下：borrow 宀 keepbuy 宀 havedie 宀 be deadleave be away marry be marriedfall illbe illput on t wear join be inbegi n be on3.表示至今为止有过的某种经历。故It / This is the first / seco nd time that 这一表示经历”的结构中的从句中通常用现在完成时。如： He has been to Britain. (Now he is here.) So you can go to ask

31、him about London.(cf. He has gone to Switzerland. (Now he is not here.) So you can t find him here now.) This is the second time that I have seen the film.4.表示从过去某一时间到现在为止的这个阶段中反复发生的动作，常与sometimes, ofte n,rarely, ever, n ever, un til now, up to the prese nt, so , in the past / last few years, these

32、few days, always等状语连用。如： We have seen each other three times in the past three weeks. (最近三周，我们已见过三次面了)。 So far she has writte n five books.(到目前为止，她已经写了五本书)。注意：现在完成时这一用法与一般现在时的区别在于现在完成时强调的是一段时间里动作发生的频度，有特指意义；而一般现在时则无时间性，具广泛意义。问题十二：现在完成时和一般过去时有何不同？1. 现在完成时可表示一个延续到目前的时段动作；而一般过去时表示的动作不延续到目 前。如：” We have

33、 lived in Shanghai for ten years. (We still live in Shanghai.)- We lived in Shanghai for ten years. (We don t live in Shanghai now.)2. 现在完成时强调过去发生的动作对现在的影响；而一般过去时仅说明动作发生在过去。 如：；My watch has been broken , and it s stopped-My watch was broken , but it s repaired now.3. 现在完成时所指的事件往往尚未完全过去；而一般过去时表示已经过去。

34、如-(The exhibition is still on.) Have you seen it?-(The exhibition is over.) Did you see it?问题十三：现在完成进行时用于什么情况？现在完成进行时表示的动作，从过去某一时间开始一直延续到现在还在继续或刚停止， 意为一直.。常与 all day, recently, all the morning, for等st间状语连用。如: He has been writing articles for China Daily in the past 5 years. I have been reading Olive

35、r Twist this week.问题十四：现在完成时和现在完成进行时有何区别？现在完成时往往表示动作到现在已结束，强调对现在的影响；而现在完成进行时往往表示仍在进行或刚结束的动作，强调动作的延续性。如：- They have been studying the problem these 15 days.(一直在研究问题)They have studied the problem these 15 days(已经研究了问题)问题十五：过去完成时用于什么情况？1. 表示在过去某一时刻或动作之前已经发生的动作，即通常所说的过去的过去”，可与by引导的表过去的时间状语或状语从句连用；可用于间接引

36、语中；也可用于时间状语从句复合句中。如： I did n watch the 20-part TV serial because I had watched it twice. They were in high spirits because they had won the game.2. 用于虚拟语气中，表示与过去事实相反。如：If he had followed the doctor advice, he would be quite all right now.3. expect, hope, intend, mean, suppose, think, want等表意向的动词，用过去

37、完成时表示某种过去未实现的愿望或意图。如：I had intended to forgive him, but he cheated me again.问题十六：过去完成时进行时用于什么情况？过去完成进行时表示的动作，从过去某一时刻之前开始并一直持续到该时刻，它可能 刚结束，也可能继续下去。如： I told her that I had been waiting for her for more than two hours. Her mother had been thinking of her since she went abroad.问题十七：将来进行时用于什么情况？1. 表示将来某

38、一时刻正在进行的动作。如：What will you be doing this time the day after tomorrow?I will be writing a paper from 8-11 tomorrow morning.2. 表示纯粹将来时间意义。（参见问题八：将来时间的表达法有哪些？|.）问题十八：将来完成时用于什么情况？将来完成时表示在将来某一时间之前发生的动作，可用来表示推测，常与表将来的时间状语或时间、条件状语从句。如： By the end of this term we shall have learnt 12 units. This superhighwa

39、y will have bee n ope n to traffic by n ext mon th.问题十九：将来完成进行时用于什么情况？将来完成进行时表示将来某一时刻之前已经开始并一直持续到该时刻的动作。如： He will have bee n teach ing in this in stitute for 20 years by n ext mon th. On September 1, I have been living and working in Beijing for 40 years .问题二十：过去将来进行时用于什么情况？过去将来进行时表示在过去将来某一时间正在发生的动

40、作，常用在间接引语中。如: She said she would be watching a football game that evening. She said she couldntgo with us because she would be attending a lecture.问题廿一：过去将来完成时用于什么情况？过去将来完成时表示在过去将来某一时间之前发生的动作，往往对该过去将来时间产生 影响。如： I am afraid they would have left the office before I got there. He thought she would have

41、 sig ned a contract with the compa ny by the end of this week.问题廿二：过去将来完成进行时用于什么情况？过去将来完成进行时表示的动作，从过去某一时间开始一直延续到过去将来某一时间， 动作可能继续下去。如： He told me that by the end of the year he would have been teaching in the middle school for 30years. She said that she would have bee n livi ng abroad for 6 years by

42、the end of the mon th.（二）、动词的语态（voice）问题一：被动语态有哪几种形式？英语动词除了用时态来表示动词发生的不同时间外， 还有主动和被动两种语态来表示动 词主语与动作之间的关系。主动语态表示主语是动作的执行者， 被动语态表示主语是动作的 承受者。被动语态的基本形式为： be +过去分词。问题二：什么情况下须用被动语态？1. 动作的执行者不明或无需指明。如：The lecture has bee n postp oned till Saturday after noon.2. 强调动作的承受者。如：My car has bee n scratched!问题三：什么

43、情况下用主动形式表示被动意义？1. burn, clean, cook（食物）被做，在煮），cut, drive, draw（吸引观众）,iron, open, photograph （上照）,read, sell, write, wash, wear, read, lock, peel, pack, play, shut, spot, strike, record, act,keep等表示主语内在特性的不及物动词，可以和well, easily, smoothly等副词连用，用主动语态来表示被动意义。如： This type of digital camera sells well. The

44、 knife cuts badly, but the pen writes smoothly. This kind of rice cooks quickly but the recipe reads oddly. This clothes wash well and iron more easily when they are damp. This actor always photographs badly but his films usually draw well.2. 动词want / need / require / deserve和形容词 worth后面用动名词主动形式表被动意

45、义。 want / need / require / deserve doing = want / need / require / deserve to be done , 表示 某事物需 要被 ”；be (well) worth doing = be (well) worthy to be done = be (well) worthy of being done 表示 某事物值得被 ”。如： The Ianguage lab needs cleaning. = The room needs to be cleaned. The movie deserves mentioning.= Th

46、e movie deserves to be mentioned.3. 动词 blame (用于 be to blame 中)，rema in, ren t, let (房子)出租),seek (用于 be to seek 中)等往往用主动语态表示被动意义。如： The boy is to blame because he broke the vase. Little remains to do today. The flat on the top floor is to let. An practical solution is not far to seek / is (much / ye

47、t) to seek.问题四：什么情况下不能用被动语态?1. 不及物动词女口 appear, rise, die, happen, last, depart, run swim, rise, occur 等，相当于不及物 动词的短语动词女口 break out, take place, belong to, come into being, 等，以及 consist of 等均无 被动语态。如： Great changes have taken place in my hometown. The Seco nd World War broke out in 1939.2. 系动词女口 look

48、, sound, feel, smell, taste, seem, appear, be, become, fall, get, grow, keep, remain, stay, turn, come, go, prove / turn out (结果证明是)等，和形容词连用，无被动语态。如： Your words sound right. The flowers smell sweet.3. have, own, fit , hold, lack, mean, resemble, cost, equal, contain, suit, comprise, become, possess, ben efit, fail, look like等表示状态的动词，不用被动形式。如： The hall can hold more tha n one thousa nd people. Jane resembles her mother.4. 当宾语是反身代词、相互代词、或同源宾语是，无被动语态。如： They girl can already dress herself. We should help each other. She lives a happy life