石油工程专业英语钻井技术基础重点句子（Basic Drilling technology）

1、prefaceprevalence普遍chronological按年代次序记载的lesson 1 basic drilling technology单词表：be studed with散布drake well1859年美国钻的第一口井colonel(美)陆军上校prompt促使、激励conceive of想、想象as opposed to正好与相应harsh苛刻的precambrian前寒武纪recent近代soggy湿润的distinctionscharacteristicsecuador厄瓜多尔be conducted pad从衬垫钻进hercules大力神barrier islands障

2、壁岛pontoon平底船much n.重要的事物piezometric 测压的interstitial water间隙水density contrast密度差diagenesis成岩作用charging“充压”artesian well自喷井piecement salt dome刺穿盐丘ambient seasosmosis渗透thermal cracking热裂解anhydrite无水石膏gumboshale粘性页岩prefabricated预制的“spud can”定位桩罐telltale说明问题的lookout for注意bombardment（粒子）辐射repeat formation

3、 tester重复式地层测试器drillstem test中途测试turret转动架pitch（船）俯仰guideline导向索guide base导向基座ball joint球节jackup自升式平台contingency planning应变规则capsule (survival )容器(救生船)life preserver救生设备live up to与相等be cantileveredbe higherpontoon浮筒ballast压舱物control pitch (propeller)可控制角度moonpool船井caisson-type沉箱式guyed-tower绷绳塔tensin

4、g leg platform张力腿平台storage spoolreelkelly drive bushing方钻杆补心master bushing方补心as are (the ratory table and drawworks)同一样ram-type preventer闸板防喷器sprocket链轮scrutiny精细研究gouge划痕cutting surface切削面underreamer管下扩眼器hole opener扩眼器formation flow地层流体流入at times有时filter press失水仪barium sulfate硫酸钡cellophane玻璃纸mica云母

5、current cost市价flounder挣扎as sea of茫茫一片anywhere from a to b在a与b之间logistics后勤rotary tong大钳lead tong 外钳make-up tong内钳diverter分流器diaphragm隔膜lesson 1basic drilling technology一、requires（要求）掌握相关的钻井设备和钻井方法，了解钻井设备演化发展历史。二、teaching contents(教学内容)1.1 history and drilling environments1.2 drilling equipment1.3 th

6、e drillstem and drilling fluid1.4 drilling the well1.5 offshore operations三、具体讲解内容1.1 history and drilling environmentsstud n. 双头螺栓、柱螺栓、短轴 v. 散布、点缀 be studded with 布满、散布rotary drilling 旋转钻井、转盘钻井milestone n. 里程碑，重大的事件 v. 用里程碑标出prompt v. 鼓励、促使 adj. 迅速的、果断的、敏捷的percussion n. 撞击、冲击，本文中为“顿钻”，与cable同义appar

7、atus n. 装置、仪器conceive of 想象，构想出flushing out 逐出，其中“flush”意为“冲洗” cutting n. 钻屑beating n. 敲、打as opposed to 与绝然不同的bailing n. 提捞bit n. 钻头 例如：a heavy iron bit n. 一点，一些 例如：a bit of rig n. 钻机，钻井装置 例如：rotary rig 旋转钻机drilling rig 钻井装置 completion rig 完井装置emergence n. 出现hydrocarbon n. 烃，碳氢化合物call upon 要求1.2 dri

8、lling equipment1.2.1 types of drilling rigs and structures1.2.2 basic drilling functions1.3 the drillstem and drilling fluid1.3.1 the drillstem l.3.2 drilling fluids1.4 drilling the well1.4.1 planning and preparation1.4.2 operations management1.4.3 drilling progress1.4.4 drilling problems1.4.5 well

9、control1.4.6 evaluation1.5 offshore operations1.5.1 floating drilling equipment1.5.2 directional drilling1.5.3 safety and survival重点句式讲解：1. although the percussion, or cabletool, method of alternately lifting and dropping a heavy iron bit remained popular in the american northeast for a long while,

10、the rotary drilling rig, introduced in the american midcontinent, gradually became the most widely used method worldwide.尽管这种轮流起升,下降金属钻头冲击钻井(或者顿钻钻井)的方法在美国东北部盛行了很长时间,但是在美洲中部引进的旋转钻机钻井的方法,渐渐成为全球使用最广的方法。2. surface environments of oilwell drilling locations can be categorized as either onshore or offshor

11、ealthough in certain soggy parts of louisiana the distinction is rather difficult! 油井井位的地面环境分为地面钻井和海洋钻井,即使在路易斯安那州某些湿透的地区这种划分相当困难。3. chinese use percussion drilling to drill wells for salt water, using derricks, tubing, bits, and cemented bamboo casing.中国人使用的顿钻钻井法钻盐井,用井采油管,钻头和水泥封固的竹子导管。4. an englishm

12、an named robert beart invents a drilling machine that includes a hydraulic swivel, hollow drlling rods, and circulating fluid.一个叫robert beart的英国人发明了一种钻井机器,它由液压旋转接头,空心钻杆,循环液体组成。5. rigs and related equipment are also transported to remote arctic locations, using hercules cargo planes, helicopters, or

13、special wide-tire vehicles called “rolligons.”钻机和相关的设备也被运到遥远的北极地区,运用赫尔克里斯货机,直升飞机或特殊的被称为”rolligons”的宽胎车。6. beaufort sea drilling has been carried out from natural barrier islands and artificial gravel islands that are serviced by a variety of vehicles, depending on ice conditions.波蒙特海钻井,已经根据兵况从天然障碍岛和

14、人工砾石岛展开,这些人工岛屿是在各种各样交通工具的辅助下形成的。7. in the mississippi river delta regions, where large volumes of sediment are currently being deposited, platforms are designed such that wells are drilled through the legs of the structure to protect the wells and stabilize the structure against mud flows.在密西西比河流三角洲

15、地带，大量沉积物，目前正在沉积，钻井平台被设计，以便井可以钻进构造一段距离，起到保护井和稳定结构防止河流的作用。8. the overburden pressure, or lithostatic pressure, on the other hand, is the sum of the pressure caused by the column of fluid and that caused by the column of sediment.另一方面，上覆岩层压力或者岩石静压力是液柱引起压力和沉积物引起压力之和。9. the piezometric surface is the poi

16、nt to which the fluid in a reservoir will rise under a pressure head resulting from a difference in elevation侧压面是只储集层中流体在又海拔高度不同而引起的压头作用下上升的最高点。10. chemical transformation of clays results in an expulsion of water bound within the clay particle layers, with increasing temperature. 随着温度的上升，粘土化学物质变化致使

17、粘土颗粒层间束缚水逐出。11. abnormal pressures can be encountered in sands which, although originally normally pressured, have been placed in fluid contact with an abnormally pressured zone via a conduit (leaking fault, fracture, aquifer, borehole, or combinations of these).尽管起初与异常压力区域通过导管（漏断层、裂缝、含水层、井眼、或者它们的组合

18、）相连通的液体处于正常压力，但在沙岩层仍可能遇到异常压力。12. although subsurface temperatures do not usually have as great an impact on drillingas subsurface pressures, high temperatures can influence.尽管地下温度与地下压力相比在钻进的过程中一般不能产生很大的影响，但是高温可以影响。13. in addition to increasing temperature and pressure, other factors associated with

19、the types of formations encountered and the types of fluids they contain can increase thedifficulty of dealing with subsurface environments.此外，由于温度和压力的增加和伴随遭遇各种不同类型结构和它们保含的各种不同类型流体的事实，加大了处理井下问题的难度。14. these structures are made up of prefabricated sections that are moved onto the location by truck, b

20、arge, helicopter, etc., and then placed in position and pinned together by large steel pins.这些结构由预先构造部分组成，预先部分被用卡车，驳船，和直升飞机等工具运到现场，放到指定位置，并用大的铁栓组装在一起。15. the older standard derrick is the familiar four-legged-structure that had to be completely disassembled every time the rig was moved (or else left

21、 in place over the well).古老的标准钻塔与“四条腿结构”相似，在每次搬运钻机的过程中，这种结构需要完全拆开。16. obviously, this type of rig is only used in relatively shallow, swampy areas such as the river deltas of west africa, the inland waters of the louisiana swamps, or the shallows of lake maricaibo, venezuela.显然，这种钻机只能用在相对较浅的，沼泽地区，例如

22、：西非的river deltus，路易斯安那沼泽的内陆河或者委内瑞拉的lake maricaibor浅部。17. his rig is a floating deck supported by submerged pontoons and kept stationary by a series of anchors and mooring lines, and, in some cases, position-keeping propellers.这种钻机是由水下的浮桥所支撑的浮动的甲板，它被一系列的锚，固定绳，在一定情况下还包括固定的推进器固定。18. a “floater” like th

23、e semisubmersible, a drillship must maintain its position at the drilling location by anchors and mooring lines, or by computer-controlled dynamic positioning equipment.一个“浮动物”像半潜入水中的，石油钻探平台在钻井现场必须通过锚，固定绳或者计算机控制的动力位置装置来保持它的固定。19. structure rigs are mounted on a fixed drilling and production platform

24、, with all necessary auxiliary equipment secured on the deck.结构钻机配备有固定的钻井开发平台，和在平台所需的安全辅助设备。20. although all of the drilling rigs mentioned vary quite a bit, depending on what sort of surface environment or stresses they are designed for, they still provide us with the ability to perform the four ba

25、sic drilling functions discussed next.尽管所有被提供的钻机变化范围相当大，其取决与地面环境的类型和它们设计的重点，但它们仍然提供完成以下讨论的四种基本钻井作用的能力。21. the kelly and swivel are connected to the drillstring and are suspended from the hook beneath the traveling block, allowing the kelly and drillstring to be turned by the rotary table.方钻杆和水龙头连接在钻

26、柱上，它们悬挂在游车下面的大钩上 ，大钩另方钻杆和钻柱随着钻盘的旋转而转动。22. from the drawworks, the line is threaded through the crown block at the top of the derrick and then through the traveling block, which hangs suspended from the crown block (figure 1.12).从绞车开始，绳索穿过钻塔顶部的天车，然后通过悬挂在天车下面的游车。23. the wire rope drilling line that is

27、 spooled onto the drawworks drum undergoes a certain degree of wear as the block is raised and lowered in the derrick.随着钻塔上的天车的上升和下放，缠绕在绞车滚筒的绳索钻线承受着一定程度的拉力载荷。24. circulation of a drilling fluid to carry cuttings up the hole and cool the bit is an important function of any rotary drilling rig (figure

28、 1.13). the heart of the circulation system is the mud pump (or pumps), which is (are) powered by the rigs prime power source, as are the rotary table and drawworks. 为携带岩屑和冷却铅头的钻井液的循环是任何旋转钻机的一项重要功能。循环系统中的中心是泥浆泵，它（们）正如转盘一样被钻机的原动机驱动。25. the blowout preventers are a series of powerful sealing elements

29、designed to close off the annular space between the pipe and hole where the mud is normally returning to the surface.防喷器是系列设计的关闭管路与井眼之间的环行空间饿密封元件，泥泵通常从环室返回地面。26. hoisting, rotating, and circulating equipment is supplied with power from a prime power source, usually diesel engines. engine capacity ma

30、y range from 500 to 6000 hp, and power may be transmitted to the rig either mechanically or electrically.举升系统，旋转系统和循环系统是由原动机提供动力，通常是柴油机，发动机容量从50马力至6000马力，动力以机械载电的形式传送给钻机。 27. the drillstem and drilling fluid are in themselves rather complex portions of the drilling system, and their makeup plays an

31、important role in the efficiency of the drilling operationthat is, getting deeper cheaper! 钻杆和钻机液本身就是钻机系统中相当复杂的部分，并且它们的组合在钻井施工中起着重要的作用，那就是更深，更经济。28. the drillstring, the largest component of the drillstem, is made up primarily of lengths of steel pipe to which are welded a threaded “pin” on the bott

32、om end and a threaded “box” on the upper end (fig. 1.21). 钻柱，钻杆中最长的部分，是又原始长度的钢管底端焊接上公扣，上端焊接母扣组成的。 29. there are other specialized tools that may be incorporated into the entire arrangement of drill collars and subs located at the bottom end of the drillstem. 许多专门的工具可能结合位于钻柱底部的钻铤和接头用在整个工序中。30. bit te

33、chnology has undergone more advancement since the early days of rotary drilling than any other element of the drilling system.从早期旋转钻井以来钻头技术经理了长足的发展，其发展程度比钻井系统的其他部分更大。31. diamond bits operate similarly to drag bits, in that they have no moving parts such as cones or bearings, but rely on industrial d

34、iamonds to crack and abrade the formation.金刚石钻头工作原理与刮刀钻头相似，但在于它没有能动的部分如：锥体，轴泵，它以来于工业钻石破裂，研磨地层。32. while the cones distribute the weight of the drill collars, their teeth bite into the rock, gouging and scraping away the cuttings, which are then carried to the surface by the circulating mud. 当刮刀承受钻铤的

35、重力时，她们的牙齿咬入岩石，凿入并且刮削掉岩屑，这些岩屑再被循环泥浆返到地面。33. whatever type is used, all bits perform their job with the help of the drilling fluid, which cools the cutting surfaces and circulates rock chips from underneath.不论使用何种类型的钻头，所有的钻头在钻井液的协助下做着她们的工作，钻井液冷却岩层表面并且将岩屑从井底循环上来。34. in most cases, the circulating fluid

36、 utilized in a rotary drilling operation is a water-based mixture of clays, suspended solids, and chemical additives.大多情况下，在旋转钻井操作作用使用的钻井液是水基的，并混合着粘土，悬浮固体颗粒和化学添加剂。35. hile the drilling fluid density allows it to control pressures, other properties of drilling mud allow it to form a protective filter

37、 cake of clay particles on the wall of the hole, preventing excess fluid loss (filtrate) into permeable formations and preventing sloughing, or caving-in, of the sides of the hole.当钻井液的密度达到控制钻压时，钻井液的其他性能就允许它在井壁形成以黏土颗为基质的泥饼保护层，在井壁阻止过多的流体渗入到可渗透的地层中，防止塌陷和井壁坍塌。36. lubricants added to the mud system can

38、help reduce friction at the bit, between the drillstring and hole, and within the drillstring itself, where frictional pressure losses can require high pump pressures.润滑剂加到钻井泥浆可以减少钻头的磨阻、钻柱和井壁的磨阻、在钻柱之间的摸阻，在这些地方由于摩擦造成的压力损失就要求更高的泵入压力。37. drilling fluid properties should be monitored to ensure that the

39、interaction between mud and formation does not prevent the formation from being easily evaluated or produced.必须监控钻井液的性能确保泥浆和地层的相互作用没有阻碍地层很容易的被评价和产油。38. the seismic work has been done, the geologist has mapped the prospect, the company land representatives have obtained all the necessary leases from

40、the landowners, and all the required permits have been filed with the proper governmental authorities.地震工作以做了，地质学家也已经画了勘探图，公司土地的代理者也已从地主那儿取得了合同，其他需要从政府那取得的许可也拿到了。39. the geological interpretation of the data is the basis of an estimate of the wells productivity and a production schedule; these can b

41、e combined with estimates of well costs and product prices to determine the profitability of the well.地质数据说明是估计井的生产率、生产报表的基础，这些再结合井的成本、产品价格决定赢利能力。40. the exact requirements of the program include: depth, commencement date, formations to be encountered, hole size, casing sizes and setting depths, log

42、ging operations, testing and completion programs.关于项目的精确要求包括：井深、开发数据、可能遇到的地层、井眼尺寸、套管尺寸、下井深度、录井操作及测井及完井过程。41. all of the auxiliary equipment must be installed: the circulation system pumps, tanks, and mud-cleaning devices; the engines, generators and power transmission equipment; the storage faciliti

43、es and living quarters for the crew; and the electricity, water, and compressed air supply lines.所有的辅助设备必须安装：循环系统的泵、罐和泥浆清理设备、电动机、发电机和动力传递设备。42. a small, onshore drilling rig may have a crew of five or six individuals, while an offshore rig drilling a deep, exploratory well at a remote location may h

44、ave several crews and groups of socialists, totaling forty to fifty persons.小型的陆上钻机每组只需5、6个人，但是海上深井钻机、偏远地方钻的探井需一些钻井人员和社会活动家小组，总共大约40到50人。43. the drilling engineer, or drilling representative, is the operating company person on location who is responsible for the safe, efficient execution of the dril

45、ling program according to company policies.钻井工程师或钻井负责人是作业公司的人，他们以公司的规定负责安全、高效实施钻井。44. reporting to the tool pusher is the driller, an experienced hand who operates the drawworks and rotary table, and directs the roughnecks and the derrickman.向队长报告的是司钻，一个有经验的人，他操作绞车、钻盘并指导钻工和架子工。45. the kelly slowly m

46、oves downward until the top of the kelly and the attached swivel are near the drilling floor (after about 30 to 40 ft 9 to 12m has been drilled).方钻杆缓慢的向下移动直到其顶部和连接的水龙头与钻台接近（大约在钻了9-12时）。46. the kelly and attached drillstring are lifted up in the derrick until the kelly bushing has cleared the drill f

47、loor and the tool joint between kelly and drillpipe is visible.方钻杆和连接的 被举伸到井架上只到方钻杆补心把钻台和工具接头打扫干净在方钻杆谒钻柱可见时。47. once the hole is drilled, variety of logging devices can he lowered into the borehole to measureand record the properties of the rock formations penetrated.一旦井眼钻完后， 各种勘测装置都被送到井下，进行度量和记录渗透性

48、岩层的情况。48. these devices are of three general types, depending on how the rock properties are measured.这些是三个一般的类型，依据岩石的情况怎么样来度量。49. this type is time consuming and expensive, and is rarely undertaken unless precise laboratory measurement of rock properties is desired.这种类型很耗时间，并且还很贵，如果岩石在实验室是精确度量不是所期望是话，很少采用它。50. this type of diamond bit cuts a cyl