四级词汇和语法辅导56页

1、四级词汇和语法辅导56页录第一讲 易混淆的名词及名词词组i. 考点分析1英语中名词词汇量比较大，对名词的全面掌握须从名词的种类、性、数、格、词意等几个方面入手。根据历年真题来看，名词考点在每次考题中大约占两题左右，而且对名词的考查并不复杂，基本上都是一些常用词的辨析，例如，2001年1月第59题中的四个备选答案affair, incident, case, event, 这些词语不难，只要了解它们的含义及在什么情况下使用，就很容易选出正确答案。下面就四级考试中所涉及到的考点进行归纳。一、名词的数1 一般地说，物质名词和抽象名词是不可数的，没有复数形式。如advice, information,

2、 progress, work, cloth,courage, poverty, milk, butter, news, furniture, population等。如果要表示“一个”这类概念，就需要加量词，如a piece of advice, a bottle of ink等。these books, which you can get at any bookshop, will give you _ you need. (00/6/22) aa) all the information b) all of information c) all the informations d) a

3、ll of the informations2 有少数外来名词有特殊的复数形式，如phenomenonphenomena, basisbases, analysisanalyses,bacteriumbacteria, criterioncriteria, crisiscrises等。3 个别名词单复数形式一样，如chinese, aircraft, sheep, deer, youth, series, species等。4 有些名词在使用中常用复数形式，动词也要用复数。如 scissors, trousers, pants, glasses, belongings,surroundings

4、, savings, wages, arms, remains, contents, thanks, earnings等。但有些名词其复数形式可以表示特别的意思，如papers 文件， goods 货物， times 时代， customs 海关，关税，looks 外貌。5 有些以-ics结尾的表示学科的名词，其动词用单数形式，如phonetics, politics, physics, statistics等，但其前如有my , such 等限定词时，动词用复数形式。6 audience, family, group, committee, team, crew, public, stuff

5、等表示整体时为单数，表示具体每个成员时为复数。集合名词police, people, cattle, mankind等总是用作复数。7 合成名词构成复数时通常只将所包含的主体名词变为复数，如lookers-on, sons-in-law, grand-children。如果没有主体词，可在词尾加s, 如grown-ups, go-betweens, drawbacks。由man和woman构成的合成词，里面所含的成分都要变为复数形式，如men teachers, woman doctors。二、 名词的所有格 有生命的名词所有格一般在单数名词后加s，在以 -s 或-es结尾的复数名词后加 “”

6、，如his wifessister, childrens book, the teachers book。另外，表示国家、城市、时间、距离，拟人的名词以及机构活动等的名词也用这种形式，如todays china daily, a miles distance, stations waiting-room, chinas capital。 表示无生命的名词的所有格可以用of表示，如the cover of the book, the speed of the machine。 如果是复和名词，在最后一个词上加“s”，如my brother-in-laws coat。 如果两个名词共同拥有某物时，

7、在最后一词上加“s”，如my father and mothers friend。 在表示店铺、教堂的名字、某人的家等情况下，名词所有格后常常不出现它所修饰的名词，如the tailors,the stationers, st. pauls, his sisters。三、 名词作定语英语中一名词可以直接修饰另一名词作定语，在这一点上与汉语相似，如rose garden, orange juice, stone house,eye drops, food industry等。另外，由连字符构成的复和名词作定语时，既不能用复数，也不能用所属格形式。例如：i walked too much yest

8、erday and _ are still aching now. (95/6/56) ca) my legs muscles b) my muscles of leg c) my leg muscles d) my muscles of theleg despite the wonderful acting and well-developed plot the _ movie could not hold our attention. (96/1/31)ba) three-hours b) three-hour c) three-hours d) three-hours四、 容易混淆的名词

9、affair 事务； incident 偶发的事件； accident 事故; event 活动，事变alcohol 酒精； wine葡萄酒analysis 分析；comment评论border 边界; margin 页边空白; side 旁边，面; edge 刃，物体边缘channel 渠道；approach 入口，方法；route 路线cover 盖子，覆盖物; coat （漆）涂层; layer 层custom 习俗 ； customs 海关2deliveries 递送，交付； transfer 转移，迁移；transportation 运输discount 折扣; account 叙述

10、，报导duty 税，custom duties ； fare （车、船等）费； fee 费，酬金 evolution 发展，演变；revolution革命festival 节日; ceremony 仪式; activity 活动fine 罚款; debt 债务; bill 账单footprint 脚印; footstep 脚步（声）governor 地方长官； principal 负责人，校长graph 图表; photograph 照片; telegraph 电报habit 习惯; custom 风俗，习俗; hobby 业余爱好instrument 仪器; appliance 器具; ap

11、paratus 器械; equipment 装备，器材总称 limit 界限; limitation 局限point点，要点；spot 污点，斑点，地点perspective 透视图，远景; prospect 前途，展望range 范围，幅度；extent 程度response 反应（对某个要求、事件或局势所采取的行动）;情感或引发的行为）; reflection 反映signature 签名； sign 标记，符号； signal 信号silence 寂静; calm 平静; peace 安静strike罢工; stroke击，报时的钟声source 来源； resource 资源trace

12、 痕迹（指人、事件等留下的迹象）； track 足迹，轨迹variation 变异，变种； adaptation适应性变化，适应作用victim 受害者； witness目击者 五、常用的名词搭配reaction 反应（由于所见所闻而产生的某种3absence from 缺席，离开 admission to 准许 application for 申请application to 应用于approach to 通往的途径；接近 belief in 相信 cast /throw light on 阐明某事 catch ones breath 喘气 catch sight of 看见combinat

13、ion with 与的结合 comment on/upon 对的评论 competition with /against 与某人竞争 complaint about/of 对的抱怨 concern about 对的关注 contact with 与接触 contribution to 对的贡献 discussion on 对的讨论 effect on 对的影响 emphasis on/upon 着重于entrance to 进入，的入口 exception to 例外excuse for 的借口 exposure to 暴露于 feel sympathy for sb. 对某人同情find f

14、ault with 找岔，批评gain/have an advantage over 占有优势，比强 give rise to 引起，导致give way to 为让路，被取代 influence on 对的影响 keep pace with 跟上的步伐 limit to 对的限制 lose(keep) ones temper 发（忍住不发）脾气 make a fortune 发财 make fun of 取笑make use of 充分利用 opinion about 对的意见 passion for 对的热情 pay attention to 注意prejudice against sb.

15、 对某人有偏见progress in 在的发展 reaction to 对的反映 reason for 的理由 responsibility for 对的责任solution to 的解决办法 substitute for sth. 替代物 take advantage of 利用take delight in 很高兴地做 take delivery of 提取 take into account 考虑 take the place of 取代第二讲 易混淆的动词 动词词义辨析是历年四级考试测试的重要历届四级试题中的动词1. tyron was extremely angry, but coo

16、l-headed enough to _ storming into the bosss office. (02/1/49) a) avoid b) prohibit c) turn d) prevent2. _ energy under the earth must be released in one form or another, for example, an earthquake. (02/1/61) a) gathered b) accumulated c) collected d) assembled3. everybody _ in the hall where they w

17、ere welcomed by the secretary. (00/6/44) a) assembled b) accumulated c) piled d) joined 4. he _ to his customers and halved the price. (02/1/65)a) leaked b) yield c) drew d) quoted5. the author of the report is well _ with the problems in the hospital because he has been working there for many years

18、. (02/1/68)a) informed b) enlightened c) acquainted d) acknowledged 6. this ticket _ you to a free meal in our new restaurant. (96/1/22)a) gives b) grants c) entitles d) credits7. a season ticket _ the holder to make as many journeys as he wishes within the stated period of time. (01/6/37) a) grants

19、 b) promises c) entitles d) presents 8. the car club couldnt _ to meet the demands of all its members. (01/6/52)a) ensure b) guarantee c) assume d) confirm9. extensive reporting on television has helped to _ interest in a wide variety of sports and activities. (01/6/53) 1a) gather b) generate c) ass

20、emble d) yield10. franklins ability to learn from observations and experience _ greatly to his success in public life. (93/1/69)a) contributed b) owed c) attached d) related11. eating too much fat can _ heart diseases and cause high blood pressure. (01/6/55)a) contribute to b) attribute to c) attend

21、 to d) devote to12. cancellation of the flight _ many passengers to spend the night at the airport. (01/1/44)a) obliged b) demanded c)resulted d) recommended13. i didnt _ to take a taxi but i had to as i was late. (01/1/53)a) mean b) assume c) hope d) suppose14.the same factors push wages and prices

22、 up together, the one _ the other. (01/1/65)a) increasing b) emphasizing c) reinforcing d) multiplying15. our company decided to _ the contract because a number of the conditions in it had not been met. (93/6/64)a) destroy b) resist c) assume d) cancel16. as we can no longer wait for the delivery of

23、 our order, we have to _ it. (00/6/21)a) postpone b) refuse c) delay d) cancel17. most broadcasters maintain that tv has been unfairly criticized and argue that the power of the medium is _. (00/6/25)a) granted b) implied c) exaggerated d) remedied18. putting in a new window will _ cutting away part

24、 of the roof. (00/6/45)a) include b) involve c) contain d) comprise19. in britain people _ four million tons of potatoes every year. (00/1/62)a) exhaust b) consume c) dispose d) swallow20. im very sorry to have _ you with so many questions on such an occasion. (99/6/42)a) offended b) impressed c) bo

25、thered d) interfered21.features such height, weight, and skin color _ from individual to individual and from face to face. (96/6/29)22. the hopes, goals, fears and desires _ widely between men and women, between the rich and the poor. (00/1/44)a) vary b)transfer c) alter d) shift23. the price of bee

26、r _ from 50 cents to $4 per liter during the summer season. (99/6/44)a) ranged b) differed c) altered d) separated24. those gifts of rare books that were given to us were deeply _. (99/6/70)a) appealed b) appreciated c) applied d) approved25. harry was _ by a bee when he was collecting the honey. (9

27、9/1/49)a) stung b) stuck c) bitten d) scratched26. remember that customers dont _ about prices in that city. (99/1/53)a) debate b) consult c) dispute d) bargain27. i hope that youll be more careful in typing the letter. dont _ anything. (99/1/55)a) lack b) withdraw c) omit d) leak28. john dewey beli

28、eved that education should be a preparation for life, that a person learns by doing, and that teaching must _ the curiosity and creativity of children. (98/6/50)a) seek b) stimulate c) shape d) secure29. however, at times this balance in nature is _, resulting in a number of possibly unforeseen effe

29、cts. (98/6/52)a) troubled b) disturbed c) confused d) puzzled30. in 1914, an apparently insignificant event in a remote part of eastern europe _ europe into a great war.(98/6/57)a) inserted b) imposed c) pitched d) plunged31. the old couple decided to _ a boy and a girl though they had three childre

30、n of their own. (97/6/38)a) adapt b) adjust c) receive d) adopt32. i suggested he should _ himself to his new conditions. (01/1/42)a) adopt b) suit c) regulate d) adapt33. the newcomers found it impossible to _ themselves to the climate sufficiently to make permanent homes in the new country. (98/1/

31、47)a) suit b) adapt c) regulate d) coordinate34. you have nothing to _ by refusing to listen to our advice. (98/1/49)a) gain b) grasp c) seize d) earn35. as a result of careless washing the jacket _ to a childs size. (98/1/50)a) compressed b)shrank c)dropped d)decreased536. some diseases are _ by ce

32、rtain water animals. (00/ 1/48)a) transported b)transmitted c) transformed d) transplanted37. the coming of the railways in the 1830s _ our society and economic life. (95/1/65)a) transformed b) transported c) transferred d) transmitted38. he hoped the firm would _ him to the paris branch. (98/1/51)a

33、) exchange b) transmit c) transfer d) remove39. she was complaining that the doctor was _ too much for the treatment he was giving her. (98/1/56)a) expending b) offering c)costing d) charging40. this hotel _ $60 for a single room with bath. (95/6/67)a) claims b) demands c) prices d) charges41. i hat

34、e people who _ the end of the film that you havent seen before. (97/6/36)a) reveal b) rewrite c) revise d) reverse42. hes watching tv? hes _ to be cleaning his room. (97/6/37)a) known b) supposed c) regarded d) considered43. the government is trying to do something to _ better understanding between

35、the two countries. (97/6/39)a) raise b) promote c) heighten d) increase44. the soldier was _ of running away when the enemy attacked. (97/6/41)a) scolded b) charged c) accused d) punished45. the man in the corner confessed to _ a lie to the manager of the company.(97/6/57)a) have told b) be told c)

36、being told d) having told46. last year the advertising rate _ by 20 percent. (97/1/33)a) raised b) aroused c) arose d) rose47. a completely new situation will _ when the examination system comes into existence. (95/6/69)a) arise b) rise c) raise d) arouse48. the strong storm did a lot of damage to t

37、he coastal villages: several fishing boats were _ and many houses collapsed. (97/1/35)a) wrecked b) spoiled c) torn d) injured49. please be careful when you are drinking coffee in case you _ the new carpet. (97/1/41)a) crash b) pollute c) spot d) stain50. some old people dont like pop songs because

38、they cant _ so much noise. (97/1/46)a) resist b) sustain c) tolerate d) undergo51. a healthy life is frequently thought to be _ with the open countryside and homegrown food. (96/6/23)a) tied b) bound c) involved d) associated52. it has been revealed that some government leaders _ their authority and

39、 position to get illegal profits for themselves. (96/6/34)a) employ b) take c) abuse d) overlook53. new york _ second in the production of apples, producing 850,000,000 pounds this year. (96/6/47)a) ranked b) occupied c) arranged d) classified54. she was so _ in her job that she didnt hear anybody k

40、nocking at the door.(96/1/25)a) attracted b) absorbed c) drawn d) concentrated55. at first, the speaker was referring to the problem of pollution in the country but halfway in her speech, she suddenly _ to another subject. (96/1/27)a) committed b) switched c) favored d) transmitted56. in developing

41、countries, people are _ into overcrowded cities in great numbers. (96/1/38)a) breaking b) filling c) pouring d) hurrying57. although he had looked through all the reference material on the subject, he still found it hard to understand this point and her explanation only _ to his confusion. (95/6/68)

42、a) extended b) amounted c) added d) turned58. it took him several months to _ the wild horse. (95/6/70)a) tend b) cultivate c) breed d) tame59. if you want to know the train schedule, please _ at the booking office. (95/1/63)a) acquire b) inquire c) request d) require60. in preparing scientific repo

43、rts of laboratory experiments, a student should _ his findings in logical order and clear language. (95/1/68)a) furnish b) propose c) raise d) present61. throughout his life, henry moor _ an interest in encouraging art in the city of leeds.(93/1/44)a) contained b) secured c) reserved d) maintained66

44、2. there were beautiful clothes _ in the shop windows. (93/1/57)a) spread b) displayed c) exposed d) located63. theres little chance that mankind would _ a nuclear war. (93/6/52)a) retain b) endure c) maintain d) survive64. before he left for his vacation he went to the bank to _ some money.(94/1/41

45、)a) pull b) pick c) gain d) draw ii. 答案及详解：1. a) 题意：泰伦非常愤怒，但头脑还算冷静，没有冲进老板的办公室。解析：avoid 避免；prohibit 禁止family finances prohibit his going to college；turn 转向；prevent阻止the rain prevented us from playing tennis。2. b) 题意：地球搜集 he soon gathered a lot of materials for the book；accumulated积累，聚积；collected 收集 t

46、o collect stamps；assembled 聚会（指人）to assemble the members of the parliament for a special meeting。召集议员举行一次特别会议。3. a) 题意：所有的人都聚在大厅，在那里，他们受到了书记的欢迎。解析：pile 聚成堆，堆积：he opened the door and they all piled in. 他打开门，他们一拥而入。 join 加入：join the army 参军，join us! 加入到我们当中来。4. b) 题意：他向顾客让了步，把价格削减了一半。解析：leak（指缝隙等）漏（水、

47、油等）；yield to 屈服，让步。yield 作为及物动词意思是产生；draw 引出；quote 引用（某人的话）。5. c) 题意：该报告的作者对医院的问题了解，因为他曾在医院工作过很多年。解析：informed 常用句型：be informed of，被通知，被告知（某事）；enlightened启蒙；acquainted 常用句型：be acquainted with熟悉，熟知（某种情况）；acknowledged 感谢。6. c) 题意：持本券可在我们的新饭店免费就餐一次。解析：gives 给予，常用句型：give sb. sth或give sth. to sb ；grants 赐

48、予，赋予，用法与give 相似，britain granted india independence in 1945；entitles 给权利，给 资格，常用句型：entitle sb. to do sth.；credits 赊账7. c) 题意：持有季票者可以在有效期题意：汽车俱乐部不能保证满足所有会员的要求。解析：ensure 确保 he would ensure, when in office, that all secret data be made public；guarantee保证 they guaranteed to deliver the goods within two w

49、eeks.；assume假设；confirm证实。9. b) 题意：频繁的电视报道激发了人们对许多体育运动和各种活动的兴趣。解析：gather的解释见第二题；generate 激发（兴趣等）；assemble （人）集会；7yield的解释见第三题。10. a) 题意：富兰克林具备从观察和经验当中学习的能力，这种能力促成了他在公众事务领域里的成功。解析：contribute to有助于，促成，是部分原因air pollution contributes to health problems；owed 欠 owe ten dollars to a friend. 常用句型： owe toshe

50、owes her success to hard work. 她把成功归因于辛勤劳动；attached 联系, attach importance to 认为 很重要；related 相关 be related to11. a) 题意：食用过多的肥肉是患心脏病和高血压的原因之一。解析：contribute to 见第九题;attribute to 把归因于，把（过错的责任等）归于：he attributed his success to hard work.attend to 1) 照顾，照料 i will attend to the children when you are away.2)

51、 专心于，致力于：he should attend better to his studies.devote to 1) 奉献：mary devoted her life to caring for the sick.2) 把专用于：they devoted each saturday to reading and discussing.3) 献身于：devote oneself to12. a) 题意：航班取消，许多乘客被迫在机场过夜。解析：obliged迫使：i felt obliged to invite him to dinner；demanded要求：they demanded th

52、at their proposal should be accepted；resulted导致：常用result in: his laziness resulted in his failure；recommended推荐：to recommend a book to sb.13. b) 题意：我本来没想打的，但没办法，因为我快迟到了。解析：mean 打算做某事，常用句型：mean to do sth.assume 假定，假设，臆断 i assumed that you have heard the news. 想必你已听到了消息。 hope 希望做某事suppose 猜想，料想，认为 the

53、 situation was even worse than was supposed. 情况甚至比想象的还要糟。14. c) 题意：同样的因素造成了工资和物价的上涨，而这两者又互相作用。解析： increase 增加；emphasize 强调；reinforce 加强；multiply 乘，增加 in a few minutes, people in the square multiplied into thousands. 只几分钟功夫，广场上的人就增加到几千。15. d) 题意：我们公司决定取消合同，因为合同中的几项条款没有达到要求。解析：destroy 摧毁；resist 抵制，抵御；assume 见第十二题；cancel 取消16. d) 题意：我们的订货还未运抵，我们不能再等了