优质跨文化交际上课内容unit20001

1、Homework of Unit 1: What are stumbling blocks in intercultural com muni cati on? How to overcome these blocks?Unit Two Culture and CommunicationI. Warm UpPlease read the story on page 38, the n an swer the questi ons:1. Why was Tom considered a rude host by his visitors?2. How can you explain the fa

2、ct that Tom is misunderstood when he actually wants to be kind and friendly to the visitors?II. Reading1. Read the article of What Is Culture ”.What can you learn about culture from it? Please an swer the questi ons followed?Supplement:Maslow Hierarchy of Needs Theory (p41)What is culture?Origins of

3、 culture in English and Chinese(1) “Culture”is a loan word from Latin meaning “cultivating or tilling 种田 the land”. It was originally associated with physical activities and production of food. Later, its meaning was extended to include mental, moral, aesthetic 美学 , educational and intellectual acti

4、vities. In contemporary English its original meaning is still retained 保留.(2) 文化 ” is a native word 本族词 in Chinese. 文” and 化” were used together in the Warring States战国.人文” in 观乎人文，以化成天 下” refers to the in terwove n 互相编织 relati on ships betwee n the mon arch 君主 and his subjects, fathers and sons, hu

5、sba nds and wives, brothers and friends, and 化” means changing and/or cultivating ” When used together, 文” and 化” mean 以文教化 ” They were combined into one word in Han Dynasty, with its meaning contrasted with nature” on one hand and primitiveness” 原始 and savage”未开 化，野蛮 on the other hand. So 文化 ” was

6、originally associated with mental activities.1. DefinitionThe term culture”does not correspond 一致 perfectly with 文化”. For examples:他没有文化(He is illiterate.)What really binds 捆绑 men together is their culture- the ideas and the sta ndards they have in com mon. ” R. BenedictAccording to The Concise Oxfo

7、rd Dictionary, culture is“ the arts and othermanifestations 表 现 of human intellectual achievement regarded collectively ”.Defining Culture from the Anthropological Perspective 人类学观点 :“ Culture consists of paettrns, explicit 明确 and implicit 含蓄 , of and for behavior acquired and transmitted by symbols

8、, constituting 组成 the distinctive 有特色的 achievement of human groups, including their embodiments 体现 in artifacts 史前古器物 ; the essential core of culture consists of traditional ideas and especially their attached values ”.Kroeber and KluckhohnDefining Culture from the Psychological Perspectiveculture i

9、s the collective programming of the mind which distinguishes the members of one category 种类 of people from another.Geert HofstedeDefining Culture from the Sociological Perspective“ Culture is defined as a pattern of learned, group-related perception including both verbal 口头 and nonverbal language at

10、titudes, values, belief system 信念系统 , disbelief systems, and behavior”Defining Culture from the Intercultural Perspective“ Cultureis a system of shared beliefs, values, customs, behaviours and artifacts that are transmitted from generation to generation through learning. ”Bates and PlogThere are alt

11、ogether no less than 250 definitions of culture by scholars from several different fields. Despite so, almost all scholars agree that culture has two senses: the broad sense广义 and the narrow sense.A. Culture in its broad senseCulture is the attribute 特质 of man, or, whatever distinguishes man from th

12、e rest part of the world is culture. Based on this, Prof. Lin Dajin provides a Chinese counterpart畐本 definition: 文化是人类区别于动物 的综合特征 . It may include the following components: Materials man has got to satisfy his needs, including scienee and tech no logy, such as space shuttle航天飞机,airpla nes, and cars;

13、 Social institutions 社会制度 and organizations man has established, including socioeconomic 社会经济学的 institutions 体系, politico-legal institutions, and religious organizations 宗教组织 ; Knowledge about nature and man himself and artistic development 艺术 发展，including various subjects such as mathematics 数学 and

14、 education, and artistic forms such as literature, painting, music and dance; Lan guage and other com muni cati on systems such as gestures and facial expressions; Customs, habits and behavioral patter ns;第 5 页 共 15 页 Value systems, world views, national traits 名族性,aesthetic standards 审美标准 and think

15、ing patterns.Culture in this sense is also called “large C culture”or academic culture or culture with a big C(大写字母的文化).It culture in general, culture of all nationalities and ethnic groups 族群. But we know there are specific cultures such as Chinese, American and British. According to this sense, sp

16、ecific culture can be defined (by Prof. Lin Dajin) as the comprehensive features that distinguish one group (be it a nation, a race or any section of people) of people from another (一个民族区别于另一个民 族的综合特征 ).* Dominant culture and subculture 亚文化群 /co-culture 共同培养Culture is subdivided 被再分成 into dominant c

17、ulture, mainstream culture, and subculture(s), which coexist 共存 within each culture.A subculture resembles似 a culture in that it usually encompasses 包含围绕 a relatively large number of people and represents the accumulation 积累 of generations of human striving 努力奋斗 . However, subcultures have some impo

18、rtant differences: they exist within dominant cultures and are often based on economic or social class, ethnicity 种族戈U分,race, or geographic region.Today the tendency is to say c-oculture and sub-groups to avoid prejudice.B. Culture in its narrow sense第5 页共15 页Its calledsmall c cultureor anthropologi

19、cal culture or culture with asmall c ( 小写字母的文化 ). It can be defined as life way of a population , Culture in this sense emphasizes what characterizes the way of life of a people, including components , , , and , with components , , and as the central part.Some scholars are interested in“large C cult

20、ure”while others in “small c culture ”, depending on the purpose of investigation. We shall focus on culture in its narrow sense.* Cultural Identity文化身份文化认同Cultural identity refers to one sense of belonging to a particular culture or ethnic group. People consciously 有意识地，自觉地 identify themselves with

21、 a group that has a shared system of symbols and meanings as well as norms for conduct.2. Properties 内容 of culture(1)It is human specific.(2)It is a social phenomenon (contrast between society and nature). It is the embodiment 体现 of human knowledge, skill and cooperative labor.(3) It is a national p

22、henomenon for each nature has its own culture.(4) It is a historical phenomenon. Each culture has some history and each generation contributes to it. But culture won t necessarily remain the same.(5) It is general and abstract.第11页共15页2. Culture can be viewed as an iceberg. Nine-tenths of an iceberg

23、 is out of sight. The part of the cultural iceberg that is above the water is easy to be no ticed. The other part that is hidde n below the water and is outside of conscious awareness. It is sometimes called deep culture”.But whatare the things in a culture that can be said to be above or below thew

24、ater -with in or out of our aware ness?The Structure of CultureA. Overt Culture（公开文化层Exposed Material Culture, Visible and Easily Describe（隐蔽文化层Hidden in the material culture,Soft or Spiritual culture鵬聡/腔醐掰俶廳佼横式用；飓緬削上下联系的飆射伙孀釦对辨与讎號剤臓黠觌需駅就科卿潁总醐詡嶽廉额卽诽離陋怖貓詭尽鮫觀極3. Read the article on page 45-48:From thi

25、s article, we can lear n there are three characteristics of culture - coherent, learned, the view of a group of people; and there are three things culture does -culture ranks what is important (or cultures teach values or priorities), culture furnishes attitudes, and culture dictates how to behave.4

26、. Decide whether the following are examples of communications or not?Why?1) You complain to your instructor about your course credits through telephone.2) Two blind people exchange ideas in Braille 盲文 .3) A German businessman negotiates, through an interpreter 口译, with his Chinese counterpart.4) A f

27、armer gives instructions to his ploughing 耕种 cow.5) A programmer issues commands to a computer.6) Tom talks to himself while flourishing his toy gun.7) You send an e-mail message to an American friend.8) Jane lies in bed reading a novel.The Basics of Communication:Communication occurs if: 1. two or

28、more people; 2. contact; 3. a shared language; 4. an exchange of information.5. Read the article of “Elements of Communication ”. What are the elements of communication?Con text: four aspects (the physical sett ing, historical aspect, psychological aspect, culture aspect)Participa nts: three variabl

29、es (relati on ship, gen der, culture)Messages: meanin gs, symbols, en cod ing and decod ing.Chann els: the method used to deliver a message (so und, sight, smell, taste, touch, or any comb in atio n of these)Noise (干扰):a term used for factors that in terfere with the excha nge of messages,including

30、external noise, internal noise and semantic no ise. Noise is in evitable.Feedback: the response of a receiver to a sender s messagePlease an swer the questi ons followed.Supplement:What Is Communication?There are altogether 126 defi niti ons of com muni cati on. Among them the most accepted one defi

31、 ned by L. A. Samovar, et al.Definition:Communi cati on may be defi ned as that which happe ns whe never some one responds to the behavior or the residue 剩余 of the behavior of ano ther pers on”-L. A. Samovar, et alA few key points about this defi niti on:The behavior in cludes verbal behavior 语言行为an

32、d non -verbal behavior. For example, you meet an acquaintance in the street. You smile and nod to each other without uttering 发出 a word. Then your behavior is non-verbal, and your communication is also non-verbal. So according to this, communication can be divided into verbal communication and non-v

33、erbal communication. As to the meaning of “behavior residue, here is an example. You leave a note before you go out, and your roommate sees it when coming back and will make certain response. Then this note is your behavior residue. In this case, whether your roommate does something about or just ig

34、nores the note, as long as he receives the note, communication happens, but it is non-simultaneous 非同时发生的 . Therefore, communication can also be divided into simultaneous communication 同时通信 and non-simultaneous communication. A behavior, whether intentional 故意的 or unintentional, conscious or unconsc

35、ious, once is received, communication occurs. For example, when you are giving a speech, you may blush (unintentional) or repeat the same movement (unconscious), which gives your audience a messagethat you are nervous. Feedback is not a prerequisite 必要条件 of communication. So there may be one-way com

36、munication. Hu Wenzhong of Beijing Foreign Studies University once said translation is in fact a kind of (intercultural) communication, because when one is translating, one is in factcommunicating interculturally with the writer of the original work. In deed, written translation is in most cases one

37、-way communication.2. Factors Affecting CommunicationEight specific ingredients of communication: the source （行为源 ）: a person who has a need to communicate encoding （ 编码 ）: an internal activity in which a source creates a message through the selection of verbal and non-verbal symbols （ 行为源 组织信息的内心活动

38、 ）. message （信息 ）: the result of encoding, once spoken out and received, becomes a message. channel （ 渠 道 ）: the physical means by which the message is transmitted. the responder （反应者 ）: the person who intercepts 拦截 the message and as a consequence becomes linked to the source. decoding （ 译码 ）: the

39、internal activity of the receiver s information processing. response （反应 ）: what a receiver decides to do about the message. feedback （ 反馈 ）: feedback and response are clearly related. Response becomes feedback when received by the source.Of the eight ingredients, the source and the responder, encod

40、ing and decoding, are the most important because they are related to persons.Some personal factors may affect communication effectiveness:第 11 页 共 15 页 sex age temperament 气质 性格 (e.g. introverted and extroverted) occupation (e.g. businessman, officers, etc.) social status knowledge structure life ex

41、perienceUncertain factors, varying at different time: intention: though disgusted, you nod or smile for politeness. mood: someone tells you that it is useless to live in this world. You might have different responses. status at that time: you, as a guest, cant ask the host to help himself to some di

42、sh.Objective factors: time: you never say “Good morning ”in the evening. place: occasion: you never say “节哀顺便 ”in a wedding ceremony.3. Communication Types based on symbols used: verbal and non-verbal based on media: direct and indirect based on feedback: two-way and one-way based on numbers of the

43、sources and responders: one/group-to-one and one/group-to-group based on set responder: directed and non-directed based on the sources intention: intentional and unintentional based on the responders activeness: active and passive based on time: simultaneous and non-simultaneous4. Characteristics of

44、 Communication (Essentials of Human Communication) p68-73 Communication is dynamic 动态的 . It is an on-going, ever-changing 千 变万化 activity. We are sure to be influenced by other s message, whether gradually or radically 彻底的 根本上的 . Communication is symbolic: Symbols are central to the communication process because they represent the shared meanings that are communicated. A symbol is a word, action, or object that stands for or represents