初中过去完成时讲解

1、过去完成时定义过去完成时 (past perfect) 表示在过去某一时间或动作之前已经发生或完成了的动作或状态。 它表示句子中描述的动作发生在“过去的过去” 。基本结构主语 +had+过去分词 vpp.(done)肯定句：主语 +had+过去分词 .否定句：主语 +had+not+过去分词 .一般疑问句： Had+主语 +过去分词 ?肯定回答： Yes,主语 +had.否定回答： No,主语 +had not .特殊疑问句：特殊疑问词或词组+一般疑问句（ Had+主语 +过去分词）？基本用法（1）表示在过去某一时刻或动作以前完成了的动作， 也可以说过去的时间关于过去的动作。即“过去的过去”

2、。可以用 by, before， by the time +从句等介词短语或一个时间状语从句来表示，也可以用一个表示过去的动作来表示，还可能通过上下文来表示。例如： By nine o clock last night, we had got 200 pictures from the spaceship. 到昨晚 9 点钟，我们已经收到 200 张飞船发来的图片。（2）表示由过去的某一时刻开始，一直延续到过去另一时间的动作或状态，常和 for, since 构成的时间状语连用。例如：I had been at the bus stop for 20 minutes when a bus fi

3、nally came. 当车来的时候，我在车站已等了 20 分钟。He said he had worked in that factory since 1949. 他说自从 1949 年以来他就在那家工厂工作。（3）叙述过去发生的事情，在已叙述了过去发生的事情后，反过来追述或补述以前发生的动作时，常使用过去完成时。例如： Mr. Smith died yesterday. He had been a good friend of mine.史密斯先生昨天去世了。他以前是我的好友。I didnt know a thing about the verbs, for I had not studi

4、ed my lesson.我对动词一无所知，因为我没有好好学习功课。（ 4）在含有定语从句的主从复合句中，如果叙述的是过去的事，先发生的动作常用过去完成时。例如： I returned the book that I had borrowed. 我已归还了我借的书。 She found the key that she had lost. 她丢失的钥匙找到了。（5）过去完成时常常用在told,said,knew,heard,thought 等动词后的宾语从句（或间接引语）中，这时从句中的动作发生在主句表示的过去的动作之前。例如： He said that he had known her we

5、ll.他说他很熟悉她。I thought I had sent the letter a week before. 我认为我一星期前就把信寄出去了。（ 6）状语从句：在过去不同时间发生的两个动作中， 发生在前，用过去完成时；发生在后，用一般过去时。如 when,before,after,as soon as,till/until 引导的例如： When I woke up, it had already stopped raining. 我醒来时雨已停了。 She didnt go to bed until she had finished her work. 她直到把工作做完之后才睡觉。注意

6、：如果两个动作紧接着发生， 则常常不用过去完成时， 特别是在包含 before和 after 的复合句中，因为 这 时从句的动作和主句的动作发生的先后顺序已经非常明确，这时可以用一般过去时代替过去完成时。例如：After he arrived in England, Marx worked hard to improve his English.马克思到达英格兰之后，努力提高他的英语水平。（7）动词 think, want, hope, mean, plan, intend等用过去完成时来表示过去未曾实现的想法，希望，打算或意图等。例如：They had wanted to help but

7、could not get there in time.他们本来打算去帮忙，但没有及时赶到那里。We had hoped to be able to come and see you .我们本来希望能来看看你。（8）过去完成时还可用在hardlywhen, no soonerthan, It was the first (second, etc) time (that) 等固定句型中。例如：Hardly had he begun to speak when the audience interrupted him. 他刚开始演讲，听众就打断了他。No sooner had he arrived

8、 than he went away again.他刚到就又走了。It was the third time that he had been out of work that year.这是 他那 一年第 三次失业了。时间状语 before,when,after,by+,until, once,had no sooner than ，yet ，already等。过去完成时 -语法判定1. 由时间状语来判定一般说来，各种时态都有特定的时间状语。与过去完成时连用的时间状语有：（ 1 ） by + 过去的时间点。如：I had finished reading the novel by nine

9、oclock last night.（ 2 ） by the end of + 过去的时间点。如：We had learned over two thousand English words by the end of last term.（ 3 ） before + 过去的时间点。如：They had planted six hundred trees before last Wednesday.2. 由“过去的过去”来判定。过去完成时表示“过去的过去”，是指过去某一动作之前已经发生或完成的动作，即动作有先后关系，动作在前的用过去完成时，在后的用一般过去时。这种用法常出现在：（ 1 ）宾语从

10、句中当宾语从句的主句为一般过去时，且从句的动作先于主句的动作时，从句要用过 去 完 成 时 。 在 told, said, knew, heard, thought 等 动 词 后的 宾 语 从 句 。如： She said that she had seen the film before.2 ）状语从句中在时间、条件、原因、方式等状语从句中，主、从句的动作发生有先后关系，动作在前的，要用过去完成时，动作在后的要用一般过去时。如：When I got to the station, the train had already left.After he had finished his ho

11、mework, he went to bed.注意： before, after 引导的时间状语从句中，由于 before 和 after 本身已表达了动作的先后关系，若主、从句表示的动作紧密相连，则主、从句都用一般过去时。如：Where did you study before you came here?After he closed the door, he left the classroom.（ 3 ）表示意向的动词，如 hope, wish, expect, think, intend, mean, suppose 等，用过去完成时表示 原本 ，未能 We had hoped th

12、at you would come, but you didnt.3. 根据上、下文来判定。I met Wang Tao in the street yesterday. We hadnt seen each other since he went to Beijing.过去完成时的主要用法1. 过去完成时表示一个动作或状态在过去某一时间或动作之前已经完成或结束，即发生在“过去的过去” 。如：When I woke up, it had stopped raining. 我醒来时，雨已经停了。（主句的动作发生在“过去的过去” ）2. 过去完成时是一个相对的时态， 表示的是 “过去的过去”，只有

13、和过去某一时间或某一动作相比较时才使用它。如： He told me that he had written a new book. (had written发生在 told 之前 )3. 过去完成时需要与一个表示过去的时间状语连用，它不能离开过去时间而独立存在。此时多与 already ， yet ， still ， just ， before ， never 等时间副词及 by ， before ， until 等引导的短语或从句连用。如：Before she came to China, Grace had taught English in a middle school for ab

14、out fiv e years.Peter had collected more than 300 Chinese stamps by the time he was ten.4. 过去完成时表示某一动作或状态在过去某时之前已经开始，一直延续到这一过去时间，而且动作尚未结束，仍然有继续下去的可能。如： By the end of last year, he had worked in the factory for twenty years. （ h ad worked 已有了 20 年，还有继续进行下去的可能）5. 过 去 完 成 时 还 可 用 在 hardly when , no soo

15、ner than ( 刚就 ), It was the first (second, etc) time (that) 等固定句型中。e.g： Hardly had he begun to speak when the audience interrupted him. 他刚开始演讲，听众就打断了他。No sooner had he arrived than he went away again.他刚到就又走了。It was the third time that he had been out of work that year.这是他那一年第三次失业了四、过去完成时与现在完成时的区别现在完

16、成时表示的动作发生在过去，但侧重对现在产生的结果或造成的影响，与现在有关， 其结构为 “助动词 have (has) +过去分词”；过去完成时则是一个相对的时态，它所表示的动作不仅发生在过去，更强调“过去的过去” ，只有和过去某时或某动作相比较时，才用到它。试比较：I have learned 1000 English words so far.到目前为止我已经学会了1000 个英语单词。I had learned 1000 English words till then.到那时为止我已经学会了1000 个英语单词。 Im sorry to keep you waiting. 对不起，让你久等

17、了。 Oh, not at all. I have been here only a few minutes.没什么，我只等了几分钟。 （“等”的动作从过去某一时间点持续到现在） John returned home yesterday. 约翰昨天回到家的。 Where had he been?他去哪儿了？（答语中使用过去完成时是指约翰在returned home 之前去了哪些地方，即“过去的过去” ）过去完成时专项练习1He asked me _ during the summer holidays.A. where I had beenB. where I had goneC. where

18、 had I beenD. where had I gone2. What _ Jane _ by the time he was sever?A. did, doB. has, doneC did, did.D. had, done3. I _ 900 English words by the time I was ten。A. learnedB. was learningC. had learnedD. learnt4. She _livedhere for _ years.A. had, a fewB. has, severalC. had, a lot ofD. has, a grea

19、t deal of5. By the time my parents reached home yesterday, I _ the dinner already.A had cookedB. cookedC. have cookedD. was cooked6. She said she_ the principle alreadyA .has seenB. sawC. will seeD. had seen7. She said her family _ themselves _ the army during the war.A. has hidden, fromB. had hidde

20、n, fromC. has hidden, withD. had hidden, with8. By the time he was ten years old, he _.A.has completed universityB. has completed the universityB.had completed an universityD. had completed university9. She hadwritten a number of books _ the end of last year.A. forB. inC. byD. at10. He _ to play _ b

21、efore he was 11 years old.A had learned, pianoB. had learned, the pianoC. has learned, the pianoD. learns ,piano.11. What _ Annie _ by the time he was ten?A. did, doB. did, didC. has, doneD. had done12 .He _ in the factory for three years before he joined the Army.A. has workedB. worksC. had workedD

22、. will work13. By the end of last week, they _ the bridge.A. has completedB. completedC. will completeD. had completed14. Benhates playing _ violin, but he likes playing _ football.A. atheB. thetheC. /theD. the/15. By the time he was 4, he _ a lot of German words.A. had learnedB. has learnedC. learn

23、edD. learns16 .Jim turned off the lights and then _ the classroom.A. was leftB. had leftC. has leftD. left17.They _ in Guangzhou since 2000.A. livedB. had livedC. have livedD. were livin18. The train from Beijing_ ten minutes ago.A. has arrivedB. was arrivingC. arrivedD. had arrived19. The students_

24、 their classroom when the visitors arrived.A . have cleanedB. had cleanedC. was cleanedD. have been cleaned20. Fergie_ the project in one hour.A. have finishedB. will finishC. finishesD. has finished21. The man _ his coat and went out.A. put onB. had put onC. will put onD. was putting on22 My mother

25、_ in that factory at the age of 18.A. had workedB. has workedC. workedD. works23. Dad _ while he _ TV.A .fell asleepwatchB. was falling asleep watchedC. fell asleepwas watchingD. had fallen asleep watched.1. We _ (paint) the house before we _ (move) in.2. That rich old man _ (make) a will before he

26、_ (die).3. They _ (study) the map of the country before they _ (leave ) 4. The robbers _ (run away ) before the policemen_ (arrive).5. I _ (turn off) all the lights before I _ (go) to bed.6. Paul _ (go) out with Jane after he _ (make) a phone call.7. Tom _ (say) he _ (read) the book twice.8. Our pla

27、n _ (fail ) because we _ (make) a bad mistake.9. When the chairman _ (finish) speaking, he _ (leave)the hall. 10.The Reads _ (have) lunch when I _(get) to their house.11.When I _(arrive) at the station, he _(leave )12.We _(learn) about 4000 English words by the end of last term.13. I waited until he

28、 _(finish) his homework.14. We were surprised at what she _already _(do)15.She _(not go) to Qingdao because she _ (be) there before.16. He _(not tell) you the news yet.17. He said he _already_(give) the book to the teacher.18. I _(be) to Shanghai before.19. She told me she _(be) to Sanya three times

29、.20.She _(play) the guitar while her sister_(sing).1I had sold the ticket when she came.（改否定句）2.She had sung a song to us before she danced.（改否定句）3.They began to climb the mountain after they had bought all the food and drinks.（否定）4.By 10:00 a.m, I had been very hungry（.改一般疑问）5.Lucy had already completed the project when I arrived.（改一般疑问）6.By the time he got to the airport, the plane had taken off.（改一般疑问）7.He had broken his arm when