发达国家和发展中发展对比英文版

1、-A Comparison of Health Problems of Developing Countries andDeveloped CountriesDevelopment status of medical healthcare industry of developed countries:America medicals care industry is highly concentrated. America is the largestmedical investor, the growth of medical costs has exceeded the growth o

2、f GDP overthe year and covers more than 20% of GDP now. In recent years, a great many largemedical cluster have emerged in America such as Texas Medical Center andUniversity of Pittsburgh Medical Center, all are equipped with more than 10 generalhospitals and education and research centers. Huge med

3、ical market and relativelyperfect hospitals constitute many large hospital enterprise groups, such as HospitalCorporation of America, which is the world largest private health service operator.HCA has about 200 hospitals and healthcare institutions in 12 states of America andEurope and more than 168

4、,000 employees. With a wide coverage of free medicalservices, public hospitals cover 87.6% and private hospitals 4.6% in Canada, the restare hospitals of the federal government. Tax revenues paid by citizens are allocated tohospitals, hospitals apply for an annual budget as per community situations,

5、 purchaseequipment and hygienic materials, and distribute paychecks to employees excludingdoctors. Doctors pay is covered by the government as per the patient bills. In additionto expensesfor outpatient service and medicine, hospitalization expenses,meal feeand medical fee are free of charge. Wide c

6、overage, convenience and operability offree medical service make Canadian medical care systems most popular in western-countries. Swiss medicals healthcare industry combines multiple ownerships andmulti-level medical organizations. In recent years, Swiss medial healthcare serviceindustry has boomed,

7、 surpassed the scale of traditional horologe manufacturingindustry and contributed to about 30% of GDP. Medical healthcare industry hasbecome a strong power spurring Swiss economics growth which mainly featuresmultipleownership medical institutionsand multi-levelmedical organizations.Swiss smedical

8、institutionsmainlycontain hospitals and private clinics.Thegovernment adopts government regulations separate from management for publichospitals and appropriates hospital funds through the hospital union. Healthcaresupporting service establishes a pattern of diversified investment. About 25% of thea

9、ged choose demonstrative institutions for old-age care with sponsorship of thegovernment and profit-seeking or non-profit institutions for old-age care with theinvestments of enterprises, social organizations and individuals such as old peoplehome, nursing home and hospice care institution. The form

10、er aims to solve supportingissues of childless old people under the charge of the government. With developedendowment industry, Japan is the country with the highest aging rate and the fastestaging speed. Three supporting patterns such as family supporting, hosing supportingand institution supportin

11、g are established in the long-term practice of coping withaging, where, institution supporting can be divided into special nursing home, nursinghome and low-cost nursing home according to different types of the aged anddemands. Japan endowments industry, called elderlys welfare industry, agingindust

12、ry or silver industry etc, is a general term of folk profit-making activities aimed-at satisfying high-level lifeand culture needs and providing the agedwithcommodities and services, itmainly consists of real estate, finance, housekeepingservice, articles for use, instrument, culture and life servic

13、es and other industries. Withhuge investments in the development of health industry, the Japanesegovernmentpays close attention to health industry, meanwhile, commercial enterprises areprevented to seek excessive profits and thus lower the service quality. Korea sindustry expands rapidly. In recent

14、years, the Korean government has regarded healthindustry as a new growth power of the informationtechnology era, established thetarget to enable Korea to be the world No.7 healthcare power in 2020, accelerated tobuild top medical industrial districts, constructed core facilities such as new medicine

15、development and supporting center, top medical facility development center and newmedicine clinical experiment production center, and strived to enable Korea to be agenuine “ international medical service hub” before 2020.In order to study differences between developing countries and developed count

16、ries,we carry out analysis and comparison in the perspective of health education.Comparison of health education of China and developed countries:1 Physical health education mode1.1 Teaching modeCourses such as physical education, health and life safety are opened in China anddeveloped countries with

17、 the view to teach students to learn or make progress inenhancement of physical fitness, improvement of physical quality, acquisition of-health knowledge and skills, establishment of healthy life idea and formation ofhealthy lifestyle. The fierce debate on name of physical education (and health) and

18、“ separateset mode”or “integrated set mode”of physical education curriculum and health curriculum arising from the Chinese 8th course reform is because knowledge of physical education is closely related to that of health, however, education institutions dont set up health curriculum independently bu

19、t adopt the integrated set mode of physical education (and health) so as to implement physical health education, which covers not only physical education (and health) but also ideology and morality, social science, science and biology. The jurisdiction right of American education belongs to states w

20、ith uniform set modes of physical education and health, where, 10 states such as New Jersey and New York set up the integrated curriculum of physical education and health education, while other 32 states such as Utah, Hawaii and Lodhran set up two courses separately. Western countries such as German

21、y and English adopt the separate set mode. Besides, health education is also set in Germany, and Personal, Social and Health Education (PSHE) is separately set n England. Both Australia and Japan use the integrated set mode. Australia sets up health and physical education, while Japan healthcare spo

22、rts. In conclusion, the physical health education mode adopted in China and developed countries is actual the product of the combined action of educational administration systems, sports culture education traditions and physical health education ideas.1.2 ComparisonThe comparison of the physical hea

23、lth education mode of China and developed-countries showed, the main similarity of the set mode of China, Australia and Japan,the separate set mode and integrated set mode of America as well as the separate setmode of Germany and British focuses on the consistency of physical education (andhealth) t

24、hrough separate set mode or integrated set mode stressed on student ssynthetically and intensifying the proportion ofphysical “education based” on coursethrough separate set mode or integrated set mode. The difference focuses on theintegrated set mode of China, Australia and Japan, the separate set

25、mode andintegrated set mode of America, and the separate set mode of Germany and British.Both similarities and differences are originated from different production modes andlife styles as well as different cultural education tranditions of China and developedcountries.2. The management of physical h

26、ealth education 2.1 Management systemJust like many developed countries ( not including Germany and USA that implement the decentralized management in their states), China has built the three-level curriculum management system including the national curriculum standard, local curriculum standard and

27、 school teaching program. However, the subjects involved in the three-level curriculum system have been given different levels of authority. For example, PETeachingSyllabus, PE and Health Teaching Syllabus and PE and Health Curriculum Standard adopted by many Chinese schools have gone through the de

28、legation of authority, which is featured by the centralization, partially restrictive, standard provision and the instruction for three curriculums. The local government-has owned the highest authority for the physical education and health courses. It alsoencourages the local schools to design the d

29、istinctive courses tailored to their actualcondition. （ Suzan F Ayers， ay D Martinez ， 2007）The Department of Education andSkills in the UK has laid out the standard for national curriculums related to thehealth education and physical education. In cooperation with the National Ministryof Health, Na

30、tional Education Standard and Promotion Committee as well as theQualification and Curriculum Quality Supervision Bureau, it has also engaged in thesupervision, instruction and evaluation of the relevant curriculums. The healthcurriculum adopted by those high schools in the UK is short for Personal,

31、Social andHealth Education (PSHE). It became a course required by the national law in 2002. Atpresent, even more than 50 percent of those high schools and elementary schools inthe UK have set up the position of the coordinator for health education. Those statesand local authorities in Australia are

32、jointly responsible for designing and managingthe national curriculum standard for health education. For instance, thecurriculumfor health and physical education in New South Wales is short for PersonalDevelopment, Health and Physical Education (PDHPE). It is also the only placenaming its curriculum

33、 for health and physical education in this way on a global scale.The Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology in Japan is incharge of designing the Learning Instruction whose newest standard was completedduring the third round of curriculum reform in 2008.The course for physica

34、lfitnessand education executed in the highschool andelementaryschool isa typicalexample. Despite the great authorityheld by the Ministry ofEducation, Culture,-Sports, Science and Technology, the government has already empowered thoseschools to design their curriculums to a large extent. The authorit

35、y for the educationlaw, financial grant and administrative management in USA and Germany mainlyreside in the states. For example, the Ministry of Education in USA is merelyresponsible for the policy research and educational consultation. In general, it willaddress the issue of health education and q

36、uality education in the whole country inaccordance with educational bill. As to Germany, the authority for education will restwiththe federal government and the state-level departments of cultureandeducation. The joint conference attended by those directors from the departments ofculture and educati

37、on will be held to deal with therelevant affairs in those states.Although the authority for the physical health education in USA and Germany merelyresides in the educational authorities and schools of all levels, there has been also awell-developed social network devoted to the education of physical

38、 health. The socialnetwork in USA has involved the department of health and public services, physicalqualityand sports committee,health alliance, sports alliance, entertainmentappliance, dancing alliance and national sports association. Moreover, the socialnetwork in Germany has involved the state-l

39、evel ministry of education, nationalhealth education, national medical insurance company and sports department.Whether it is for the three-level curriculum management system adopted by China,UK, Australia and Japan or the state-level education management system in USA andGermany, all of the six coun

40、tries have resorted to the constitution, basic laws andeducation law to ensure that all students studying in various educational agencies-should be entitled to the right for the physical health education2.2 ComparisonAccording to the comparison between the management mode of physical healtheducation

41、 between China and developed countries, the similarity in the physicalhealth education in the six countries should be attributedto the provision ofeducational law aimed at safeguarding those students right for physical healtheducation. They have also tailored the education management mode to their o

42、wnactual conditions. The dissimilarity lies in the difference in the political system andcultural system between China and those developed countries（.邱晨辉，陈竹 2013）3. The content of physical health education 3.1 Main contentOn one hand, the physical health education and PE curriculum in China and thos

43、e developed countries have aimed to improve the physical function and quality, acquire the health-related knowledge as well as form the healthy lifestyle and concept. On the other hand, due to the difference in the education, culture, economy, course setting and health management system, the content

44、 of physical heath education in those countries have been different from each other. In 2011, the new edition of PE and Heath Curriculum Standardwas revised and released in China based on the experimental draft of PE and Health Curriculum Standardin 2001. Besides the emphasis on the physical fitness

45、 and humanistic concern, it has also proposed the-concept of showing concern for life. On the basis of encouraging the healthy lifestyle,it has integrated various knowledge regarding health care, safety education andsurvival skills, which marks the progress of the PE and health education in China. T

46、hehealth and PE education in USA, Germany and UK has set a high value on thewhole-person education. It can not only well equip the young citizens to prepare forthe challenge in the adult life but also contribute to the economic growth, politicalprogress, cultural prosperity and social stability. The

47、 American government has setup the Physical and Sports Presidential Committee merely out of the political needs.Germany has emphasized the campus environment and collective education. The UKhas pursued the whole-person education in aid of the social development of thosestudents. The health and PE cu

48、rriculumin Australia has covered the social,psychological, physical and spiritual health based on the generally health-relatedconcepts. It has also adhered to the principle of the development of those studentsbeing supreme. What is more, the 8 modules, including the active lifestyle, dancing,game an

49、d sports, growth and development, gymnastics, interpersonal relationship,individual healthy choice and safe life, are included in the curriculum for health andPE curriculum. Since the Second World War, Japan has made three dramatic reformsin the health and PE curriculum. （ 赵丹妮， 2007 ）In consideratio

50、n of the problemssuch as the weakening physical quality and sports ability of those Japanese students,the Learning Instruction Outline for Health and PE Curriculum was revised for theseventh time in 2008. The courses for the health and PE teaching are prolonged.With the necessity of survival skills

51、emphasized, marital arts (such as judo) and-dancing (such as national dancing) have been included in the required courses inhonor of the traditional culture .3.2 ComparisonAccording to the comparison of the content of PE education between China anddeveloped countries (China, USA, Germany and UK for

52、whole-person education,Australian concept centered on the development of those students and Japansrespect for the traditional culture), the similarity lies in the acquisition of thehealth-related knowledge and skills as well as the healthy lifestyle. All of them haveadhered to the principle of pursu

53、ing the physical and mental health of those studentsbased on the health care, safety education and survival skills. The dissimilarity lies inwhether the content of PE education leans toward the healthy knowledge and skillsor the healthy lifestyle. At a deeper level, it should be attributed to the di

54、fference inthe philosophy, ideology and educational theory between China and developedcountries. （赵丹妮， 2007）4.Physical health testing in school4.1 testing standardDeveloped country and China test students health status regularly according toStudents Physical Health Testing Standard published by themselves. Their goal is toprovide scientificbasis forthe nationaleducation, health, medical treatment,environment and the draft and revision of developing plans, education laws andeducation policy. Since 1985, China has im