管理会计的发展历程-外文文献及翻译

1、Introduction to the present situation and development of management accounting the connotation of management accounting Management accounting is the accounting and managementdirectly combined with a comprehensive discipline, it is based on modern management theory, using a series of special methods

2、and techniques, for financial accounting and statistics and other relevant information to carry on the recognition, measurement, sorting, comparison and analysis, to organize the internal management personnel at all levels throughout the organization and individual responsibility to its unit current

3、 and future economic activity forecast, decision-making, planning, control and evaluation, the management authorities for rational allocation of their resources and use to provide scientific basis to make optimal decision. Management accounting subjects include business leaders and management person

4、nel, asking them to not only the fierce competition between modern enterprises to understand the operation and management, and knowledge of management, and management depends on management accounting provides the management decision of information. Therefore, the enterprise leaders own perspective a

5、s well as the importance of management accounting, directly affect the application of management accounting in the enterprise. In addition, the application of management accounting need to adopt flexible and varied methods to collecting, sorting, processing all kinds of information, objectively requ

6、ires to be able to do the work of highly qualified management accounting personnel, should not only have the management consciousness,the master of management accounting, economics, prediction and statistics knowledge, but also should know the organizational behavior, psychology and other related so

7、cial science knowledge, to the management accounting theory into practice, make them give full play to the role. the present situation of the management accounting in our country At present, our country enterprise managementmode is still in the building of management accounting as part of enterprise

8、 management, whether in the theoretical research, still exist many deficiencies in the practice, mainly displays in the following areas: First, the theory has not formed a set of relatively scientific management accounting system. Management accounting the lack of a solid theoretical basis and metho

9、ds, lack of uniqueness. With the development of knowledge economy, management accounting theory innovation didnt catch up with the development of the economic environment. Second, the method has great limitations in the application in practice. Due to the traditional management accounting theory is

10、set up under the specific economic environment, the identified quantitative models and assumptions in changing reality economic life, there are many is not established, it is difficult to use these theories and models to solve practical problems. Third, old ideas, not to meet the requirements of mod

11、ern management. Some of traditional management accounting methods are based on the concept of it has become obsolete over time. Fourth, short-sighted, attaches great importance to the immediate interests only. Traditional managementaccounting in setting business objectives, decision analysis and cos

12、t control, tend to focus on the enterprise internal environment and the authors throttling of existing products, they are concerned about the immediate interests, the pursuit of short-term profit maximization, and ignore the design and development of new products, to ignore the impact of the externa

13、l environment change to the enterprise internal environment and the influence of non-monetary measurement factors, neglect the pursuit of a greater degree of comprehensive long-term shareholder value maximization. The development of managemeng accounting in China Chinas long accounting history,exten

14、ding back more than three thousand years,reflects its position as one of the wordoldest civilizations.This history includes the development of various forms of bookkeeping systems.including the “increase- decrease”method that was in prevalent use from 1960s to the 1980s.The development of these syst

15、ems played a significant part in the evolution of Chinese accounting. The evolution of accounting continued during the period of the socialist economy.During this period Chinese companies faced similar problems of industrial organization and control as companies in market-oriented economies and deve

16、loped their own unique management accounting techniques,includin”gmass line accounting” The practice of management accounting in China has continued to evolve since the beginning of the transaction to a socialist market economy.This includes the adoption of Western-style techniques.As may be expecte

17、d,this adoption of western techniques is influenced by the extent of companiesinteractions with foreign parters. Despite the adoption of these adoption of these techniques by some firms,questions remain regarding the applicability of these techniques,or the need to modify them,in a non-Western setti

18、ng due to cultural and institutional differences,which result in differences in decision-making in a team-based work setting,managerial styles,and organizational structure,aming other things. It has been argued that Chinese firms are unlikely to find an entirely satisfactory management accounting fr

19、amework in the West.Modifying these techniques may help:Tang and Li describe implementation of a scorecard system at a large Chinese state-owned enterprise.using a set of perspectives different from those in Kaplan and Nortons balanced scorecard. While prior studies have contributed to our understan

20、ding of Chinese management accounting practices,they may be limited in that the business environment of the Peoples Republic of China is undergoing a period of rapid evolution and these studies may not reflect current practice.Besides providing a broader view of management accounting than most of th

21、e above-cited studies,the current study thus also contributes to the accounting literature by providing an updated view of management accounting in the Peoples Republic of China today.As Scapens,R.And Meng Y. note,”so long as the government continues the policies of economic reform and openness,ther

22、e is doubt that management accounting will play an increasingly important role in the management of Chinese enterprises.”By providing an unprecedented view of management accounting in contemporary China,and by identitying its strengths and weaknesses,this study should help facilitate its future deve

23、lopment and growth. the development trend of management accounting First, on the concept of innovation. In order to adapt to the objective economic environment of the contemporary changing, impregnable in the fierce market competition, enterprises should first renew the idea, keeping a close eye on

24、market trends, according to the change of market demand timely adjust enterprise production and business operation activities, in order to get market competition advantage. Second to have overall advantage as the foundation and conditions, the management as a whole to carry on the analysis, sets up

25、the overall concept, overall analysis and evaluation of enterprises management activities. Finally to build value as the core of enterprise culture. Second, strengthen the management of accounting education. Theory for the stages of higher education and the latest development of management accountin

26、g theory, writing corresponding teaching materials, economic colleges and universities should not only set the management accounting as a professional backbone course in accounting major teaching plan, but also in other related to open this course, to let more students understand and master the mana

27、gement accounting theory. Only let enterprise leadership to management accounting have some basic understanding, so that it is aware of management accounting in enterprise that play an important role in future survival and development, they would like to work in the future, focus on management accou

28、nting in the prediction, decision making, planning, control the role, will truly theory of management accounting applied in the practice of enterprise. Third, summarize the experience of the management accounting, form their own management accounting system. Chinese management accounting system, wal

29、k in the way of typical case study, from practice to practice, combining theory with practice, and to find out the objective laws of development of management accounting, to facilitate the further development of management accounting. Fourth, the homework cost method and target cost method will beco

30、me a mainstream application. At present, many enterprises in our country are all adopt the mode of many varieties, small batch production, to the enterprise as the pilot unit, and accounting and management personnel with enterprise improve degree of automation and to raise the level of cost manageme

31、nt ideas and market matures and perfect and dissemination of a wide range of USES, forming a nationwide cost calculation and management methods, which not only can provide relatively accurate cost information, and helps to formulate scientific and effective business decision-making, investment decis

32、ion-making, improve the enterprise competition ability, increase the enterprise value, promote the level of economic development in our country. Therefore, homework cost method would be on the core method of cost management in our country in the future. Fifth, the balance of financial and non-financ

33、ial indicators become important means of performance appraisal. Is a long time, the evaluation index system of wide application in the enterprise especially listed companies, the investment return rate index has become a guidance to the enterprises a powerful tool for investment, financing, income d

34、istribution, and high investment return rate also tend to become synonymous with excellent performance. With the expansion of enterprise and department system is becoming more and more confused, return rate indicators show great limitations. Investment return rate sometimes even bring the wrong sign

35、al, may mask some departments actual performance, and make people pay attention to the calculation of relative rate, ignoring the absolute amount of performance evaluation. Predictably, the development of management accounting is future, with limitless scenery, has a long way to go. Innovation will

36、be more difficult. But, with all parties efforts and support, the management accounting will develop into a system, perfect and have guiding and practical science, must be in the world economy, the national economy, the enterprise management plays more and more important role. 浅谈管理会计的现状及其发展 一、管理会计的内

37、涵 管理会计是会计学与管理学直接结合的一门综合性学科，它以现代管理理 论为基础，运用一系列专门方法和技术，对财务会计和统计资料及其他相关资 料进行确认、计量、整理、对比和分析，为组织内部各级管理人员对其整个组 织及各个责任单位当前和未来的经济活动进行预测、决策、规划、控制和评价 考核，为管理当局对其资源的合理配置和使用做出最优决策提供科学依据。 管理会计主体包括企业领导者和管理会计人员，现代企业之间的激烈竞争 要求他们不仅要懂经营管理，还要通晓管理，而管理离不开管理会计为之提供 经营决策的信息。因此，企业领导者自身的思想高度以及对管理会计的重视程 度，直接影响到管理会计在企业中的应用。另外，管

38、理会计的应用需要采用灵 活多样的技术方法来收集、整理、加工各种信息，客观上要求能够胜任该项工 作的高素质的管理会计人员，不仅要具备管理意识，掌握管理会计学、经济 学、预测学和统计学方面的知识，而且还应了解组织行为学、心理学等相关的 社会学科知识，才能把管理会计的理论变为实践，使其充分发挥作用。 二、我国管理会计的现状 当前，我国企业管理模式尚处于构建之中，管理会计作为企业经营管理的 一部分，无论在理论研究上，还是实践中均存在很多不足，主要表现在以下方 面： 第一，理论上尚未形成一套较为科学的管理会计体系。管理会计缺乏坚实 的理论基础，并且方法庞杂，缺乏独特性。随着知识经济的发展，管理会计的 理

39、论创新没有跟上经济环境的发展步伐。 第二，方法在实务中的运用具有较大的局限性。由于传统管理会计的理论 是依据特定的经济环境而建立起来的，所确定的定量模型和假设在变化着的现 实经济生活中有许多并不能成立，很难运用这些理论和模型来解决实际问题。 第三，观念陈旧，不适应现代管理的要求。传统管理会计的某些方法所赖 以立足的观念随着时间的推移已经变得陈旧。 第四，目光短浅，只重视眼前利益。传统管理会计在制订经营目标，进行 决策分析或成本控制时，往往只关注企业内部环境及现有产品的降本节流等问 题，其所关心的是眼前利益，追求的是短期利润最大化，而忽视对新产品的设 计和开发，忽视外部环境变化对企业内部环境的影

40、响以及非货币计量因素的影 响，忽视追求长期的综合程度更高的股东价值最大化。 三、我国管理会计的发展 中国悠久的会计史可以追溯到 3000 年前，这也体现了它作为世界上最古老 的文明古国的地位。这段历史还包括各种各样的簿记制度的形成，其中包括 20 世纪 60-80 年代普遍使用的“增减”记账法，这些制度的形成对推动中国会计 发展起了重要作用。 中国会计在计划经济时期继续成长。在这一时期，中国公司面临工业的组 织和管理问题，这些问题也类似市场经济下所面临的问题。同时，中国发展了 一些独特的管理会计方法，包括“群众路线会计”。 自从向社会主义市场经济转型以来，中国企业的管理会计实践继续向前发 展，

41、这包括了采用西式技术。可以预计，采用西方的方法，会随着与外国伙伴 交流的增加而增加。 尽管这些方法被有些企业所采用了，但在非西方的背景下，由于文化和制 度上的差别，会引起在以团队为基础的工作背景下的决策过程的差别、管理风 格上的差别和组织结构上的差别等等，这些方法是否适用、是否需要加以修 改，都仍然是有待解决的问题。 有人曾认为，中国企业不见得能够从西方找到一个完全令人满意的管理会 计框架。对西方的这些方法加以修改，能有助于中国：Tang and Li描述了在一 大型国有企业实施记分卡制度的做法，这家企业采用的指标组合与 Kaplan and Norton 的著作中介绍的平衡计分卡的做法有所不同。 过