2021年大学英语自学教程下

1、资料来源：来自本人网络整理！祝您工作顺利！2021年大学英语自学教程下 大学英语自学教程是由北大、清华、人大等名校百名命题专家，严格根据最新自考大纲及最新教材细心编写而成的。下面是我给大家整理的大学英语自学教程下，供大家参阅! 大学英语自学教程(下册)教案 讲义一 text a what is a decision ? i.课文内容简介 决策的目的是制定和实现组织目的。作决策的缘由是有问题存在、目的和目的不正确、或者有某种东西防碍目的或目的的实现。作决策的过程对管理人员来说至关重要。决策者必需具备从多个可供选择的可能性中确定最正确选择的手段。而多种目的的挨次和重要性也局部地基于决策者的价值观。

2、今日所作的决策可能会对将来产生深远的影响。因此，有阅历的管理者能从当前决策看到将来的效果。 段落大意：课文分成三局部 第一、二段：决策的定义 the definition of decision 第三、四段：作决策的一般过程 the general process of making a decision 第五至九段：在管理层次上，多种因素影响决策的制定 various factors influencing decision making at the managerial level ii.new words 词汇精讲 1.goal n. 目的，进球，球门 ( 同义词：aim ，end ，

3、 purpose，objective) her goal is a place at university. 她的目的是在大学任教。 2.objective ： n./a. 目的;目的(尤指较长远的目的);宗旨/客观的，照实的 派生词：object n. 物体 反义词：subjective n./a. 主语;主观事物;/ 主观的， 用法：her objective is to get a college education. 她的目的是承受大学训练。 if you dont work hard， youll never achieve your objectives. 假设你不努力工作，你将永

4、久达不到目的。achieve表示较难到达的目的。 it is an objective report. 这是一篇照实的报道。 3.accomplish v. 完成(任务)等the students accomplished the task in less than ten minutes . 同学们在不到10分钟内完成了任务。 4.predict ： v 预言，预示， 预告 同义词：forecast v. 预报，预报 its hard to predict when it will happen . 很难预见这件事何时发生。 5.accompany ： v. 伴随，伴随 the lonely

5、 old man is accompanied by his dog. 这位孤独的老人让他的狗做伴。 all orders must be accompanied with cash. 全部的订货单必需随付现金。 派生词： company n. 公司; v. 陪伴 6.implement v.施行，履行(诺言)等 the committees suggestions will be implemented immediately. 委员会的看法将马上贯彻执行。 the changes to the national health system will be implemented next

6、year. 对全国医疗体系的改革将在明年进展。 7.constraint n. 限制， 约束 they told the truth but only under constraint. constraint on the rules of grammer 他们说了实话但是有所保存(是被迫的)。 语法规章的限制(约束) 8.tendency n. 趋势，倾向 there is a growing tendency for people to work at home instead of in offices. 人们在家里而不是在办公室里工作的趋势日益增长。 派生词：tend v. 趋向，倾向

7、 用法：tend to do sth. he tends to get angry when people disagree with him. 当人们不同意他的看法时，他很简单生气。 9.achievement n. 完成，成就， an olympic silver medal is a remarkable achievement for one so young . 对一个如此年轻的人来说，获得奥运会银牌是个了不得的成就。 派生词：achieve v. 完成，做到，到达(目的)，实现，获得 he will never achieve his objectives if he doesnt

8、 work hard. 假如他不努力，将会永久达不到目的。 10.attain ：v. 到达;获得 (长期努力后而获得)同义词：obtain， get 用法： she has made up her mind to attain her goal in life. 她下定决心要到达生活中的目的。 the apple tree has attained to a great height. 苹果树已长得很高了。 11.optimal adj 最正确的 the sailors are waiting for optimal weather conditions before taking off

9、.船员们正在等待出航的最正确天气条件。 12.argue ： vt./vi. 争论，争辩，辩论 用法：作不及物动词用时，后边可以接with， about 或over(就争辩)，for (赞成)或against (反对) she is always ready to argue over the smallest issues. 她总喜爱为微小的问题进展争辩。 he often argues philosophy with james. 他常和詹姆斯争论哲学。 he argued for immediate action . 他主见马上行动。 they argued against such a

10、 policy. 他们反对这种政策。 作及物动词时，表示劝说、用辩论证明的意思 i argued him out going on such a dangerous journey. 我劝说他不做这样危急的旅行。 he argued that man was descended from apes. 他论证人类的祖先是猿。 13.scheme n 方案 方案 he has got a crazy scheme for getting rich before he is 20 . 他制定了一个在20岁之前发财的疯狂方案。 14.multiple adj 多样的 复合的 what the pers

11、on does next is the result of the multiple influences to which they have been exposed. 一个人下一步会做什么是他受到的多种影响的结果。 15.ongoing adj 进展中的，前进的 no agreement has yet been reached and the negotiations one still ongoing . 目前还没有达成任何协议，会谈仍在进展。 16.entity n 存在 实体 he regarded the north of the country as a separate c

12、ultural entity. 他把这个国家的北方看成一个单独的文化实体。 17.skilled adj 娴熟的，有技能的 my mother is very skilled at /in dress-making. 我母亲特别擅长做衣服。 phrases and expressions 1.(stand， get， be ) in the way 碍事 ，挡道的;阻碍人的 if you are not going to help， at least dont get in the way! 假如你不愿帮助，至少别阻碍人家。 the chair is in the way， please mo

13、ve it away. 这把椅子挡着路，请把它移开。 相关短语： in a way 在某种程度上;在某些方面; 从某一点上看 in no way 决不;一点也不; in the way of 根据; 就。 而言 by way of 取道，经由 by the way 顺便问一下 2.to make a guess at 猜想 you might have been able to make a guess at who she was. 你原来可以猜到她是谁。 can you make a guess at the price ? 你猜得出价钱吗? 3.to seek to(inf) 寻求，争取

14、 power stations are seeking to reduce their use of oil. 发电站正在设法削减石油的用法 4.in part ： 局部地;有些局部;在某种程度上 this was in part due to financial difficulties. 局部是由于财政困难。 the responsibility was in part because of me. 局部责任在我。 5.point of view 视点，视角 the book looks at college life from a students point of view. 这本书从

15、一个同学的视角来看大同学活。 6.to vary from to 从到不同，因 而异 salary scales vary from state to state. 工资级别因州而异。 7.contribute to 把 奉献给。 well contribute ourselves to this career after we graduate . 我们毕业后将为此事业作奉献。 contribute to 导致 smoking is the main factor contributing to lung cancer. 吸烟是导致肺癌的主要因素。 8.be beneficial to 对

16、有利 jogging is beneficial to our health. 慢跑有利于我们的安康。 reciting passages is beneficial to improving oral english. 朗读(背诵)短文段落对进步英语口语有利。 iii.课文精讲 第一局部 para.1 a decision is a choice made from among alternative courses of action that are available. the purpose of making a decision is to establish and achie

17、ve organizational goals and objectives. the reason for making a decision is that a problem exists， goals or objectives are wrong， or something is standing in the way of accomplishing them. 1.made from among alternative courses of action 是过去分词短语作定语courses of action 行动方针that are available 是定语从句，修饰概念短语

18、行动方针 2.the reason for making a decision is that a problem exists， goals or objectives are wrong， or something is standing in the way of accomplishing them. 此句是由that引导的表语从句，表语从句由a problem exist; goals of objectives are wrong; 及something is standing in the way of accomplishing them三个并列句构成。 the reason

19、for is that 是一个常用的句子。例： the reason for canceling the travel is that they lack of money. 取消旅行的缘由是他们手头缺钱。 the reason why 是另外一个常用的句子。例：there are 3 reasons why they are unwilling to discuss insurance .他们不情愿议论保险的缘由有三个。 para.2 thus the decision-making process is fundamental to management. almost everythin

20、g a manager does involves decisions， indeed， some suggest that the management process is decision making. although managers cannot predict the future， many of their decisions require that they consider possible future events. often managers must make a best guess at what the future will be and try t

21、o leave as little as possible to chance， but since uncertainty is always there， risk accompanies decisions. sometimes the consequences of a poor decision are slight; at other times they are serious. 3.a manager does是省略that的定语从句，修饰先行词everything 领先行词为everything， something， anything， nothing等不定代词时定语从句引

22、导词不行用which， 此句的后半局部 some suggest that 是宾语从句suggest v. 认为，提出，建议(其后的宾语从句多用于虚拟语气) 4.although conj.虽然，尽管引导让步状语从句 例如：although my car is very old，it still runs very well . 虽然我的汽车很旧，但是仍旧跑得很好。 require vt. 要求，需要 后边由that引导一个宾语从句 5.often managers must make a best guess at what the future will be and try to lea

23、ve as little as possible to chance， but since uncertainty is always there， risk accompanies decisions. make a best guess at 作出最正确猜想，at 表示动作或行为的方向和目的，如：look at (看) ，aim at (瞄准，目的是)，throw (a stone) at (向掷石头)，shoot at (射击)，laugh at (嘲讽) 本句中what the future will be 是一个介词宾语从句，(作介词at 的宾语);to leave sth. to

24、chance 凭运气，听任命运的支配，听其自然进展 as + 形容词(或副词)+ as possible意思是尽可能地; 尽量可能少 i tried to be as friendly as possible. 我尽量地表示友好。 come as quickly as possible. 尽快来。since uncertainty is always there 是一个缘由状语从句。 risk accompanies decisions .风险伴随着决策 6.sometimes at other times 有时 ，而有时那么 a poor decision 一个不良决策 其次局部 para.

25、3 choice is the opportunity to select among alternatives. if there is no choice， there is no decision to be made. decision making is the process of choosing， and many decisions have a broad range of choice. for example， a student may be able to choose among a number of different courses in order to

26、implement the decision to obtain a college degree. for managers， every decision has constraints based on policies， procedures， laws， precedents， and the like. these constraints exist at all levels of the organization. 7.选择三个词的区分：alternative adj.两者或多于两者选一个，供选择的，n.替代物choice 选自己喜爱的，挑出，选出select 选出最好的，挑选

27、、精选 8.由 if 引导的条件状语从句， 主句中的不定式被动态 to be made作定语， 修饰decision 9.range n. 范围 a broad range of choice 一个很广的选择范围 10.for managers， every decision has constraints based on policies， procedures， laws， precedents， and the like. 本句中based on 是一个过去分词作定语修饰constraints. be based on 表示建立在根底上 例：the book is based on a true story. 这本书是以一个真实的故事为根据的。 he was the first to draw a map that was based on all available knowledge， rather than guess or imagination. 他第一个画出以当时全部的学问为根底的地图，而不是基于猜想和想象。 and the like 意思是等等 (之类的东西)。 例：he studied painting， music， english and the like. 他学习了绘画、音乐、英语等等。 11.a