状语从句的概念

1、状语从句的概念：状语从句指句子用作状语时， 起副词作用的句子。 它可以修饰谓语、 非谓 语动词、定语、状语或整个句子。根据其作用可分为时间、地点、原因、 条件、目的、结果、让步、方式和比较等从句。状语从句一般由连词（从属连词）引导，也可以由词组引起。从句位于句首或句中时通常用逗号与 主句隔开，位于句尾时可以不用逗号隔开。比较 while/as/when ：1、as/when 引导短暂性动作的动词例句：如： Just as/Just when/When I stopped my car, a man came up to me.2、当从句的动作发生于主句动作之前，只能用 when 引导这个从句，

2、不 可用 as 或 while 。如： When you have finished your work, you may have a rest.3、从句表示 “随时间推移 ”连词能用 as，不用 when 或 while。如：As the day went on, the weather got worse.比较 untill/till ：两个连词意义相同 ,肯定形式表示的意思是 “做某事直至某时 ”，动词必须是 延续性的。否定形式表达的意思是 “直至某时才做某事 ”，动词为延续性或 非延续性都可以。正确使用这两个连词的关键之一就在于判断句中的动词该用肯定式还是 否定式。肯定句例句： I

3、slept until midnight. 我一直睡到半夜时醒了Wait till I call you. 等着我叫你。注意：在肯定句中可用 before 代替： Lets get in the wheat before the sunsets.否定句例句： She didnt arrive until 6oclock.I didnt manage to do it until you had explained how.1、Until 可用于句首，而 till 通常不用于句首。例句： Until you told me, I had heard nothing of what happene

4、d.2、Untilwhen 疑问句中， until 要放在句首。例句： Until when are you staying 你呆到什么时候？ 注意：否定句可用另外两种句式表示。1) Not until 在句首，主句用倒装。例句： Not until the early years of the19th century did man know what heat is.2) It is not until that 状语从句的用种类：1、时间状语从句：表示时间的状语从句可由 when, as, while, whenever, after, before, till(until), sinc

5、e, once, as soon as或( the moment), by the time, no sooner than, hardly(scarcely) when, every等tim引e导。. When I came into the office, the teachers were having a meeting.He started as soon as he received the news.Once you see him, you will never forget him.No sooner had I gone to bed than I went to slee

6、p.2、原因状语从句： 原因状语从句是表示原因或理由的，引导这类从句的最常用的连词是 because, since, as, nowtha（t 既然）等， for 表示因果关系时（它引导的不 是从句）为并列连词，语气不如 because 强。. He is disappointedbecause he didnt get the position.As it is raining, I will not go out.Now that you mention it, I do remember.3、地点状语从句：引导地点状语从句的连词是 where 和 wherever 等。. Sit whe

7、rever you like.Make a mark where you have a question.4、目的状语从句：引导目的状语从句最常用的词（组）是 so, so that（从句谓语常有情态动 词）, in order that, in case（以防，以免）等。. Speak clearly, so that they may understand you.She has bought the book in order that she could follow the TV lessons.He left early in case he should miss the tra

8、in.5、结果状语从句：结果状语从句是表示事态结果的从句， 通常主句是原因， 从句是结果。 由 so that（从句谓语一般没有情态动词） ,so that, such 等th引at导。. She was ill, so that she didnt attend the meeting.He was so excited that he could not say a word.She is such a good teacher that everyone admires her.6、条件状语从句：条件状语从句分真实性 (有可能实现的事情) 与非真实性 (条件与事实相 反或者在说话者看来不

9、大可能实现的事情)条件句。引导条件状语从句的词(组)主要有 if, unless, so(as)long as, on condition that, so(as) far as, if only(=if)。注意：条件从句中的 if 不能用 whether 替换。. If he is not in the office, he must be out for lunch.You may borrow the book so long as you keep it clean.So far as I know(据我所知) , he will be away for three months.Yo

10、u can go swimming on condition that(=if) you dont go too far away from the river bank.If he had come a few minutes earlier, he could have seen her.7、让步状语从句：让步状语从句可由 although, though, as, even if(though), however, whatever, whether or, no matter who(when, what, 等引导。)注意： as引导的让步状语从句一般是倒装的。. Though he

11、is a child, he knows a lot.Child a she is, he knows a lot.Whatever(=No matter what) you say, Ill never change my mind.8、方式状语从句：方式状语从句常由 as, as if(though), the way, rather than 等引导。must do the exercise as I show you.He acted as if nothing had happened.9、比较状语从句：比较状语从句常用 than, so(as) as, the more the 等

12、mo引re导。. I have made a lot more mistakes than you have.He smokes cigarettes as expensive as he can afford.The busier he is, the happier he feels.使用状语从句时要注意的几个问题：1、在时间和条件(有时也在方式、让步等)从句中，主句是一般将来时， 从句通常用一般现在时表示将来。. Well go outing if it doesnt rain tomorrow.Ill write to you as soon as I get to Shanghai.

13、2、有些时间、地点、条件、方式或让步从句，如果从句的主语与主句主 语一致(或虽不一致，是 it)，从句的谓语又包含动词 be，就可省略从句 中的“主语+be”部分。. When(hewas) still a boy of ten, he had to work day and night.If(you are) asked you may come in.If(it is) necessary Ill explain to you again.3、注意区分不同从句：引导的是什么从句，不仅要根据连词，还要根据 句子结构和句意来判别。以 where 为例，能引导多种从句。. You are to

14、find it where you left it. (地点状语从句)Tell me the address where he lives（. 定语从句，句中有先行词）I dont know where he came from.（宾语从句）Where he has gone is not known yet.（主语从句）This place is where they once hid（. 表语从句）than注意：表示 “一就”的结构 hardly/scarcely when/before/no sooner 和 as soon as都可以表示 “一就”的意思。例句： I had hardl

15、y/scarcely got home when it began to rain.I had no sooner got home than it began to rain.As soon as I got home, it began to rain.注意：如果 hardly/scarcely 或 nosooner 置于句首，句子必须用倒装结构：例句： Hardly/Scarcely had I got home when it began to rain.No sooner had I got home than it began to rain.从属连词的概念： 连词用于引导从句以形

16、成句子的一部分或修饰句子的构成要素的叫作从 属连词。英语从属连词用法分类详解：1、引导时间状语从句的从属连词：（1）表示“当时候”或“每当”的时间连词。主要的 when, while, as, whenever：如：He jumped up when the phone rang. 电话铃响时他吓了一跳。We listened while the teacher read. 老师朗读时我们听着。The phone rang just as I was leaving.我 正要离开，电话铃就响了起 来。（ 2）表示“在之前（或之后） ”的时间连词。主要的有 before, after：如： Tu

17、rn the lights off before you leave. 离开前请关灯。He started the job soon after he left the university. 他大学毕业后就开 始做这份工作。（3）表示“自从”或“直到”的时间连词。主要的有 since, until, till：如：He has lived here since he got married. 他结婚后就一直住在这儿。Most men worked untiltill theyre 65. 大多数男人工作到 65 岁。（4）表示“一就”的时间连词。主要的有 as soon as, the mo

18、ment, the minute, the second, the instant, immediately, directly, instantly, once, no sooner than, hardly w等h：en如： Tell him the news as soon as you see him.你 一见到他就把这消息告诉 他。I recognized her the moment（that） I saw her. 我一看到她就认出她来 了。I want to see him the minute（that） he arrives. 他一到来我就要见他。I went home d

19、irectly I had finished work. 我一干完活就回家了。Once he arrives, we can start. 他一来我们就可以开始。（5）表示“上次”、“下次”、“每次”等的时间连词。主要的有 every time（每 次），each time（每次），（the） next time（下次），any time（随时），（the） last time（上次），the first time（第一次）：如：Last time I saw him, he looked ill. 上次我见到他的时候， 他好像有病。Next time youre in London come

20、 and visit us. 你下次来伦敦过来探望 我们。Do look me up next time youre in London. 你下次到伦敦来， 一定来找 我。Every time I call on him, he is out. 我每次去访问他，他都不在。You can call me any time you want to. 你随时都可以给我打电话。【注】 every time,each time,any time 前不用冠词， （the）next time, （the）last time 中的冠词可以省略，而 the first time 中的冠词通常不能省略。2、引导条

21、件状语从句的从属连词：这类连词主要有 if, unless, asso long as, incase等： 如：If anyone calls tell them Im not at home. 要是有人打电话来，就说我 不在家。You will fail unless you work hard. 你若不努力就会失败。AsSo long as you need me, Ill stay.只 要你需要我，我就留下。In case I forget, please remind me about it. 万一我忘记，请提醒我一 下。【注】在条件状语从句中， 通常要用一般现在时表示将来意义， 而不

22、能直 接使用将来时态。不过，有时表示条件的 if 之后可能用 will ，但那不是将 来时态,而是表示意愿或委婉的请求 （will 为情态动词 ）：如：If you will wait a moment, Ill fetch the money. 请等一下，我就去拿钱。3、引导目的状语从句的从属连词：主要有 in order that, so that, in case, for fear 等：如： We used the computer in order that we might save time. 我们使用计算 机是为了节约时间。Speak clearly so that they

23、may understand you. 说清楚，以便让他们能 明白你的意思。Be quiet in case you should wake the baby. 安静些，免得把婴儿吵醒。He is working hard for fear he should fail. 他努力工作以免会失败。4、引导结果状语从句的从属连词：主要的有 so that, so that, such 等t：hat如：Were all here now, so that the meeting can begin at last. 我们现在都到 齐了，终于能开会了。Its so difficult a questi

24、on that none of us can answer it. 那是一个很难 的问题，我们没有一个人能回答。He shut the window with such force that the glass broke. 他关窗户用 力很大，结果玻璃震破了。【注】 so that 中的 that 在口语中通常可以省略。5、引导原因状语从句的从属连词：主要的有 because, as, since, seeing(that), now(that), considering(that等) ： 如：He couldnt got to school because he had a cold. 他

25、因患感冒而未能去 上学。Since everybody is here, lets begin our discussion.大 家都到了，我们就 开始吧。Seeing that it is 8oclock, well wait no longer. 由于时间已到 8 点，我们 将不再等了。Now that you are here, youd better stay. 你既然来了，最好还是留下 吧。6、引导让步状语从句的从属连词：主要有 although, though, eventhough, even if, while, however, whatever, whoever, when

26、ever, wherever 等：如： AlthoughThough he is poor, he is well contented. 他虽穷却能知足常 乐。ThoughEven though its hard work, I enjoy it. 尽管是苦活，但我乐意 干。Even if you dont like wine, try a glass of this. 即使你不喜欢喝酒， 也尝 尝这杯吧。7、引导方式状语从句的从属连词：主要有 as, like, as if, as though, the way等： 如：Do it aslike he does. 像他那样做。He beha

27、ved as if nothing had happened. 他装作若无其事的样子。They treat me as though I were a stranger. 他们待我如陌生人。Nobody else loves you the way(=as) I do没. 有人像我这样爱你。8、引导地点状语从句的从属连词： 主要有 where, wherever, everywhere 等： 如： There were lots of parks where I lived. 我住的地方有许多公园。Sit wherever you like. 你想坐在那儿就坐在那儿。Everywhere th

28、ey went, they were warmly welcomed. 他们每到一个地 方都受到热烈欢迎。9、引导比较状语从句的从属连词：主要有 than 和 asa：s如： Its easier than I thought. 这比我想像的要容易。They are as often wrong as they are right. 他们错对各半。10、引导名词性从句的从属连词：主要有 that, if, whether ：如：It is clear enough what he meant. 他是什么意思很清楚。Your greatest fault is that you are care

29、less.你 最大的缺点是粗心大意。Whether it will do us harm remains to be seen.是否对我们有害还要看She didnt say if he was still alive. 她没说他是否还活着。从属连词知识体系：用作从属连词的六类名词结构： 英语中有些名词结构可用作从属连词， 用以引导状语从句， 且主要是时间 状语从句。这类结构归纳起来有以下六类：、 the+瞬间名词：其中的瞬间名词主要包括 moment, minute, instant, second 等，其意为就，”相当于 as soon as。如：The minute he saw her

30、 he fell in love. 他对她一见倾心。Telephone me the moment(that) you get the results. 你一有结果，马上给我 打电话。I was so tired that I fell asleep the instant I closed my eyes. 我很累，一合上 眼就睡着了。Sheputdownthereceiverthesecondsherecognizedmyvoice.她一听出是我的声 音，马上就放下电话听筒。注：其中的瞬间名词后可接 that ，也可省略。另外，有的个别副词（如 directly/immediately 等

31、）也可表示类似意思。如：Immediately the meal was over,he switchedon the radio.饭一吃完他就把收音机打开。、 the+季节名词：其中的季节名词包括 spring,summer,autumn,winter ，其意为 “在 的那年 春天、夏天、秋天、冬天。如：His wife left him thes pring he went abroad.在他出国的那年春天，他的 妻子离开了他。He sold his house and went to the souththe summer he lost hisjob在. 他失业 的那年夏天，他卖掉房子

32、去了南方。He was sentto prison the winter his third daughter was born.在他第三个女 儿出生的那年冬天，他被关进了监狱。She got married the autumn she graduated from college.她大学毕业的那年 秋天就结婚了。三、the+时间名词：其中的时间名词主要包括 hour,day,night,week,month,season,year 等，其意 为 “在的时候、那天、那个晚上、那周、那个月、那个季节、那年 ”。如： The hour he wa sin her office,he felt v

33、ery sad当. 他在她办公室的时候， 他感到很伤心。The day here turned home,his father was already dead他. 回家的那一天，他 的父亲已经死了。The night I wenttoseeher,shehadleftforBeijingtoattendanimportantmeeting. 就我去看她的那个晚上，她到北京去开一个重要的会议了。Mr Smith didnt go to work the week his wife was ill. 史密斯先生在他妻子生 病的那个星期没去上班。They ear helivedinthecount

34、ry,he learned alot.他在乡下呆的那一年，他学到 了不少东西。四、the+序数词 +time其中的序数词包括 first,second,third,fourth 等，其意为 “当第几次 的时 候”。如： My girlfriend beat me at pokert he first time weplayed. 我头一次和女朋 友打扑克，她就把我赢了。These cond time I saw her,she looked like an old woman我. 第二次见到她 时，她看上去像一个老太婆。The third time I went there,I found a

35、ll of them had left and the offices were all empty.我第三次去那儿时， 我发现他们都离开了， 所有的办公室都是空 的。注：,last 也具有类似序数词的性质，因此也具有以上用法。如： Nexttimeyoucomein,pleaseclosethedoor.下次你进来，请关门。Thelasttimewetalkedhesaidheneededanothertwodays.上次我们谈话时他说 他还需要两天。,thesecondtime,thethirdtime 等用作连词引导时间状语从句时， 其前通常要 有定冠词，而 (the)nexttime,

36、(the)lasttime 引导状语从句时，其中的冠词可 以省略，如下面这道上海高考题，其答案是 C，不是 A：I though ther nice and honestImether.time rthe first time first the first time五、不定代词 +time其中的不定代词主要包括 each,every,any等。如： Every time I ringher,the phone is engaged我. 每次给她打电话，电话都 占线。Every time I see him he either wants to tell me his trouble or b

37、orrow some money.每次我见到他，他不是向我诉苦，就是要向我借钱。He felt nervous each times he spoke to him每. 次她和他讲话，他都感到紧 张。AnytimeyoucometoLondondolookmeup.你无论什么时候到伦敦来，一定要 来看我。注意：everytime,eachtime,anytime 用作连词引导状语从句时其前习惯上不 用冠词，它与 the first time,these cond time,the third time 等引导时间状语 从句时其前必须要用定冠词不同。六、其他名词结构以上归纳的名词结构均用于引导时

38、间状语从句， 有些其他结构还可引导其 他性质的状语从句，如 the way 可用于引导方式状语从句，表示 “像一 样”。如：The didn t do it the way we do n.o那w时他们不像我们现在这样行事。Joyce looked at me the way alotof girls did乔. 伊丝像许多姑娘那样瞧着我。注：这样用的 theway 与 as 用法相似。如： Hold itin both hands,the way（=as）Mummy does.用两只手捧住，像妈妈 那样。并列连词的概念：连词是一种虚词， 它不能独立担任句子成分而只起连接词与词， 短语与短 语

39、以及句与句的作用。 连词主要可分为两类： 并列连词和从属连词。 并列 连词用来连接平行的词、词组和分句。如： and, but, or, nor, so, therefore, yet, however, for, hence, as well as, both.and, notonly.butalso, either.or, neither.nor, （and）then 等等。并列连词与并列结构：并列连词引导两个并列的句子。1） and 与 or：判断改错：（错） They sat down and talk about something.（错） They started to dance

40、 and sang.（错） I saw two men sitting behind and whisper there.（对） They sat down and talked about something.（对） They started to dance and sing.（对） I saw two men sitting behind and whispering there.解析：第一句： and 连接两个并列的谓语，所以 talk 应改为 talked第二句： and 连接两个并列的动词不定式，第二个不定式往往省略 to，因此 sang应改为 sing。第三句：and 连接感观动

41、词 saw后面的用作的宾补的两个并列分词 结构，因此 whisper 应改为 whispering。注意：and 还可以和祈使句或名词词组连用表示条件。 (or 也有此用法)如：Make up your mind, and youll get the chance.=If you make up your mind, youll get the chance.One more effort, and youll succeed.=If you make one more effort, youll succeed.2) both.and 两者都如：She plays(both) the pia

42、no and the guitar.3) not only.but(also), as well as 不但 而且如：She plays not only the piano, but(also) the guitar.注意： not only bt ualso 关联两个分句时，一个分句因有否定词 not 而必 须倒装。如：Not only does he like reading stories, but also he can even write some.4) neither.nor 意思为 “既不 也不谓”语动词采用就近原则，与 nor 后的词保持一致。如： Neither you

43、nor he is to blame.比较 so 和 such ：so 与 such 的用法由不同词性决定。 such 是形容词，修饰名词或名词词组， so 是副词，只能修饰形容词或副词。 so 还可与表示数量的形容词 many， few， much，little 连用，形成固定搭配。构成： so+adj.such+a(n)+n. so+adj.+a(n)+n. such+n.(pl.) so+adj.+n.(pl.) such+n.(pl.) so+adj.+n.不可数 such+n.不 可数 如：so foolishsuch a fool so nice a flower such a nice flower so many/fe