管理会计专业术语词汇大全(英文版)

1、 管理会计专业术语词汇 A Absorption costingA product-costing method that assigns all manufacturing costs to a product: direct materials, direct labor, variable overhead, and fixed overhead. Absorption-costing (full-costing) income Income computed using a functionally-based statement. Cost of goods sold include

2、s all variable manufacturing costs and a portion of fixed factory overhead. Accounting rate of returnThe rate of return obtained by dividing the average accounting net income by the original investment (or by average investment). within an organization. It also can be defined as an aggregation of ac

3、tions within an organization useful to managers for purposes of planning, controlling, and decision making. describing, and evaluating the activities an organization performs. Activity attributesNonfinancial and financial information items that describe individual activities. Activity budgetingThe p

4、rocess of estimating the demand for each activitys output and assessing the cost of resources required to produce this output. Activity capacityThe number of times an activity can be performed. Activity dictionaryA list of activities described by specific attributes such as name, definition, classif

5、ication as primary or secondary, and activity driver. Activity driversFactors that measure the consumption of activities by products and other cost objects. Activity eliminationThe process of eliminating nonvalue-added activities. Activity flexible budgetThe prediction of what activity costs will be

6、 as activity usage changes. Activity inputsThe resources consumed by an activity in producing its output (they are the factors that enable the activity to be performed). Administrative costsAll costs associated with the general administration of the organization that cannot be reasonably assigned to

7、 either marketing or production. Advance pricing agreements (APAs) Agreements between the Internal Revenue Service and a taxpayer on the acceptability of a transfer price. The agreement is private and is binding on both parties for a specified period of time. AestheticsA quality attribute that is co

8、ncerned with the appearance of tangible products (for example, style and beauty) as well as the appearance of the facilities, equipment, personnel, and communication materials associated with services. AllocationAssignment of indirect costs to cost objects. AnnuityA series of future cash flows. Appl

9、ied overheadOverhead assigned to production using predetermined rates. Appraisal costsCosts incurred to determine whether products and services are conforming to requirements. B Balanced Scorecard( See Strategicbased responsibility accounting system. ) Base periodA prior period used to set the bench

10、mark for measuring productivity changes. Batch-level activitiesActivities that are performed each time a batch is produced. BenchmarkingAn approach that uses best practices as the standard for evaluating activity performance. Best-fitting lineThe line that fits a set of data points the best in the s

11、ense that the sum of the squared deviations of the data points from the line is the smallest. Binding constraintsConstraints whose resources are fully utilized. Break-even pointThe point where total sales revenue equals total costs; the point of zero profits. Activity outputThe result or product of

12、an activity. Activity output measureThe number of times an activity is performed. It is the quantifiable measure of the output. Activity reduction Decreasing the time and resources required by an activity. Activity selection The process of choosing among sets of activities caused by competing strate

13、gies. Activity sharing Increasing the efficiency of necessary activities by using economies of scale. Activity volume variance The cost of the actual activity capacity acquired and the capacity that should be used. Activity-based cost (ABC) system A cost system that first traces costs to activities

14、and then traces costs from activities to products. Activity-based costing (ABC) A cost assignment approach that first uses direct and driver tracing to assign costs to activities and then uses drivers to assign costs to cost objects. Activity-based management (ABM) A systemwide, integrated approach

15、that focuses managements attention on activities with the objective of improving customer value and the profit achieved by providing this value. It includes driver analysis, activity analysis, and performance evaluation, and draws on activity-based costing as a major source of information. Activity-

16、based management (ABM) accounting systemAn accounting system that emphasizes the use of activities for assigning and managing costs. Activity-based responsibility accounting A control system defined by centering responsibility on processes and teams where activity performance is measured in terms of

17、 time, quality, and efficiency. Actual costingAn approach that assigns actual costs of direct materials, direct labor, and overhead to products. Adjusted cost of goods soldThe cost of goods sold after all adjustments for overhead variance are made. G l o s s a r y ? 68183_glossary_849-860.qxd 1/22/0

18、4 2:27 PM Page 849 Budget committee A committee responsible for setting budgetary policies and goals, reviewing and approving the budget, and resolving any differences that may arise in the budgetary process. Budget director The individual responsible for coordinating and directing the overall budge

19、ting process. Budgetary slackThe process of padding the budget by overestimating costs and underestimating revenues. BudgetsPlans of action expressed in financial terms. C Capital budgetingThe process of making capital investment decisions. Capital investment decisionsThe process of planning, settin

20、g goals and priorities, arranging financing, and identifying criteria for making longterm investments. Carrying costsThe costs of holding inventory. Cash budget A detailed plan that outlines all sources and uses of cash. Causal factors Activities or variables that invoke service costs. Generally, it

21、 is desirable to use causal factors as the basis for allocating service costs. Centralized decision makingA system in which decisions are made at the top level of an organization and local managers are given the charge to implement them. Certified Internal Auditor (CIA)A person who has passed a comp

22、rehensive examination designed to ensure technical competence and has two years experience. Certified Management Accountant (CMA) A person who has passed a rigorous qualifying examination, has met an experience requirement, and participates in continuing education. Certified Public Accountant (CPA)A

23、 person who is permitted (by law) to serve as an external auditor and who must pass a national examination and be licensed by the state in which he or she practices. Continuous replenishmentA system where a manufacturer assumes the inventory management function for the retailer. Contribution marginS

24、ales revenue minus total variable cost or price minus unit variable cost. Contribution margin ratioContribution margin divided by sales revenue. It is the proportion of each sales dollar available to cover fixed costs and provide for profit. ControlThe process of setting standards, receiving feedbac

25、k on actual performance, and taking corrective action whenever actual performance deviates significantly from planned performance. Control activities Activities performed by an organization to prevent or detect poor quality (because poor quality may exist). Control costs Costs incurred from performi

26、ng control activities. Control limits The maximum allowable deviation from a standard. Controllable costs Costs that managers have the power to influence. Controller The chief accounting officer; supervises all accounting departments. Controlling The managerial activity of monitoring a plan s implem

27、entation and taking corrective action as needed. Conversion cost The sum of direct labor cost and overhead cost. Core objectives and measures Those objectives and measures common to most organizations. CostThe cash or cash equivalent value sacrificed for goods and services that are expected to bring

28、 a current or future benefit to the organization. Cost assignmentThe process of associating the costs, once measured, with the units produced. Cost behaviorThe way in which a cost changes in relation to changes in activity usage. Cost center A division of a company that is evaluated on the basis of

29、cost. Coefficient of correlation The square root of the coefficient of determination, which is used to express not only the degree of correlation between two variables but also the direction of the relationship. Coefficient of determination The percentage of total variability in a dependent variable

30、 (e.g., cost) that is explained by an independent variable (e.g., activity level). It assumes a value between 0 and 1. Committed fixed expensesExpenses incurred for the acquisition of longterm activity capacity, usually as the result of strategic planning. Committed resourcesResources that are purch

31、ased in advance of usage. These resources may or may not have unused (excess) capacity. Common costsThe costs of resources used in the output of two or more services or products. Common fixed expensesFixed expenses that cannot be directly traced to individual segments and that are unaffected by the

32、elimination of any one segment. Comparable uncontrolled price method The transfer price most preferred by the Internal Revenue Service under Section 482. The comparable uncontrolled price is essentially equal to the market price. Compounding of interestPaying interest on interest. Constraint setThe

33、collection of all constraints that pertain to a particular optimization problem. ConstraintsMathematical expressions that express resource limitations. Consumption ratioThe proportion of an overhead activity consumed by a product. Continuous budgetA moving twelvemonth budget with a future month adde

34、d as the current month expires. Continuous improvementThe process of searching for ways of increasing the overall efficiency and productivity of activities by reducing waste, increasing quality, and reducing costs. 850 ? 68183_glossary_849-860.qxd 1/22/04 2:27 PM Page 850 Cost formulaA linear functi

35、on, Y _ F _ VX, where Y _ Total mixed cost, F _ Fixed cost, V _ Variable cost per unit of activity, and X _ Activity level. Cost measurementThe act of determining the dollar amounts of direct materials, direct labor, and overhead used in production. Cost objectAny item, such as products, departments

36、, projects, activities, and so on, for which costs are measured and assigned. Cost of capitalThe cost of investment funds, usually viewed as a weighted average of the costs of funds from all sources. Cost of goods manufacturedThe total cost of goods completed during the current period. Cost of goods

37、 soldThe cost of direct materials, direct labor, and overhead attached to the units sold. Cost of goods sold budgetThe estimated costs for the units sold. Cost-plus methodA transfer price acceptable to the Internal Revenue Service under Section 482. The costplus method is simply a cost-based transfe

38、r price. Cost reconciliationThe final section of the production report that compares the costs to account for with the costs accounted for to ensure that they are equal. Costs of qualityCosts incurred because poor quality may exist or because poor quality does exist. Cost-volume-profit graphA graph

39、that depicts the relationships among costs, volume, and profits. It consists of a total revenue line and a total cost line. Currency appreciationWhen one country s currency becomes stronger and can purchase more units of another country s currency. Currency depreciationWhen one country s currency be

40、comes weaker and can purchase fewer units of another country s currency. Currency risk managementA companys management of its transaction, ment and, consequently, disappear if the segment is eliminated. Direct laborLabor that is traceable to the goods or services being produced. Direct labor budgetA

41、 budget showing the total direct labor hours needed and the associated cost for the number of units in the production budget. Direct materialsMaterials that are traceable to the goods or services being produced. Direct materials budgetA budget that outlines the expected usage of materials production

42、 and purchases of the direct materials required. Direct methodA method that allocates service costs directly to producing departments. This method ignores any interactions that may exist among support departments. Direct tracingThe process of identifying costs that are specifically or physically ass

43、ociated with a cost object. Discount factor The factor used to convert a future cash flow to its present value. Discount rate The rate of return used to compute the present value of future cash flows. Discounted cash flows Future cash flows expressed in present-value terms. Discounting The act of fi

44、nding the present value of future cash flows. Discounting models Capital investment models that explicitly consider the time value of money in identifying criteria for accepting or rejecting proposed projects. Discretionary fixed expenses Expenses incurred for the acquisition of shortterm capacity o

45、r services, usually as the result of yearly planning. Double-loop feedback Information about both the effectiveness of strategy implementation and the validity of assumptions underlying the strategy. Driver analysisThe effort expended to identify those factors that are the root causes of activity co

46、sts. economic, and translation exposure due to exchange rate fluctuations. Currently attainable standardsStandards that reflect an efficient operating state; they are rigorous but achievable. Customer perspectiveA balanced scorecard viewpoint that defines the customer and market segments in which th

47、e business will compete. Customer valueRealization less sacrifice, where realization is what the customer receives and sacrifice is what is given up. Cycle timeThe length of time required to produce one unit of a product. D Decentralization The granting of decision-making freedom to lower operating

48、levels. Decentralized decision making A system in which decisions are made and implemented by lower-level managers. Decision making The process of choosing among competing alternatives. Decision model A specific set of procedures that, when followed, produces a decision. Decision package A descripti

49、on of service levels, with associated costs, that a decision unit can or would like to offer. Defective product A product or service that does not conform to specifications. Degree of operating leverage (DOL) A measure of the sensitivity of profit changes to changes in sales volume. It measures the

50、percentage change in profits resulting from a percentage change in sales. Dependent variable A variable whose value depends on the value of another variable. For example, Y in the cost formula Y _ F _ VX depends on the value of X. Direct costs Costs that can be easily and accurately traced to a cost

51、 object. Direct fixed expenses Fixed costs that are directly traceable to a given seg- ? 851 68183_glossary_849-860.qxd 1/22/04 2:27 PM Page 851 Driver tracingThe use of drivers to assign costs to cost objects. DriversFactors that cause changes in resource usage, activity usage, costs, and revenues.

52、 Drum-Buffer-Rope (DBR) SystemThe TOC inventory management system that relies on the drum beat of the major constrained resources, time buffers, and ropes to determine inventory levels. Dumping Predatory pricing in the international market. DurabilityThe length of time a product functions. Dysfuncti

53、onal behaviorIndividual behavior that conflicts with the goals of the organization. E EcoefficiencyA view of environmental management maintaining that organizations can produce more useful goods and services while simultaneously reducing negative environmental impacts, resource consumption, and cost

54、s. Economic order quantity (EOQ)The amount that should be ordered (or produced) to minimize the total ordering (or setup) and carrying costs. Economic riskThe possibility that a firm s present value of future cash flows can be affected by exchange fluctuations. Economic value added (EVA)A performanc

55、e measure that is calculated by taking the after-tax operating profit minus the total annual cost of capital. Electronic businessAny business transaction or information exchange that is executed using information and communication technology. Electronic commerce (e-commerce) Buying and selling produ

56、cts using information and communication technology. Electronic data interchange (EDI)An inventory management method that allows suppliers access to a buyers on-line database. External failure costsCosts incurred because products fail to conform to requirements after being sold to outside parties. Ex

57、ternal linkagesThe relationship of a firm s activities within its segment of the value chain with those activities of its suppliers and customers. External measuresMeasures that relate to customer and shareholder objectives. F Facility-level activities Activities that sustain a facility s general ma

58、nufacturing process. Failure activities Activities performed by an organization or its customers in response to poor quality (poor quality does exist). Failure costs The costs incurred by an organization because failure activities are performed. Favorable (F) variances Variances produced whenever th

59、e actual amounts are less than the budgeted or standard allowances. Feasible set of solutions The collection of all feasible solutions. Feasible solution A product mix that satisfies all constraints. Features (quality of design) Characteristics of a product that differentiate functionally similar pr

60、oducts. Feedback Information that can be used to evaluate or correct the steps being taken to implement a plan. FIFO costing method A process costing method that separates units in beginning inventory from those produced during the current period. Unit costs include only current period costs and pro