定语从句笔记整理

1、定语从句授课人：Prof. WoodenPart 1定语从句定义及概述什么是定语从句（1）定语从句：在复合句中作定语修饰主句中某一名词或代词的从句叫定语从句。（2）先行词：被定语从句修饰的词，叫做先行词。（3）关系词：分为关系代词和关系副词，在从句中担当一定成分。will never forget the girl （先行词）that （关系词） I met yesterday in the street（定语从句） .定语从句两个必须先行词在从句中必须作一个成分；先行词所作的成分必须空缺。Part 2关系代词引导的定语从句项目关系词关系词先行词所指关系词在从句中的作用关系代词that人/物主

2、语、宾语、表语which物/事主语、宾语、表语who人主语、宾语whom人宾语whose人/物定语as人/物/事情主语、宾语、表语1.关系代词that的用法用法：既可指人也可指物，在定语从句中作主语、宾语或表语，作宾语时常可省略。1）This is the factory that produces cars.（作主语,指物）2）The girl that spoke to me just now is my classmate.（作主语，指人）3）The film （that） we saw yesterday is interesting.（作宾语，指物）关系代词that的特权和禁区1.

3、特权：行使特权的条件：（1 ）限定性定语从句（即从句前无逗号）；（2 ）介词没有提前。2. 禁区：有两种情况下，关系代词不会用that,指物时用which ;指人时用 who/whom。（1） 非限定性定于从句（即从句前有逗号）；（2）介词提前时。2.关系代词which的用法用法：指物，在定语从句中作主语、宾语或表语，作宾语时常可省略。1）China is a country which has a long history.（作主语）2）The car （which） my uncle had just bought was destroyed in the earthquake.（宾语）只

4、用that不用which的情况：（1）先行词是最高级或被最高级修饰。This is the best book that I have ever read.（2）先行词是序数词或被序数词修饰。The first book that I bought was about how to lear n En glish.等词（3）先行词是 all, much, little, none, few等不定代词或由 some, any, every, no构成的复合代词时）I did all that I could do at that time.There was little that the do

5、ctor could do for the patient. 当先行词被the only, the very修饰时。The on ly thi ng that he can do is to say sorry to her.(5)先行词既有人又有物。Do you know the things and pers ons that they are talk ing about主句已有疑问词 who/ which时。Which is the book that you likeWho is the woma n that was praised at the meeti ngWhich is

6、the T-shirt that fits me most(7)当先行词在主句中作表语，而关系词在从句中也作表语时。He is no Ion ger the man that he was ten years ago.只用which不用that引导定语从句的情况：(1) 当关系代词前有介词时。A desert is a great pla in in which nothing will grow. 引导非限制性定语从句时。The stude nts was late for class 7 times a week, which made her teacher mad.which。(3)

7、一个句子中有两个定语从句时，为避免重复，一个用that，另一个宜用(4) 当先行词本身是that时。That which I had known about made them surprised.3.关系代词who的用法用法：指人，在定语从句中作主语、宾语或表语，作宾语时常可省略。1) 1 know the man who spoke to you just now.(作主语)2) She is not the girlwho she was.( 作表语)4.关系代词whom的用法用法：指人，who的宾格，在定语从句中作宾语，常可省略，在口语中可用who或that代替。1) Here is

8、the man ( whom) you are look ing for.2) The woman ( whon) you saw just now is our English teacher.关系代词 who和whom的选择Mr. Smith is the very man who/whom you are look ing for.I have a friend who likes listening to classical music.Is that the man with whom you arrived yesterday5. 关系代词 whose的用法用法：可指人，也可指物，

9、在定语从句中作定语。1) This is the scientistwhose nameis known all over the world.(指人)2) The room whose windows face the east is mine.(指物)关系代词whose的选择The man whose wallet was stole n called for the police for help.The boy whose father is a teacher has bee n admitted to Oxford Uni versity.The house whose win d

10、ows are mostly broke n bel ongs to my un cle.The tree whose bra nches are basically bare dates back to 200 years ago.6. 关系代词as的用法用法：既可指人，也可指物，在定语从句中作主语、宾语或表语。它常用在thesame- - as,such as,asas等句型中,as 不能省略。1) Such teachers as know Tom think him bright.( 指人，作主语 )2) I ll buy the same dictionary as you have

11、.( 指物，作宾语) 关系代词as的选择（1）当先行词中有so, such等修饰语时；女口：This is so good a book as I can hardly tear myself away from.Never promise such things as you_can t achieve.This is so good a movie _as _we all wish to see.This is so good a movie _it_we all wish to see it.（2）当定语从句置于句首时；女口：As is known to all, the earth t

12、ravels around the sun once every year.As we had expected, the stude nts who had cheated in the exams were puni shed. 当先行词中有the same修饰时，有时用that也有时用as来引导定语从句。二者意思 稍有不同。女口：This is the same shirt as I wore yesterday.（这件衬衣和我昨天穿的那件一样。意思是说并不是同一件。）This is the same shirt that I wore yesterday.（这是我昨天穿的那件衣服。同一

13、件衣服。）The stude nts in New York are using the same textbooks as we are using.关系代词的省略有两个条件：（1）限定性定语从句；（2）作宾语或表语。Wome ndrink more tha n two cups of coffee a day have a greater cha neeof having heart disease than thosedon t.（ 2006 北京高考）A. who ; 不填B. 不填；whoC. who ; whoD. 不填；不填Part 3关系副词引导的定语从句关系副词先行词所指在句

14、中所作成分When时间时间状语where地点地点状语why原因原因状语特别提醒：when, where既能引导限定性定语从句，也能引导非限定性定语从句，而通常引导限定性定语从句。如：That is the day when he got married.That is the time when all of us lived together as a family.That is the factory where I used to work.That is the hospital where my son was born ten years ago.That is the reas

15、 on why he was fired.（1）表示时间的先行词除了time 之外，还有：day, morning, after noon,evening,week, mon th, year等；表示地点的先行词除了place之外，还可以是desk, table, spot, room, house,street, tow n, country等。（3）表示原因的先行词一般只有reason 一个。1. 关系副词使用的几种变化1）关系副词通常也可以用“that+介词后置”代替或省略；2_在正式文体中，也可以使用“介词 +which ”的结构。That is the river where I u

16、sed to swim.（关系副词）That is the river that I used to swim in. （that +_介词后置 ）That is the river I used to swim in.（省略）That is the river in which I used to swim.（介词 +which）2. 介词+which结构中的介词选择问题whyn ight,school,1）介词与先行词之间的搭配关系;I still remember the time when （at which） I first became a high school student.

17、There are several areas in the city where （in which） you can buy clothes in fashion.2）介词与从句中谓语动词的搭配关系。I saw the stamp of which my father was very proud.Here is some money with which you ca n buy some books.There was nobody in the family to whomhe could turn for help.（固定短语 turnto sb. 向某人求助）The play i

18、n which I played an important role was a great success. （to play a role in the play就不是固定短语。）2. 抽象的先行词带来的关系副词的选择问题It s helpful to put children in a situationthey can see themselves differently.A. thatB. whe nC. whichD. whereI have reachedpoint in my lifeI am supposed to make decisions of my own.A. wh

19、ichB. where C. howD. whyLife is likelong racewe compete with others to gobeyondourselves.A. whyB. what C. thatD. whereShe ll n ever forget her stay thereshe found her son who had gone miss ing two years before.A. that B. which C. where D. whenPart 4限定性定语从句和非限定性定语从句1.非限定性定语从句的由来Tom is the only stude

20、nt who has bee n admitted to Harvard in my class.汤姆是我们班唯一一个已经被哈佛大学录取的学生。The principal, who was seated on my right, delivered an exciting speech.校长发表了一个令人振奋的演讲，当时他就坐在我右边。2限定性与非限定性定语从句的意义区别The old man has two sons who serve in the army.老人有两个当兵的儿子。The old man has two sons, who serve in the army.老人有两个儿子

21、，都当兵。非限定性定语从句有时可以像一个并列句，例如：He has a walk after dinner every evening, which is good for his health.=He has a walk after dinner every evening, and this is good for his health.He likes readi ng books, which I am delighted to hear.=He likes readi ng books and I am delighted to hear that.非限定性定语从句还可以从意义上像

22、一个状语从句，表示原因、目的、结果、条件、让步等。例如：The new engin eer, who has read the in struct ions, failed in the project.归纳总结限定性定语从句非限定性定语从句意义起限定作用，是主句不可缺少的成起补充说明作用，省去后不影响主分句的意思形式与先行词间无逗号常用逗号与主句分开翻译常译成前置定语常译成并列的分句4.非限定性定语从句的引导词的问题一般来说，除了关系代词 that和关系副词 why，其他定语从句的引导词均可以引导非限定性定语从句。例如：His speech, which inspired every one

23、, was well received.A stude nt, who was admitted to an ordinary uni versity, was greatly disappo in ted.The cinema, whose roof was damaged in the storm, will be brought down.They will fly to New York next Friday, where they have pla nned to stay for afew weeks.You can come n ext weeke nd, whe n the

24、books will be ready for you.、which引导的非限定性定语从句as和which在引导非限定性定语从句时的相同点和区别：1）相同点：as和which都可以指代整个句子的内容。The meeti ng was put off ，which/as was exactly what we wan ted.这次会议延期了，这正是我们所希望的。2）不同点：as引导的从句既可以位于主句前，也可位于主句后，主从句没有前后逻辑关系，常表示“正如”；而 which引导的从句只能位于主句后，主从句常有一定的因果关系 或前后顺序，常表示这一点，相当于 and this 或and that

25、。Liquid water cha nges to vapor, which is called evaporati on.液态水变为蒸汽，这就叫做蒸发。As every one kno ws, all that glitters is not gold. =All that glitters , as every onekno ws, is not gold. =All that glitters is not gold, as every one kno ws.众所周知，并不是所有发光的东西都是金子。Part 5定语从句使用的注意事项1.分析成分的能力和意识（1）如果空白后面紧跟着动词的，

26、明显缺少的是主语。Mr. Goodma n has to be away on bus in ess on Feb. 8th,happe ns to be hiswife s birthday.A. which B. whe n C. that D. on which （2）及物动词后必然有宾语，即如果及物动词后面没有宾语，先行词就是作动词的宾语。The Science Museum,we visited duri ng a recent trip to Brita in, is one ofLon don s tourist attractio ns.【2008 江苏高考】A. which

27、B. whatC. thatD. where（3）不及物动词后没有宾语，在不缺少主语的情况下，先行词则通常作状语等成分。-Is that the small town you often refer to-Right, just the oneyou know I used to work for years.A. that B. which C. where D. what（4）介词后面通常要跟宾语，如果介词后面没有宾语，则先行词通常作这个介词的宾语。-Do you have anything to say for yourselves-Yes ， there s one pointwe must insist onA. why B . where C . how D . /2. 并列连词的陷阱Tom has two brothers, both of whom love sports.so,Tom has two brothers and both of them love sports.（简单的并歹U连词：and, but,or, yet）意为“方式，方法”，作先行词时的关系词的选择问题1）用“介词+which ”引导定语从句；例如：I don t like t