医学教学大纲：儿科学教学大纲

1、儿科学教学大纲一、课程简介儿科学是一门研究小儿生长发育规律、提高小儿身心健康水平和疾病防治的临床医学科学。儿科学的任务是不断探索儿科医学理论，并在实践中总结经验，提高疾病防治水平，降低儿童发病率和死亡率，增强儿童体质，保障儿童健康，提高中华民族的整体素质。通过儿科学教学为医学生今后从事儿科临床医疗、儿童保健工作、社区医疗服务奠定基础。根据七年制儿科学教材及我校原儿科学教学大纲，结合临床儿科学教学、医疗实际、参考职业医师考试内容，编写了儿科学教学大纲。供我校七年制各专业使用。根据教学计划，儿科学教学总学时为63学时，课堂授课48学时，见习15学时，3学分。二、教学内容与要求第一章 绪 论（一）目

2、的和要求1熟悉儿科学的任务和研究范围；2熟悉小儿年龄分期；3掌握儿科学的特点；4了解我国儿科工作发展史。（二）教学内容1讲解儿科学任务及其研究范围；2重点讲解儿科学特点（包括基础和临床特点）；3一般介绍我国儿科工作发展史；4讲解小儿年龄分期、各期小儿特点。Chapter One Introduction（1）Purpose and Requirement:1.To familiarize the task of pediatrics and the research scope.2. To familiarize the child age periods.3. To grasp the ch

3、aracteristic of pediatrics.4.To understand the history of Chinese pediatrics development.（2）The content for teaching:1. To explain the task of pediatrics and the research scope.2. To emphasize the characteristic of pediatrics, (including basic and clinical characteristic).3. To generally introduce t

4、he history of Chinese pediatrics development.4. To explain the child age periods, and the characteristic of every period.第二章 生长发育（一）目的和要求1熟悉小儿生长发育的规律；2了解小儿生长发育的影响因素；3掌握小儿生长发育的各项指标；4熟悉小儿神经心理发育；5自学神经心理发育的评价。 （二）教学内容1讲解小儿生长发育规律；2一般介绍影响小儿生长发育的因素；3重点讲解小儿体格生长各项指标及其测量、计算方法、正常值及其临床意义，包括体重、身长、头围、颅骨、骨化中心和牙齿的发

5、育；4重点讲解小儿神经的发育规律，如各年龄小儿动作发育、语言、思维和神经反射的发育；5讲解小儿心理行为的发展及几种常见的心理行为障碍。Chapter Two Growth and Development（1）Purpose and demand:1. To familiarize the rules of child growth and development.2. To understand the influence factor of child growth and development.3. To grasp the norms of child growth and devel

6、opment.4. To familiarize the child development of neuropsychology5. To self-study the evaluation of child neuropsychology development. （2）The content for teaching:1. To explain the rules of child growth and development.2. To generally introduce the influence factor of child growth and development.3.

7、 To emphasize the norms of child growth, and their measure, calculation methods, normal value, and clinical meaning. Including weight, length, head circumference, skull, ossification center and the teeth development.4. To emphasize the rules of child nerve development, for example the action develop

8、ment, language, thought and neural reflex development of every age period.5. To explain the child psychology behavior development and some common psychology behavior disorder.第三章 儿童保健和疾病的防治原则（一）目的和要求1掌握小儿计划免疫程序；2熟悉各期保健重点；3自学儿科病史的询问和体格检查。（二）教学内容1.讲解各期保健重点；2.重点讲解小儿时期计划免疫程序。Chapter Three Primary of Chi

9、ld Care and the Principle of Disease Prevention and Cure（1）Purpose and demand:1.To grasp the child planned immunization procedure.2.To familiarize the main points for child care of every period.3.To self-study the interrogation and physical examination for child.（2）The content for teaching:1.To expl

10、ain the main points for child care of every period.2.To emphasize the child planned immunization procedure.第四章 营养及营养障碍性疾病小儿喂养（一）目的和要求1熟悉小儿营养物质的代谢特点和需要量；2掌握母乳喂养的优点及婴幼儿喂养方法；3自学婴儿辅助食品。（二）教学内容1讲解小儿能量代谢特点，各年龄组小儿对热量、水分和营养物质的需要量；2重点讲解母乳喂养的优点，哺乳方法及断奶时间；3重点讲解人工喂养和混合喂养的适应症、常用乳品的使用方法及婴幼儿配方奶粉特点；4重点讲解添加辅助食品的重要性，

11、添加的原则和顺序。营养性疾病维生素D缺乏性佝偻病（一）目的和要求1熟悉维生素D的来源及其在体内的转化；2了解维生素D、甲状旁腺激素和降钙素对机体钙磷代谢的调节；3掌握维生素D缺乏性佝偻病的病因、发病机理、临床表现、诊断、治疗和预防。（二）教学内容1讲解维生素D的来源、功能及在人体内的代谢；2一般介绍维生素D、甲状旁腺激素和降钙素对钙磷代谢的调节；3重点讲解维生素D缺乏性佝偻病的病因、发病机理、临床表现和诊断；4重点讲解维生素D缺乏性佝偻病活动早期和活动期的维生素D治疗方法，以及对该病的预防。维生素D缺乏性手足抽搐症（一）目的和要求1熟悉本病的病因和发病机理；2掌握本病的临床表现、诊断、鉴别诊断

12、和治疗；3自学维生素D中毒。（二）教学内容1讲解本病的病因和发病机理；2重点讲解本病的症状和隐性体征；3重点讲解本病的诊断、鉴别诊断和治疗。蛋白质能量营养不良（一）目的和要求1熟悉营养不良的病因和病理生理；2掌握本病的临床表现与诊断；3了解本病的治疗原则；4自学小儿肥胖症。（二）教学内容1讲解营养不良的病因和病理生理；2重点讲解本病的临床表现及各种程度营养不良的诊断标准；3一般介绍本病的治疗原则。Chapter Four Nutrition and Nutrition Disorder DiseaseChild Feeding（1）Purpose and demand:1. To famili

13、arize the metabolism characteristic and required value of the child nutrition substance.2. To grasp the advantage of breast milk feeding and the infant feeding methods.3. To self-study the assistant food for infant.（2）The content for teaching: 1. To explain the characteristic of child energy metabol

14、ism, and the required value for calorie, liquid, and nutrition substance of every age period.2. To emphasize the advantage of breast milk feeding, the feeding methods and time for ablactation.3. To emphasize the indication of artificial feeding and mixed feeding, the using way of common milk food an

15、d the characteristic of infant recipe powdered milk.4. To emphasize the significance of adding assistant food, the principle and order for adding.Nutrition DiseaseRickets of vitamin D deficiency（1）Purpose and demand:1. To familiarize the origin of vitamin D and its transform in human body.2. To unde

16、rstand the procedure, how vitamin D, PTH and calcitonin adjust calcium and phosphate metabolism in human body.3. To grasp the pathology, mechanism, clinical manifestation, diagnosis, treatment and prevention of rickets of vitamin D deficiency.（2）The content for teaching:1. To explain the origin and

17、function of vitamin D, and the metabolism procedure in human body. 2. To generally introduce the procedure, how vitamin D, PTH and calcitonin adjust calcium and phosphate metabolism.3. To emphasize the pathology, mechanism, clinical manifestation and diagnosis of rickets of vitamin D deficiency.4. T

18、o emphasize the treatment methods using vitamin D for the early active state and active state of rickets of vitamin D deficiency, and the prevention for this disease.Tetany of vitamin D deficiency（1）Purpose and demand:1. To familiarize the pathology and mechanism of this disease.2. To grasp the clin

19、ical manifestation, diagnosis, differential diagnosis and treatment.3. To self-study the toxicosis of vitamin D.（2）The content for teaching:1. To explain the pathology and mechanism.2. To emphasize the symptom and recessive objective sign.3. To emphasize the diagnosis, differential diagnosis and tre

20、atment. Protein-energy malnutrition, PEM（1）Purpose and demand:1. To familiarize malnutritions pathology and pathologic physiology.2. To grasp the clinical manifestation and diagnosis of this disease.3. To understand the treatment principle of this disease.4. To self-study child obesity.（2）The conten

21、t for teaching:1. To explain the pathology and pathologic physiology of malnutrition.2. To emphasize the clinical manifestation and the diagnosis standard for different degree malnutrition.3. To generally introduce the treatment principle.第五章 新生儿及新生儿疾病概 述（一）目的和要求1掌握新生儿的基本概念及分类；2掌握足月儿与早产儿的外观特征；3熟悉足月儿

22、与早产儿的生理特征；4了解新生儿常见的几种特殊生理状态；5自学新生儿窒息。（二）教学内容1重点讲解新生儿、围生医学的基本概念，新生儿分类中的各有关定义；2重点讲解足月儿与早产儿的外观特征；3讲解足月儿与早产儿的生理特点；4一般介绍新生儿常见的几种特殊生理状态。新生儿呼吸窘迫综合症（一）目的和要求1熟悉呼吸窘迫综合症的病因和发病机理；2掌握本病的临床特点及X线特征；3熟悉本病的诊断、鉴别诊断、治疗和预防。（二）教学内容1讲解新生儿呼吸窘迫综合症的病因和发病机理；2重点讲解本病的临床特点及X线特征；3讲解本病的诊断及其与胎粪吸入性肺炎、感染性肺炎和湿肺的鉴别；4讲解本病的具体治疗和预防措施。新生儿

23、缺氧缺血性脑病（一）目的和要求1掌握新生儿缺氧缺血性脑病的病因、临床表现、诊断和治疗；2了解本病的预后及预防。（二）教学内容1重点讲解新生儿缺氧缺血性脑病的病因和临床表现；2重点讲解本病的诊断和治疗；3一般介绍本病的预后和预防。新生儿颅内出血（一）目的和要求1掌握新生儿颅内出血的病因和临床特点；2掌握本病的诊断和治疗；3了解本病的发病机理、预后和预防。（二）教学内容1一般介绍本病的发病机理；2重点讲解颅内出血的病因及不同部位出血的临床表现特点；3重点讲解本病的诊断和治疗；4一般介绍本病的预后和预防。新生儿黄疸 新生儿溶血病（一）目的和要求 1熟悉新生儿胆红素代谢特点；2掌握新生儿生理性黄疸与病

24、理性黄疸的鉴别；3掌握新生儿ABO溶血病和Rh溶血病的发病机理、临床表现、诊断和治疗重点；4熟悉新生儿胆红素脑病（核黄疸）的临床表现。（二）教学内容1讲解新生儿胆红素代谢特点；2重点讲解新生儿生理性黄疸与病理性黄疸的鉴别要点；3重点讲解新生儿溶血病的发病机理、临床表现、诊断要点和治疗，包括换血疗法；4讲解胆红素脑病（核黄疸）的临床表现。Chapter Five Neonate and Neonate DiseaseIntroduction（1）Purpose and demand:1. To grasp neonates basic concept and category.2. To gra

25、sp the appearance characteristic of term infant and preterm infant.3. To familiarize the physiology characteristic of term infant and preterm infant.4. To understand some common specific physiology state of neonate.5. To self-study asphyxia of newborn. （2）The content for teaching:1. To emphasize the

26、 basic concept of neonate and perinatology, and the relative definition in neonate category.2. To emphasize the appearance characteristic of term infant and preterm infant.3. To explain the physiology characteristic of term infant and preterm infant.4. To generally introduce some common specific phy

27、siology state of neonate.Respiratory distress syndrome, RDS（1）Purpose and demand:1. To familiarize the pathology and mechanism of RDS.2. To grasp the clinical characteristic and X-ray feature.3. To familiarize the diagnosis, differential diagnosis, treatment and prevention.（2）The content for teachin

28、g:1. To explain the pathology and mechanism of RDS.2. To emphasize the clinical characteristic and X-ray feature.3. To explain the diagnosis of RDS, and the distinction from meconium aspiration pneumonia, infectious pneumonia and wet lung.4. To explain the concrete treatment and prevention measure.H

29、ypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy, HIE（1）Purpose and demand:1. To grasp the pathology, clinical manifestation, diagnosis and treatment of HIE.2. To understand the prognosis and prevention.（2）The content for teaching:To emphasize the pathology and clinical manifestation of HIE.To emphasize the diagnosis

30、 and treatment.To generally introduce the prognosis and prevention.Intracranial hemorrhage of the newborn（1）Purpose and demand:1. To grasp the pathology and clinical characteristic of this disease.2. To grasp the diagnosis and treatment.3. To understand the mechanism, prognosis and prevention.（2）The

31、 content for teaching:1. To generally introduce the mechanism.2. To emphasize the pathology of intracranial hemorrhage and the clinical manifestation characteristic of hemorrhage in different parts.3. To emphasize the diagnosis and treatment.4. To generally introduce the prognosis and prevention.Neo

32、natal jaundice Hemolytic disease of newborn, HDN（1）Purpose and demand:1. To familiarize the bilirubin metabolism characteristic of neonate.2. To grasp the distinction between physiological jaundice and pathologic jaundice.3. To grasp the mechanism, clinical manifestation, diagnosis and the main poin

33、ts in treatment of ABO HDN and Rh HDN.4. To familiarize the clinical manifestation of neonate bilirubin encephalopathy (nuclear icterus).（2）The content for teaching:1. To explain the bilirubin metabolism characteristic of neonate.2. To emphasize the distinction between physiological jaundice and pat

34、hologic jaundice.3. To emphasize the mechanism, clinical manifestation, diagnosis and treatment of HDN, including exchange transfusion.4. To explain the clinical manifestation of bilirubin encephalopathy(nuclear icterus).第九章 消化系统疾病液体疗法小儿腹泻（一）目的和要求1熟悉小儿腹泻的病因及发病机理；2掌握小儿腹泻的临床表现，包括脱水、代谢性酸中毒、低钾血症的临床表现及诊断

35、标准；3掌握几种类型肠炎（轮状病毒肠炎、大肠杆菌肠炎、金黄色葡萄球菌肠炎、真菌性肠炎）的临床特点；4掌握小儿腹泻的治疗，包括液体疗法；5自学胃食管返流。（二）教学内容1讲解小儿腹泻的病因以及不同病因导致腹泻的发病机理；2重点讲解小儿腹泻的临床表现，尤其是脱水程度、脱水性质、代谢性酸中毒、低钾血症等产生的原因、临床表现及判断标准；3重点讲解几种类型肠炎（轮状病毒肠炎、大肠杆菌肠炎、金葡萄肠炎、真菌性肠炎）的临床特点；4重点讲解小儿腹泻的治疗，尤其是液体疗法，包括对脱水、代谢性酸中毒及低钾血症的治疗。Chapter Nine Digestive System Disease and Fluid T

36、herapyInfantile Diarrhea（1）Purpose and demand:1. To familiarize the pathology and mechanism.2. To grasp the clinical manifestation, including the clinical manifestation and the diagnosis standard for dehydration, metabolic acidosis and hypokalemia.3. To grasp the clinical characteristic of some sort

37、s of enteritis, (rotavirus enteritis, colibacillus enteritis, staphylococcal aureus enteritis, epiphyte enteritis).4. To grasp infantile diarrheas treatment, including fluid therapy.5. To self-study gastroesophageal reflux, GER, chalasia.（2）The content for teaching:1. To explain the pathology of inf

38、antile diarrhea and the diarrhea mechanism of different pathogeny.2. To emphasize the clinical manifestation of infantile diarrhea, especially the pathogeny, clinical manifestation and diagnosis standard for dehydration degree, dehydration nature, metabolic acidosis and hypokalemia.3. To emphasize t

39、he clinical characteristic of some sorts of enteritis, (rotavirus enteritis, colibacillus enteritis, staphylococcal aureus enteritis, epiphyte enteritis).4. To emphasize the treatment of infantile diarrhea, especially fluid therapy, including the treatment for dehydration, metabolic acidosis and hyp

40、okalemia.第十章 呼吸系统疾病（一）目的和要求1熟悉小儿呼吸系统解剖生理特点及检查方法；2掌握上呼吸道感染、支气管炎、肺炎的病因、临床表现、诊断、预防和治疗；3自学支气管哮喘。（二）教学内容1讲解小儿呼吸系统解剖生理特点、免疫特点及检查方法；2重点讲解小儿急性上呼吸道感染的病因、临床表现、并发症、诊断和治疗；3讲解两种特殊类型的上呼吸道感染的临床特点；4重点讲解小儿急性支气管炎的病因、临床表现及治疗；5一般介绍肺炎的分类；6重点讲解支气管肺炎的病理生理、临床表现，包括重症肺炎的临床表现、并发症、实验室检查、X线检查、诊断和治疗；7重点讲解几种不同病原体所致支气管肺炎的临床特点。Chap

41、ter Ten Respiratory System Disease（1）Purpose and demand:1. To familiarize the child respiratory systems anatomy physiology characteristic and examination methods.2. To grasp the pathogeny, clinical manifestation, diagnosis, prevention and treatment for upper respiratory infection, bronchitis, and pn

42、eumonia.3. To self-study asthma.（2）The content for teaching:1. To explain the anatomy physiology characteristic, the immunity characteristic and examination methods of child respiratory system.2. To emphasize the pathogeny, clinical manifestation, complications, diagnosis and treatment of child acut

43、e upper respiratory infection.3. To explain the clinical characteristic of two special types about child upper respiratory infection.4. To emphasize the pathogeny, clinical manifestation and treatment for child acute bronchitis.5. To generally introduce the category of pneumonia.6. To emphasize the

44、pathologic physiology, clinical manifestation of bronchopneumonia, including the clinical manifestation, complications, laboratory examination, X-ray examination, diagnosis and treatment of serious pneumonia.7. To emphasize the bronchopneumonia clinical characteristic of different pathogen.第十一章 心血管系

45、统疾病先天性心脏病（一）目的和要求1了解心脏胚胎发育过程及关键时期；2熟悉胎儿循环特点及生后血液动力学的改变；3了解先天性心脏病的病因及分类；4掌握常见先心病（房间隔缺损、室间隔缺损、动脉导管未闭和法乐氏四联症）的血液动力学改变（病理生理）、临床表现；5熟悉各种先心病的辅助检查；6了解常见先心病的治疗原则；7自学病毒性心肌炎。（二）教学内容1一般介绍心脏胚胎发育过程，强调心脏胚胎发育的关键时期；2讲解胎儿血液循环特点及生后血液动力学的变化；3一般介绍先心病的病因及分类；4重点讲解房间隔缺损、室间隔缺损、动脉导管未闭和法乐氏四联症的血液动力学改变（病理生理）和临床表现；5讲解上述四种常见先心病的

46、X线检查、心电图、超声心动图、心导管检查及心血管造影检查的特点；6一般介绍先心病的治疗原则。Chapter Eleven Cardiovascular System DiseaseCongenital Heart Disease（1）Purpose and demand:1. To understand the heart embryo development procedure and the critical periods.2. To familiarize the fetal circulation characteristic and the change of hemodynami

47、cs after born.3. To understand the pathogeny and category of congenital heart disease.4. To grasp the hemodynamics change (pathologic physiology) and clinical manifestation of some common congenital heart disease (atrial septal defect, ventricular septal defect, patent ductus arteriosus and tetralog

48、y of Fallot ).5. To familiarize the accessory examination of all the sorts of congenital heart disease.6. To understand the treatment principle of the common congenital heart disease.7. To self-study viral myocarditis.（2）The content for teaching:1. To generally introduce the heart embryo development

49、 procedure, and to emphasize the critical periods of the heart embryo development.2. To explain the fetal blood circulation characteristic and the change of hemodynamics after born.3. To generally introduce the pathogeny and category of congenital heart disease.4. To emphasize the hemodynamics chang

50、e (pathologic physiology) and clinical manifestation of atrial septal defect, ventricular septal defect, patent ductus arteriosus and tetralogy of Fallot.5. To explain the characteristic of X-ray examination, electrocardiogram, echocardiography, cardiac catheterization, angiocardiography about above

51、 four common congenital heart disease.6. To generally introduce the treatment principle of congenital heart disease.第十二章 泌尿系统疾病急性肾小球肾炎（一）目的和要求1熟悉急性肾炎的病因与发病机理；2掌握急性肾炎的临床表现和治疗原则；3熟悉急性肾炎的诊断和鉴别诊断；4自学泌尿道感染。（二）教学内容1讲解急性肾炎的病因、发病机理和病理；2重点讲解急性肾炎的临床表现与实验室检查；3讲解急性肾炎诊断与鉴别诊断；4重点讲解一般病例及严重病例急性肾炎的治疗。肾病综合症（一）目的和要求1了

52、解肾病综合症的病因及临床类型；2熟悉肾病的病理生理；3掌握肾病综合症的临床表现，常见并发症及治疗。（二）教学内容1一般介绍肾病综合症的概念、病因和发病机理；2讲解肾病综合症的病理生理；3重点讲解肾病综合症的临床特点，单纯性肾病与肾炎性肾病的鉴别；4重点讲解肾病的常见并发症及其治疗；5重点讲解肾病综合症的治疗。Chapter Twelve Urinary System DiseaseAcute Glomerulonephritis, AGN（1）Purpose and demand:1. To familiarize the pathogeny and mechanism of AGN.2. T

53、o grasp the clinical manifestation and treatment principle of AGN.3. To familiarize the diagnosis and differential diagnosis of AGN.4. To self-study urinary tract infection, UTI.（2）The content for teaching:1. To explain the pathogeny, mechanism and pathology of AGN.2. To emphasize the clinical manif

54、estation and laboratory examination of AGN.3. To explain the diagnosis and differential diagnosis of AGN.4. To emphasize the AGN treatment of ordinary case and serious case.Nephritic Syndrome; NS（1）Purpose and demand:1. To understand the pathogeny and clinical types of NS.2. To familiarize the patho

55、logic physiology of NS.3. To grasp the clinical manifestation of NS, and the common complications and treatment.（2）The content for teaching:1. To generally introduce the concept, pathogeny and mechanism of NS.2. To explain the pathologic physiology of NS.3. To emphasize the clinical characteristic o

56、f NS, the distinction between simple type NS and nephritic type NS.4. To emphasize the common complications of NS and treatment for the complications.5. To emphasize the treatment for NS.第十三章 造血系统疾病营养性贫血（一）目的和要求1掌握小儿造血的特点及血象特点；2了解小儿贫血的定义和分类；3熟悉小儿缺铁性贫血和巨幼红细胞贫血的病因发病机理；4掌握小儿缺铁性贫血和巨幼红细胞贫血的临床表现、诊断和治疗；5自学急性白血病。（二）教学内容1重点讲解小儿造血特点和血象特点；2一般介绍小儿贫血的定义和分类；3讲解缺铁性贫血和巨幼红细胞贫血的病因和发病机理；4重点讲解缺铁性贫血和巨幼红细胞性贫血的临床表现、诊断、治疗及预防。Chapter Thirteen Hemopoietic System DiseaseNutritional Anemia（1）Purpose and deman