厦门大学海洋科学导论课件(水文部分)

1、地球的真实形状（实线） 理想的椭球体（虚线）nvolume of the earth ：1083.16 billion km3地球表面积：地球表面积：510*106 km2 海洋面积：海洋面积：361*106 km2 占占 70.8% 陆地面积：陆地面积：149*106 km2 占占 29.2%area = 361.1 million km2volume = 1,370 million km3average depth = 3,796 m averagethe world ocean陆半球陆半球海洋面积仍大于陆地面积水半球水半球海洋面积远大于陆地面积海陆分布在各纬度上是不均匀的，在南纬海陆分布

2、在各纬度上是不均匀的，在南纬56566565之间，几乎没之间，几乎没有陆地；在北纬有陆地；在北纬6565附近，大陆却几乎连成一片。在纬度高于附近，大陆却几乎连成一片。在纬度高于8080的南极地区，主要被陆地占据；而在北极则是一片广阔的水域。的南极地区，主要被陆地占据；而在北极则是一片广阔的水域。45-70n:陆地面积海洋面积 the hypsographic curve(海陆起伏曲线）roughly 80% of the land surface is below an elevation of 2000 meters, while 80% of the sea floor is at a d

3、epth greater than 2000 meterscoral seacoral reefwonderful corall太平洋：面积最大、最深l北冰洋：最小、最浅pacific ocean covers 1/3 of the earth.s surfacelargest surface area average width = 13,000 kmlargest volume (twice as large as atlantic or indian oceans)average depth = 4.2 km (deepest = 11 km)pacific ocean面积最大：占地表总

4、面积1/3，海洋表面积的1/2；平均深度4028m，东西最宽达半个赤道。 体积最大：水量约等于全球水量的一半岛屿很多，特别是在中西部long, narrow s-shaped oceanrelatively shallow - mid-atlantic ridge few depths below 6 kmislands not as common (greenland is largest island)20 east longitude divides atlantic and indian oceans67 west longitude divides atlantic and paci

5、fic oceansatlantic ocean占世界大洋面积1/4，平均深度3627m。东西狭窄，赤道最窄，分南北大西洋，有一”s“形洋中脊横贯南北。 海岸形态：南：平直无附属海；北：迂回曲折，多岛屿、港湾和附属海 mostly in the southern hemisphereaverage depth 3.9 km average width 7000 kmimportant trade routes for egypt, mesopotamia, and indiaegyptians sailed this ocean 2500 years ago20 east longitude

6、divides atlantic and indian oceans150 east longitude divides indian and pacific oceans面积：占世界洋面积的1/5，平均深度超过大西洋，平均3897m。在中央海底有倒”y”型洋中脊 shallow and small relative to other oceans separated from atlantic by a large submarine ridge that extends east-west of iceland mostly .land-locked., ice-covered, cont

7、ains the north pole least-studied of all oceans - uncharted until late 1800.s the cold-war and nuclear submarines have greatly advanced our knowledge of this oceanarctic ocean 面积最小，水深最浅，平均1200m，最寒冷。具有世界上最宽的大陆架：1000km 南大洋北界南界：南极大陆副热带辐合带(40s)南极辐合带(50-55 s)北：9 34.6 1/1升 无南：5 34 10/1升 有t s 硅藻 磷虾iocxie,

8、s., j. hafner, y. tanimoto, w. t. liu, h. tokinaga, and h. xu, bathymetriceffect on the winter sea surface temperature and climate of the yellow and east china seas, geophys. res. lett., 29(24), 2228, doi:10.1029/2002gl015884, 2002.shore: a part of the land mass close to the sea which has been modif

9、ied by the action of the sea.continental shelf: extends seaward from the shore with an average gradient of 1:500. its outer limit (break-in slope) is set where the gradient increases to about 1:20 on the average to form the continental slope down to the deep sea bottom.deep-sea bottom and sounding:

10、from the bottom of continental slope the gradient decreases along the continental rise to the deep-sea bottom, the last and most extensive area. depths of 3000 to 6000m are found over 74% of the ocean basins with 1% being deeper. variety of its topography.sills: refer to a ridge, above the average b

11、ottom level in a region , which separates one basin from another or ,in case of a fjord, separates the landward basin from the sea outside.1、渤海：、渤海：(bohai) 内陆海，从老铁山角（老铁山头）至蓬莱角（登州头）联线与黄海为界。 面积7.7万km，平均深度18m，最深83m。2、黄海：、黄海：(the yellow sea) 半封闭浅海，南界为启东嘴至济州岛连线与东海相接。面积38万km，平均深度44m，最深超过100m。地形中央凹地。3、东海：、

12、东海：(east china sea) 太平洋边缘海，水域辽阔，面积77万km，平均深度370m，最深2719m。4、南海：、南海：(south china sea) 面积350万km，平均深度1212m，最深5377m。 n the royal naval observatory at greenwich, england. the brass strip set into the courtyard marks the prime meridian, the division between east and west longitudes.equatorial cylindric(圆柱投

13、影)a simple polar conic projection(圆锥投影）a polar tangent plane projection(方位投影)essential elementsareaangleorientationease of matchingthe compass course from northwest cape in australia to sri lanka (1) is 315 (toward nw), the compass course from ireland to jamaica (2) is 225 (toward sw). areas become

14、more and more inflated as the distance from the equator increases. take extreme caution when drawing conclusions about the relative sizes of countries and continents from this map! the mollweide projection(摩尔魏特投影) is found in many geography texts and atlases of today; it goes back to the german math

15、ematician karl brandon mollweide (1774 - 1825). north america (canada and the usa, including alaska) is .how does arabia compare with greenland. greenland is .north america (canada and the usa, including alaska) is about 80% of the size of africa.greenland is about two thirds the size of arabia.annu

16、al mean sea surface temperature, shown in mercator projectionannual mean sea surface temperature, shown in gall-peters projectionthe annual mean sea surface temperature is shown through colours; red is warm, blue is cold. which of the two maps shows a warmer ocean? point1(lon1,lat1) point2(lon2,lat2)degreey=(lat2-lat1)*111.13(km)x=(lon2-lon1)*cos(lat2+lat1)/2)*111.13(km)distance=sqrt(x*x+y*