英语语言学课件Chapter10Syntax

1、syntaxwstructure and ordering of components within a sentence of a lwsyntax came originally from greek, a setting out together or arrangementgenerative grammarwsince 1950s, noam chomskywa particular type of grammar which would have a very explicit system of rules specifying what combinations of basi

2、c elements would result in well-formed sentencesw“attempts” since no fully worked-out grammar of this type existsgenerative grammar propertieswall and only: all well-formed syntactic structures, only the grammatical sentenceswproductivity: finite rules, infinite number of well-formed structureswrecu

3、rsion: capacity to be applied more than once in generating a structure. (example on p102)generative grammar propertieswcapture the fact: a sentence can have another sentence inside it, a phrase can have another phrase inside itwhow superficially distinct sentences are closely relatedwhow superficall

4、y similar sentences are in fact distinctsurface structurewsurface structure: the syntactic form they take as actual eng sentences charlie broke the window. the window was broken by charliewvery closely related, identical in factdeep structurewan abstract level of structural organization in which all

5、 the elements determining structural interpretation are representedwunderlying level: basic components shared by the two sentences charlie broke the window. the window was broken by charlie.structural ambiguitywannie whacked a man with an umbrella.wi shot an elephant in my pajamas.wphrases can be am

6、biguous: old men and women old men and women of all ages? old men and old women?symbols used in syntactic descriptionwarrow: consists ofwparentheses: ( ) optional constituent insidewbraces (curly brackets): only one of the elements enclosed withinthe brackets must be selectedwcomplete list of symbol

7、s on page 105labeled tree diagramswtree diagram representation contains all the grammatical information found in the other analysies, but also shows more explicitly the fact that there are different levels in the analysis.wexamples page 105phrase structure ruleswtree diagram can be treated: a. static representation of the structure of the sentence at the bottom of the diagram b. dynamic format, a way of generating not only that one sentence, but ave