浅谈高中美术教学

1、浅谈高中美术教学近代，中国美的教育提倡者蔡元培先生提出：“人人都有感情，而并非都有伟大而高尚的行为，这是由于感情推动力的薄弱。要转弱而为强，转薄而为厚，有待于陶养。陶养的工具，为美的对象；陶养的作用，叫做美育。” 我们目前在高中段实行的美术鉴赏教学就是美育教育的重要组成，不单纯是高考的部分内容。美术鉴赏的教学内容很多，但“美学观念是以具体者济之”，想来每位教师都有自己的心得。结合近几年的工笔国画教学实践，我想谈谈自己的一些体会。 一、提高自身修养重于提高绘画技巧 中国画是一门全方面的高品位的艺术，仅有技巧是远远不够的。傅雷在家书中这样对儿子说：“凡是一天到晚闹技巧的，是艺术工匠而不是艺术家。一

2、个人跳不出这一关，一辈子也休想梦见艺术！艺术是目的，技巧是手段：老是只注意手段的人，必然会忘了他的目的。”因此，在学习初期，就要求学生平日加强修养，博览群书，浸淫中国的其他艺术，如古典文学、音乐等。傅雷曾经给儿子讲过这么一个故事，着名指挥家弗里茨布希又一次问约翰普理查德，“你上次看文艺复兴时代的绘画有多久了？”普理查德很惊异地反问：“为什么问我？”布希答道：“因为看了伟大作品，可以使你指挥时得到进步-而不致眼光短浅。”东方艺术向来有文学、美术、音乐、戏剧相通之说，一切艺术，到了最高层次，都是相通的。教育学生不仅仅为了提高技巧而画，而是为了提高整个的全面的涵养。应该看到学生在校学习期间仅仅是一个

3、入门的过程，是学会学习方法的过程。孟德斯鸠告诫我们：“树人如树木，若非善加栽培，必难欣欣向荣。”我觉得这句名言实在是值得每一个教育工作者去深思。如何使学生在走出校门离开老师后仍然能够不断进步，这是一个重要的课题。因此教师就要教育他们在学生时代注意提高自身修养。古人常说：取法乎上，得乎其下；取法乎中，得乎其下。教师对学生一定要严格要求，有一个较高起点，不仅是学识，尤其是品德。中国画艺术向有“人品”、“书品”、“画品”之说，人品高画品才会高。寓德育于整个教学过程中，是每一位教师必须熟谙的教学原则。 二、学习传统就是站在巨人的肩膀上 韩美林在装饰助我中强调：艺术家的生活，基本上都是“三部曲”，打基础

4、，搞创作，建风格。首要的就是基本功。他告诫学生们，千万不能丢弃基本功。初学者对国画的基础课程-线描，往往容易心急手快，不知“慢即是快”的道理，殊不知根基不打好，如高楼筑于沙砾之上，后果不堪设想。中国画艺术实质上是线的艺术，把握住了线，就把握住了传统的灵魂。但就学生目前的认识水平来看往往把“线”这种富于独特表现力与形式美的表现手段退化为单纯的技术性操作，使“线”只具备画“形”的意义，“线”的审美价值与形式意味丧失殆尽。所以让学生建立正确的线条观很重要。西风东渐以来，传统国画受到的冲击很大，一不小心把好东西也冲掉了一些，现在想捡回来还真不容易。目前绘画界的一些“现代派”，线的功力很差，或是不讲究用

5、线，而用颜色覆盖住，或是采用各种特殊技法，掩盖其缺陷，自以为有特色有风格，实则是跌倒了没爬起来，索性打个滚儿的把戏。工笔画是中国绘画的原生态，这种以线勾勒、用色渲染的基本形式乃是中国一切绘画的基本描绘方法。从两千年前的帛画到六朝时期的绘画，可以看到“勾线、渲染”这一形式由定型到发展成熟的轨迹。这一形式到唐五代更发展到了一个高峰。直到今日，我们仍能穿越时空，时时感受到那个时代绘画的辉煌。 三、天人合一是画者永恒的追求 “天人合一”论，是中国文化对人类最大的贡献，谈了两千多年。季羡林先生对此有自己的看法：我不把“天”理解为“天命”，也不把“人”理解为“人生”；我认为“天”就是大自然，“人”就是我们

6、人类，天人关系是人与自然的关系。对于画者而言，写生就是沿着“天人合一”的道路在走。中国画一贯坚持“临摹、写生、创作三位一体”的教学原则，要求学生坚持写生，生活才是艺术的第一源泉。好多同学经常抱怨自己创造能力差，正是忽略了写生。庄子云：“栩栩然之蝶，蝶之为蚁，继而化蛹，终而成蛾飞去。”凡学习三时期。宾虹翁对此强调说：“学画者师今人不若师古人，师古人不若师造化；师今人者，食叶之时代，师古人者，化蛹之时代，师造化者，由三眠三起成蛾飞去之时代也。”师今人师古人都是重要的，但更要师造化，即向大自然直接写生。现在的学生们往往借助相机等现代技术来搜集素材，虽然有其必要性，带来一定方便，但也造成学生依赖心理强

7、，写生能力差的弊病。在课堂教学中，不仅要多临摹优秀古人作品，更要加强写生练习，并作定期讲评展览，激发学生兴趣和上进心。经过长期训练，使学生养成写生的好习惯，做到手不离笔。另外，在加强学生基本功训练和写生训练的同时，教师不应该以教条主义的方法去框定学生，应懂得维护学生个性，懂得因材施教，启发学生找“食”，正像万物各有特点，学生也有各自不同的个性与素质。教出千篇一律的学生来，这样的教育无疑是失败的，艺术教育尤其如此。a3ptgz7r4i30ka1dkaghn3xtkknbycudxqa7fhyi2chhi92tgkqcwa3ptgshls50clmtwn60eo8wgqv7xav2ohum32wg

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