非谓语动词的时态和语态

1、非谓语动词的时态和语态非谓语动词的时态和语态不定式的时态与语态不定式的时态与语态:1.不定式的时态与语态的基本形不定式的时态与语态的基本形式（以式（以do为例）为例）主动语态主动语态被动语态被动语态一般式一般式to doto be done进行式进行式to be doing无无完成式完成式to have done to have been done完成进完成进行式行式to have been doing无无 不定式一般式的用法不定式一般式的用法: 表示将来表示将来,即表示发生在谓语动作之即表示发生在谓语动作之后的动作后的动作: we decided to leave early. he ask

2、ed me to buy him some paper. 表示与谓语动作同时发生或略先于表示与谓语动作同时发生或略先于谓语动作的动作谓语动作的动作:who heard him say that?im sorry to hear that.不定式进行式的用法不定式进行式的用法:表示与谓语动作同时发生且正在进行表示与谓语动作同时发生且正在进行的动作的动作:he seems to be saying something.he is thought to be hiding in the woods.正如可用进行式表将来一样正如可用进行式表将来一样,不定式进不定式进行式有时也行式有时也 可表将来可表将

3、来:the old man seems to be dying.he was happy to be coming home.表示在谓语动作之前表示在谓语动作之前表示过去未曾实现的愿望表示过去未曾实现的愿望:i should like to have come earlier.we were to have been married last year.（我们原打算去年结婚。）（我们原打算去年结婚。）不定式完成进行式的用法不定式完成进行式的用法:表示在谓语动作之前一直在进行表示在谓语动作之前一直在进行的动作的动作:you seem to have been writing very long.

4、the battle was said to have been going on for two days.主动语态主动语态被动语态被动语态一般式一般式to doto be done进行式进行式to be doing无无完成式完成式to have done to have been done完成进完成进行式行式to have been doing无无分词的时态与语态分词的时态与语态:主动形式主动形式被动形式被动形式现在现在分词分词一般式一般式 doingbeing done完成式完成式 having done having been done过去过去分词分词一般式一般式 done无无 1.d

5、oing(一般式一般式)表示的动作可以与谓表示的动作可以与谓语动作同时语动作同时,也可以在谓语动作之前或也可以在谓语动作之前或之后之后,有时没有明确的先后关系有时没有明确的先后关系: 与谓语动作同时发生与谓语动作同时发生: he kept smiling. everyone is practicing speaking english.发生在谓语动作之后发生在谓语动作之后（固定用法）（固定用法）he advised leaving early.would you mind opening the window?发生在谓语动作之前发生在谓语动作之前（固定用法）（固定用法） :i remember

6、 mailing the letter.没有明确的先后关系（泛指、常理）没有明确的先后关系（泛指、常理）:teaching is learning.learning a foreign language is not easy.2.having done:动名词完成式主要表示发生在谓语动名词完成式主要表示发生在谓语动作之前的动作或状态动作之前的动作或状态:he forgot having promised to write her.i have no idea of his having done such a thing.the problem_ next is of great impor

7、tance.the problem_ now is of great importance.the problem_ just now is of treat importance.a.discussed b. being discussed c. to be discusseda _b _c _根据上下文的谓语动词与非谓动词发生根据上下文的谓语动词与非谓动词发生的先后关系确定的先后关系确定-li ming is said _ abroad. do you know what country-yes, in london. a. to have studied b. to study c. t

8、o be studying d. to have been studyinghe studied in ?he will study in?he studies in?abc1. i dont know whether you happen _, (辽宁卷)a. to be heard b. to be hearingc. to hear d. to have heard 【分析】答案选d。hear发生在谓语dont know之前，用不定式的完成式。 句意是：我不知道你是否已经听说过了，今年九月我要去美国学习。2. the old man, _ abroad for twenty years,

9、 is on the way back to his motherland. (江苏卷)a. to work b. working c. to have worked d. having worked 【分析】答案选d。work发生在谓语(返回祖国)之前，用现在分词的完成式作状语，表示时间，相当于after he has worked abroad不定式作状语不能表示时间。3. little jim should love _ to the theatre this evening. (全国卷)a. to be taken b. to takec. being taken d. taking【

10、分析】答案选a。句子主语little jim与take是被动关系，“被带去看戏”发生在“想(should love=want)”后，所以用不定式的被动式作宾语。说明说明：动词不定式用主动形式表被动含义的情况：在作表语或宾补的形容词后用状语时；作定语修饰have, there be, this / that / these / those be等后面的名词或代词时；作表语的to blame等。 如：1. the text is difficult to learn. 这篇课文很难学。(to learn主动表被动) 2. we found the text difficult to learn.我们觉得这篇课文很难学。 (to learn主动表被动) 3. he was to blame for that. 他因此受到了责备。 (作表语的to blame主动表被动) need, want和require表示“需要表示”，主语通常是物时，后面除用不定式的被动式外，也可用-ing形式的主动形式表示被动。 如：there is a new problem involved in the popularity of private cars _ road condit