旅游学概论英语阅读材料VIP

1、旅游学概论英语学习材料学习材料1，the grand tour and thomas cook1. the grand tourthe grand tour is a major link between the middle ages and contemporary tourismthe term describes the extended travel of young men from the aristocratic classes of the united kingdom and other parts of northern europe to continental eur

2、ope for educational and cultural purposes (towner 1996)because these literate young travelers usually kept diaries of their experiences, it is possible to reconstruct this era in detail. we know, for example, that the classical grand tours first became popular during the mid-sixteenth century, and p

3、ersisted (with modification) until the mid-nineteenth century ( withey 1997 ). while there are no single circuit or timeframe that defined the grand tour, certain destinations feature prominently in the diaries and other written accounts. paris was usually the first major destination of tourists, fo

4、llowing by a year or more of visits to the major cities of italy, and especially florence, rome, naples and venice (towner 1996). though the political and economic power of italy was in decline by the early 1600s, these centres were still admired for their renaissance and roman attractions, which co

5、ntinued to set the cultural standards for europe. a visit to these cultural centres was vital for anyone aspiring to join the ranks of the elite. the following quote from l 776, attributed to samuel johnson, the great english author, captures this status motive:a man who has not been in italy is alw

6、ays conscious of an inferiority, from his not having seen what it is expected a man should seethe grand object of travelling is to see the shores of the mediterraneanaii our religion，almost all our law, almost all our arts，almost ali that sets us above savages，has come to us from the shores of the m

7、editerranean (in burkart medlik 1 981，p.4).the journey back to northern europe usually took the traveler across the swiss alps, through germany and into the low countries (flanders, the netherlands) where the rnnaissance flowered during the mid-1600s ( steinecke 1993) according to towner (1 996) abo

8、ut 1 5 000-20 000 members of the british elite were abroad on the grand tour at any time during the mid-1 700smoreover, the wealthier participants were likely to be accompanied by an entourage of servants, guides, tutors and other retainerstowards the end of the era, the emphasis in the grand tour s

9、hifted from the aristocracy to the more affluent middle classes, resulting in a shorter stay within fewer destinations. other destinations, such as germany and the alps, also became more popular (withey 1 997) the classes from which the grand tour participants arose accounted for between 7 and 9 per

10、 cent of the united kingdom s population in the eighteenth centurymotivesalso shifted throughout this era. the initial emphasis on education, designed to confer the traveller with full membership into the aristocratic power structure and to make important social connections on the continent, gradual

11、ly gave away to more stress on simple sightseeing. in either manifestation, however, the grand tour had a profound impact on the united kingdom, as cultural and social trends there were largely shaped by the ideas and goods brought back by the grand tourists. at least in an economic sense, these imp

12、acts were also felt in the destination regions, with the appearance of specialised services such as the souvenir trade and tour guiding within the major destination cities. in addition, the practical travel guide first appeared in the 1 820s in response to demand fromwould-be grand tourists (withey

13、1997). 2. thomas cookmore than any other individual, thomas cook is associated with the emergence of tourism as a modern, large-scale industry, even though lt would take another 1 50 years for mass tourism to be realised on a global scale. a baptist preacher who was concerned with thedeclining moral

14、sof the english working class，cook conceived the idea of chartering trains at reduced fares to take the workers to temperance (i.e. anti-alcohol) meetings arid bible camps in the countryside. the first of these excursions, provided as a day trip from leicester to loughborough on 5 july 1 841, is som

15、etimes described as the symbolic beginning of the contemporary era of tourism. gradually, these excursions expanded in the number of participants and the variety of destinations offered. at the same time, the reasons for taking excursions shifted from spiritual purposes to sight-seeing and pleasure.

16、 by 1845 cook (who had by then formed the famous travel business thomas cookson) was offering regular tours between leicester and london. in 1863 the first international excursion was under-taken (to the swiss alps), and in 1872 the first round-the-world excursion was organised with an itinerary tha

17、t ncluded the british colonies of australia and new zealand. the cook excursions can be considered the beginning of international tourism in the latter two countries, although such trips were, of course, still the prerogative of the wealthy. by the late1 870s, thomas cookson was operating 60 offices

18、 throughout the world ( withey 1997). cooks arrangements for the great exhibition of 1851, held in london, illustrate the innovations that he introduced into the tourism sector. the 160 000 clients (3 percent of all visitors) who purchased his companys services were provided with： an inclusive, pre-

19、paid, one-fee structure that covered transportation, accommodation, guides, food and other goods and servicesorganised itineraries based on rigid time schedules uniform products of a highly professional qualityaffordable prices, made possible by the economies of scale created through large customer

20、volumes. the genius of thomas cook and his imitators, essentially, was to apply the production principles and techniques of the industrial revolution to tourism. standardised, precisely timed, commercialised and high-volume tour packages heralded the industrialisation of the sector. thus, while the

21、development of the seaside resorts was a mainly unplanned phenomenon. thomas cook can be described as an effective managerial pioneer of the industry that fostered and accommodated the demand for these and other tourism products. the actual connection between supply and demand, however, was only mad

22、e possible by communication and transportation innovations of the industrial revolution such as the railway, the steamship and the telegraph, which cook utilised to his advantage. as a result of such innovative applications, thomas cook exposed an unprecedented pool of potential travelers (i.e. an i

23、ncreased market) to an unprecedented number of destinations (i.e. an increased supply). today, the package tour is one of the fundamental, taken-for-granted symbols of the contemporary tourism industry.学习材料2， the nature and scope of tourism 1definition of tourism（1）the definition given by world tour

24、ism organization, wtoany person residing within a country, irrespective of nationality, traveling to a place within this country other than his usual place of residence for a period of not less than 24 hours or one night for a purpose other than the exercise of a remunerated activity in the place vi

25、sited. the motives for such travel may be leisure (recreation, holidays, health, studies, religion, sports), business, family, mission or meeting.（2）the view of british tourism societytourism is deemed to include any activity concerned with temporary short-term movement of people to destinations out

26、side the places where they normally live and work, and their activities during the stay at these destinations.（3）the definition adopted by australian governmenta person who undertakes travel, for any reason, involving a stay away from his or her usual place of residence for at least one night; or a

27、person who undertakes a pleasure trip involving a stay away from home for at least four hours during daylight, and involving a round distance at least 50 km; however, for trips to national parks, state forest reserves, museums, historical parks, animal parks or other man-made attractions, the distan

28、ce limitation does not apply.2. factors affecting tourismtourism is a volatile business. not only is it subject to climatic change, it is also influenced by political instability, currency fluctuations, changes in fashion and changes in the economyphysical factors include scenic locations, wide sand

29、y beaches and warm，sunny climates.(1) demographic factorslife stage elements such as infants in the family or adolescents，recent empty-nest status(households in which the young people have just left home)or failing health can impose restrictions on the choice of holidays or guide theconsumer towards

30、 a particular type of holiday. a source of friction can be the lack of adequate provision for different life stage groups at the chosen destination, forexample, the provision of creche facilities or nightclubs. some companies have exploited a niche marketthe most notable ones being club 1 830 for th

31、at age-group and saga holidays for the over 5 0s. a higher level of education strongly influences the willingness of travelers to take calculated risks and seek adventure in return for satisfaction. the less well-educated tend to look for familiarity, security and predictability, and this may preven

32、t some people front going abroad. the level of education in general influences levels of income, which has a strong influence on the type of holiday taken.(2) economic factorseconomic factors influence tourism in a number of ways. exchange rates will influence tourists choice of destination a strong

33、 exchange rate, such as the german deutsch mark or the japanese yen, will deter visitors; abroad cheaper places，such as turkey and spain, will attract tourists as they get greater value for money in 1997, the growth in world tourism slowed down, due to the financial crisis in asia. at the time asia

34、was the fastest growing region in terms of tourists and tourism, but its growth rates dipped to 4in 1997, compared with 14 inthe early-1990s. pressures from the financial crisis were most feit in thailand, but stretched across to the philippines, indonesia and malaysia. countries that usually receiv

35、e many asian tourists, such as australia, were also badly affected.china, however was unaffected by the crisis and its tourism receipts rose by 18between 1996 and 1997 to 9 billion the asian currency devaluation in the 1ate 1 990s made asian countries more attractive to european and northamerican to

36、urists：the devaluation of the thai baht and the north korean won made them more competitive and led to an increase in the amount of long-haul travel to the region. however, the increase in long-haul travel did not compensate for the huge decline in intra-regional tourism, i.e. the tourism within sou

37、th-east asia.(3) political factorsthere are a number of ways in which governments can encourage discourage or control tourism and the number of tourists. government involvement in tourism is important and is increasing in most places. this is because tourism is a major earner of foreign income and g

38、overnments wish to increase the amount of revenue they receive. trade barriers and agreements play an increasingly important role in tourism the world trade organization should increase tourism by allowing easier flow of goods across international borders. fewer government restrictions on foreign ow

39、nership, multinational controlled hotels and travel agencies will also lead to increases in tourism.(4) technological factorsimprovement in travel safety, decreased travel time and increase in communications information have also aided the spread of tourism. technological changes in transport have l

40、ed to mass air travel. the707 jet aircraft was developed in 1954; this aircraft was capable of carrying 200 passengers, compared with earner planes, such as the comet that could carry only 70 passengersby the 1960s, the world was in the jet age. increased volumes of tourism and more accessible trave

41、l are linked with：increased incomesdecreased costs of air faresa greater variety of cheaper package tours. advances in computing and information technology have led to：increased safety, with better monitoring of aircraft and shipssafer travel in bad weather, using satellite navigationeasier, quicker

42、 and cheaper booking, reservations, and itineraries. 3. the difference between travel and tourismtourism that is away from home, not to earn money, the reasons for travel include education, recreation, attendance at sporting or special events, religious, arts, and entertainment and shopping. travel

43、that is undertaken solely for paid employment, to attend full-time school, or because the person is relocating a new home, or escape persecution, or avoid a nature disaster such as flood or volcanic eruption. 学习材料3， tourist1defining tourista person who makes a tour, esp. for pleasure.2classifying of

44、 touriststhe world tourism organization adopted a three-part definition in 1991 to define three types of tourists: visitors, tourists and excursionists.（1）visitor（游客）a person who travels to a place outside his or her usual environment between six months (domestic) or one year (international) and who

45、se main purpose of visit is other than the exercise of an activity remunerated from within the place visited. （2）tourist（过夜旅游者）a visitor who travels to a place outside his or her usual environment for at less one night but not more six months (domestic) or one year (international) and whose main pur

46、pose of visit is other than the exercise of an activity remunerated from within the place visited. （3）excursionist（短程旅游者）a visitor who travels the same day to a place outside his or her usual environment for less than 24 hours without spending the night in the place visited, and whose main purpose o

47、f visit is other than the exercise of an activity remunerated from within the place visited. 3other classification （1）international tourists（国际旅游者）people who travel to and stay in countries other than their countries.（2）domestic tourists（国内旅游者）people who are tourists traveling within the boundaries

48、of their own country.（3）business travelers（商务旅游者）business travelers make up a substantial portion of the market. they are extremely important to hotel operators, to planners of conferences and conventions, and to the airlines and other transport operators. business travelers may not always be travel

49、ing to places they genuinely want to visit or they may not get to stay as long as they would like, but they have to travel in connection with their jobs. they may be frequent travelers and good sources of repeat business. the business market was considered to be the most important sector of travel i

50、ndustry, and certainly the most profitable. increasing awareness of health and fitness has also let to changes in the traveling executives lifestyle. （eating lighter meals, drinking less and making use of exercise and sports facilities）this heightened awareness of fitness has led to changes in menu

51、planning. the changing behavior of business travelers is that expense accounts are now more strictly reviewed than ever before. business travelers need comfort, good service and convenient if they are to perform their duties efficiently. more attention is being paid to make sure the standards of ser

52、vice are worth the extra cost. business travelers represent a fascinated market to some degree.（4）pleasure travelers（休闲旅游者）pleasure travelers have more flexibility about their travel decisions. they comprise there three kinds: visiting friends and relatives, special interest groups and holiday-makin

53、g.（5）visiting friends and relatives（访亲会友旅游者）in the travel business the importance of visiting friends and relative has been recognized, although not always with enthusiasm. generally this category of business is referred to as vfr traffic. vfr traffic is not considered the most profitable business.

54、travel agents and operators complain that vfr tourists are not a financially valuable market because they tend to take the cheapest discount flight available, and stay with the family or friends, thus making very little use of tourist plant and facilities. enlightened travel agents and tour operator

55、s，however, recognize that vfe traffic can actually increase tourism appreciably at the destination. more and more agents are selling tours as part of a vfr package. vfr traffic has considerable potential, it is unlikely that it will always be sensitive to price changes and fluctuations, it is unlike

56、ly that it will decline appreciably in the next 10 years. （6) special interest groups（专题旅游团队）the person who joins a special interest tour is someone who is interested in or involved with a job or hobby and wants to learn more or see special attractions associated with that interest. special interest

57、 tours often are not related to a persons occupation, but rather are related to hobbies or outside interests. special interest tours for rock and mineral collectors, for amateur astronomers, for fishing enthusiasts, for painters and photographers, for cricket fans or football fans, and tours to atte

58、nd special events such as garden shows or festivals, are all examples.学习材料4， day-trip and leisure1. day-trip and attractionsthe most common form of leisure park is seaside sites offering fairground attractions, with others offering sport, such as crazy golf and boating, or arcade amusements. total a

59、dmission to leisure parks have increased from 33.6 million in 1991 to 40.5 million in 1994, although the growth was somewhat erratic over that period. the market for day- trip attractions is not restricted to leisure parks，as the attractions for day-trippers are very diverse, ranging from country parks to urban industrial heritage. the highest number of visi