从习语中看翻译和文化的关系以及影响文化的因素

1、从习语中看翻译和文化的关系以及影响文化的因素TheRelationbetweenTranslationandCu憝lturefromthe倘AspectofIdiomsandtheFact输orswhichInfl蚕uencetheCultureAcknowle渡dgmentsThis骁thesisconclu害desmypostgra浯duatestudyinHenanNormalU笸niversity.Iw悃ouldliketoexpressmysince悖reappreciationtotheprofe羽ssorsintheCo醣llegeofForEi臀gnLanguage,w亩hos

2、eprecisen哮essandstrict袱nesssetagoodexampleformeinthefuturea铡cademiccaree斐r.Ifeltgrati监tudeespecial胂lygoestomysu方pervisor,Guo鲐Yingzhen,who米seilluminatinginstructio称nandendlessassistancehav令egreatlycond苎ucedtotheacc哝omplishmentofthisthesis.欧Imalsovery病gratefultoth）eteacherswho嚏havetaughtmeinvariousway

3、sduringthecourseofmystudyforthebache爹lorsIwouldl平iketothankProfessorGuoYi嵩ngzhenandotherprofessors吡intheFaultyo唤fForeigninst玲itutionwhoin菀spiredmealot割.  Lastbutn彷otleast,Icon联tributethisarticletomydearfamilyfortheirhelpduri恸ngmycollegelife.摘要  翻译是一个复杂的过程,对于文紫化翻译尤其如此。一般来说店,翻译涉及语言

4、以及文化。猹译者应该知道外国文化以及旁文化自己的人民。此外,译呛者应连续比较两种文化之间绔的等价获得意义。翻译的主跨要任务是翻译源语言到目标语言。如何消除不同文化之鸺间的语言障碍,如何传达源岽语言的意义的重点到底是不冒同国家的人。本文说明了不狗同文化的影响已经在翻译。跻文能从不同的方面分析:如铠思维的差异,心理学的文化蝗之间的差异,不同的宗教、豁环境和生活环境不同的人,禧等等。  翻译是一个复凹杂的过程,它是关于文化翻靠译尤其如此。一般来说,翻扔译涉及语言以及文化。译者玛应该知道外国文化以及文化鋈自己的人民。此外,译者应阶连续比较两种文化之间的等据价获得意义。翻译的主要任苻

5、务是翻译源语言到目标语言驰。如何消除不同文化之间的樨语言障碍,如何传达源语言榀的意义。本文说明了不同文碛化的影响已经在翻译。文能从不同的方面分析:如思维鹰的差异,心理学的文化之间的差异,不同的宗教、环境檐和生活环境不同的人,等等超。           盼   关键字：翻译；文化踣意识；文化和思维；文化差董别；习语Abstrac判t Translati虔onisacomplex缙process,espe豉ciallywhenwe弪translat

6、etheculturaltext下.Generallysp腋eaking,trans锡lationinvolveslanguageas腐wellascultur殡e.Atranslato弪rshouldknowf麇oreigncultur戕easwellasthe郧cultureofhisownpeople.Mo嗖reover,atranslatorshould晏makecontinuo吁uscomparisonsbetweenthet锃woculturesfo暮rgettingtheequivalenceme伲aning.Themaj宸ortaskoftran阁slationistot诖ra

7、nslatethes谆ourcelanguagetothetargetlanguageHowt彘ogetridofthe调languagebarr奎ierbetweendi芪fferentcultu忌re,howtoconv偈eythemeaning盱ofthesourcel噬anguageexact馑lyisthefocusofthepeopleindifferentco铽untries.This氩thesisillust雹ratetheinflu怯encesofdiffe妤rentcultures赭haveupontranslation.Wenc驾ananalysisitfromdiffe

8、ren缴taspects:suchasthediffer奶enceofthinki框ng,thepsycho靳logyofcultur贤e,thediffere蚊ncebetweendifferentrelig跞ion,theenvir桓onmentandliv箭ingsurroundingsofdiffere槽ntpeople,and穹soon.KeyWords:translati县on;theconsciousnessofcul疯ture;culture于andthinking;沟culturaldifference;idiom身s TableofC稂ontentsAckn管ow

9、ledgmentsI摘要IIAbstrac潸tIIITableof昏ContentsIVI忡ntroduction1痍PARTONETHECONCEPTOFTRAN佻SLATIONANDCU燧LTURE2Theconceptoftrans点lation3Thec彀onceptofculture5PARTTWO塘THEFACTORSWH第ICHINFLUENCE钱CULTURE7Rel抵igion7Thepsychologyofcu雳lture8Thewa牌yofthinking9籍differentwa杜ysoflife10G辎eographicale罗nvironment14Geograph

10、icalenvironment15PARTTHREEB箬ETWEENCULTUREANDTRANSLAT嘶ION16CONSLU禚SIONS18Bibl吁iography19 IntroductionThisarticlec当ontainstheco荫nceptoftranslationandtheconceptofcul栾ture.Theaimo喉ftranslation忭istomakingco悠mmunication.铷Humanssocia抚ldevelopment慧andprocessne嘛edtranslatio师nandhumanssocialdevelop绦menta

11、ndprogr黉essshouldmak夤ecommunicationbetweendif易ferentnation无s,andduringt嘌heprocessofc喔ommunication,translation窳isindispensa锓ble.Translat视ion,asancult袈uralphenomen禹on,thinkinga嵌ctivity,rela浇tedtotheeraandsocialback脶groundallinall.Translati唢onistorender郊themeaningof柃atextintoano镛therlanguage肇inthewayth

12、eauthorintende随dthetext.Translationisan蒜artthatinvol桡vesthere-cre谲ationofaworkinanotherlan昱guageforreaderswithadiff驷erentbackgro偈und.Culturei鳜saverybroadc穑oncept,togiv飒eitarigorous租andprecisede蝮finitionisav磁erydifficult标thing.Manyphilosophers,sociologists,果anthropologi铠sts,historia池nsandlinguistshav

13、ebeentr呓yingtodefine冥theconceptof坞culturefromt瘳heperspectiv魂eoftherespec鳔tivediscipli踺ne.However,s刎ofaritstillh缆asnothavearecognizedands辆atisfactoryd褊efinition.Ac槊cordingtosta阮tistics,abou庑t"culture"at部least,ithasm青orethantwohu萌ndredkindsofdifferentdefinition.Broadlyspeaking,腰cultureisasoc

14、ialphenomen蟪on,whichisthecreationoft鲍heproductsfo侍ralongtime.Butitisalsoak袅indofhistoricalphenomeno记nandisthesoc需ialhistoryre柯mains.Rather蚶,culturerefe孀rstoastateor峰nationalhistory,geograph祺y,localcondi辋tionsandcustoms,traditio睐ns,lifestyles,literature铀andart,behaviorstandards字,wayofthinki骸ng,values

15、,et碌c.Whenwetranslatesomethi淬ng,thebackgr狼oundofthecul淫tureandtheba伊ckgroundofhi稷storyshouldb圹econsidered.贽Therelationb篁etweencultureandtranslationisverycloseinagreatex）tent.Inthisc咬ontext,weana整lysisthispro钶blemfromdiff宥erentaspects皂:thewayofthinking,thepsy犀chologyofthi祀nking,andthecustomsandha砀bit

16、sindifferentnations.I朐fthebackgroundofculturea岵ndhistoryisi蚂gnored,thetr颢ulymeaningof槽thecontextwi量llbelost. PARTONETHECON满CEPTOFTRANSLATIONANDCULT鹂UREOnelingu耀istinChinaha痍ssaid:“whati族sthemostdiff译icultthingduringtheproce雪ssoftranslation,itisthed擎ifferencesbe趔tweentwocult岙ures.”Nidaha溷smentio

17、nedthistoo:“translationisthecommunication饱betweentwodi师fferentcultures.”Andweca傅nnotignoreth轳eimportanceo多fthebackgrou麟ndofculturea袋ndthebackgro钌undofhistory驮ifwewanttotr名anslateapiec廷eoftextwhich【containsthei埃nformationab裔outcultureor荮somethingels犍e.Whentransl哟atingsomethi彐ng,mastering霆theknowledge

18、铫ofcultureandhistoryisind叭ispensable.T蝌herearetoomu棚chfactorswhichcaninfluen谪cetheculture叙ofthesourcel推anguage. Zh髡uGuangqian,onewriterinmoderntimes,thinkstheassoc宠iatemeaningisthemostdiff璀icultthingwh躏enwetranslat蝇eonelanguageintoanotherl胰anguage.Beca援useinthedict武ionaryyoucan讽notfindthetr柿uly

19、meaningun漏deracertaincontext.Butf牡orliteraryst藐udy,itisonei曩mportantfact泽oryoucannotignore.Thisre杓quiresustokn圾owthecustoma铈ndhabitofthe诶countrywewan郄ttotranslate菁thelanguageofit.Orwewillfindwedonotk最nowhowtotran撒slatewhenwearegivenapiec剩eoftext.Weca脯ntakeapoemasanexample.Fo卺rexamplethep问oem: &

20、#160;  静夜挚思“窗前明月光，疑是地簧上霜。举头望明月。低头思傀故乡。”UsingEnglish,wecannotconveythee麈ssenceofthis糨poemwithoutthebackground怆ofoldChineseandthethough讵twhentheauth讥orwritethispoem.Andthere咏aresomanyver踅sionsofit.Fo颏rinstance:(1)Inthestill鲛ofthenight:I榉descrybright揞moonlightinf灵rontofmybed.旯Isuspectitto镛beh

21、oaryfrost渲onthefloor.I敷watchthebrig贼htmoon,asIti旗lebackmyhead呦.Yearn,while昝stooping,for鞣myhomelandmo虹re.  (2)Atr嘶anquilnight:捍beforemybedI怛seeasilverli扎ght,Ithinkth蘅egroundiscov种eredwithhoarfrost.Raisin徉gmyhead,Ifin默dthefullmoon跎bright;andbo煞wingdown,inthoughtofhome氛Imlost.Andt隽herearelots

22、o髌fotherversio踩nstranslated蓥byothertrans迸lators.Nomat姓terwhichvers疼ion,theemoti付onoftheautho顽rmustbeconsidered,orthey踩willruinthee瑕ssenceofthepoem.Tyler,on鄞eanthropolog牿istinEngland媚,whosebookpr宙imitivecultu氅reraisestheconceptofcult玺ureanddescri觋besitas“cultureisakindof掼complexabilitiesandhabit栓s,wh

23、ichincludesknowledge炼,faith,art,m楷oral,lawandcustom”.Thuswecanknowthew擒idecoverageo乞fculture,iti诙sacomplexsystem.Language,asacomponen绂tofculture,reflectthephe窨nomenonofare颠sourcefulcul臌ture.Transl际ationissodif茭ficultaslang亳uagereflectt满heculture,wh蘑ichconveysto幔muchculturalcontentandli镗mitedbycultur

24、e.Oncelangu蛑ageenteredth芰ehumanslife眢asatoolofcom涤munication,t蟒heproblemofc宽ulturalconno臬tationandthe姜abilityofexp髦resssomethingwillarise.T圊hisnotonlyre犍quiresthetra袖nslatormaste呷rtheknowledg薤eofbilingual娉abilitybutmu颛ltilingualability,especi庹allytheymust层knowtheconsciousnessoftw桷odifferentculture,r

25、eligi哑ousculturean膑dthegeograph寓icfeatures,t浆hehistorical鲼customsandtr骆aditions,theprocessofformingculture,歧etc.Forthese盂factors,thel减anguagecultu紊resofdiffere糌ntnationsreflecttheirown窗nationalfeat蝙uresandtheba产ckgroundofth妻enation.The摔conceptoftra绲nslationThe窆rearemanydif昂ferentdefinitionsoftransla

26、tion,inThe祷OxfordEnglis盂hDictionaryi呃tmeans“totur枘nfromonelangéuageintoanot瞢her”.Orrecre蠕atingaccordingtheoriginaltext.Webste洳rsThirdNewInternational碥Dictionaryof谂theEnglishLa喳nguagegivesu氵sthedefinitionoftranslat猁ionis“toturn控intoonesown颚oranotherlan癣guage”.While耳thedefinitio缳ninColumbiaEncycl

27、opediaisthattranslationistheart豫ofrecomposin蒋gaworkinanot且herlanguagew醇ithoutlosing莴itsoriginalf悉lavor.“Translationisthereplacementof汪textualmater讵ialinonelang勿uagebyequiva殴lenttextualinanotherlang孢uage.(,1994)涠”.“Translationconsistsin音reproducingi酯nthereceptorlanguagethec嗟losestnatura莆lequivalento锂

28、fthesourcela扣nguagemessag硎e,firstinter伦msofmeaningandsecondlyin诳termsofstyle灬.(EugeneNida徐,1969)”.Tran骖slationisano诞ldandyoungwo怆rk,whichcome溲intoexistsin荸cetheoldtime渫sanditbecome逊ssohotinmoderntimes.Tra门nslationisth芦eneedofhuman鹕sdevelopmen胖tandprogress嬷.Theconcepto烂ftranslation嬗canbedefined瑛fromt

29、woaspec垩ts:broadsens壑eandnarrowse窍nse.Generali扪zedtranslati漩onreferstoth痴elanguageand劫thelanguage,锴languagevariationandlang专uagevariants,suchaslangu冢ageandnonverbalcodeconversionwhichco汉nveythebasicinformation.Extensionoft莲heconceptisq吗uitebroad,includinghistr痪anslationbet勾weendifferen薮tlanguages,t撅

30、ranslationbe昭tweenlanguag娴evariation,l泳anguageandot榘hersymbolsof庚thecommunica恃tionconversi汕on,etc.Theco哔ntentsoftran琮slationrules苤onlyemphasiz堡esthe"basici肩nformation",诗doesnotempha姐size"complet鳋elyloyal".So令metranslationtheoristsputforwardtheu骑nderstanding决andtranslati往ontheory,

31、sothelanguagean鹆dthinkingare娇alsoincluded扒inthegeneral克translation.Narrowsenset媸ranslationis肘alinguistica堠ctivity,whic泓hisakindoflanguagetoexpr与esstheconten扒tofthefaithfullyexpresse谩dinanotherla仳nguage.Thisd售efinitionemp织hasizes"tran箫slationisala怠nguageactivi略ty".Thenatur骟eoftranslationdet

32、erminesthenarrowsen宥se,whichindi津catesthatiti饷sahumanscom茗municativeap逐proachinlang种uagecommunication,whiche亩mphasison"on麾elanguagetoa胨notherlangua衅ge",whichrul坶edoutunifica衄tionbetweend增ifferentvari捋antsoftransl酣ationbetween彐languages,wh熠ichemphasiso茯n"faithfully",avoidingthecon

33、fusionofthetranslati颈onandinterpretationorrew赘rite.Forexam哽ple:"Sentsom锅eonetoCovent雠ry"refersto“矿rejectsomeon绞e”.TheCoventryisasmallto栗wninUK,wherethepeoplehat绗esoldiersver股ymuch,sowhen资thesoldierwassentafterC鲳oventry,therewillbepeopl籴efromthegrou陨p.Lookatthissentence“1wi豫llbewithyouf徵rom

34、theeggtoa坤pples”,iftranslatedinto"Iwilleateggs洗andappleswit申hyou”.Itsoun习dsobviouslyp槛uzzling.Betr膈anslationsho买uld"Iwillalwaysbewithyou郜"?Thisisbeca抒use"inthewest,peoplealwa孜yseateggs,br舭eadanddrinkm恣ilkforbreakfast,andfinal娲lyadishalwaysendedupwith锦dessertsincl早udingapple"

35、.愍Then,fromthe锇eggtotheapple,fromdawnto踮dusk,fromthe撺beginningunt榜ilafterthemo未st.Again,suc莘has,"fisheryoccupiesanimportantpositionintheBrit醌ishIsles,sothattheBritishfish(fish)i溥scommonlyuse航dtorepresent咛allkindsofpe汗ople, poorfi悒sh(poor),ast纥rangefish(ec端centric)".If咏thetranslationwe

36、retransl镢atedintotheb啦igfish,small蓠fishandpoorf珠ish,canevery郸personcanrea婿llyunderstan毹dthemeaningo玉fit,sometimesmayevenmake铝ajoke.Trans蜣lationisnots厣implyamatter绛ofseekingoth骝erwordswiths欲imilarmeaningbutoffindingappropriatewaysofsayingthingsinanotherlanguage.镗Differentlanguages,mayus螫edifferentli砭

37、nguisticform您s.Translatio慰nisalsothesocialandpsych沂ologicalacti土vities.Onesh套ouldbefamili啉arwithonesowncultureand黏beawareofthe黹sourcelangua戆geculturebef元oretheattemp彷tingtobuilda郭nybridgewithanalienculturethatrequir迭esthatitsmes廑sagebeconvey夏edinanythingbutaalienway绽.Thatculture拦expressesits娥idiosyn

38、crasiesinawaythat崤is“culture-b眸ound”cultura砜lwords,prove人rbsandofcour汀seidiomatice躬xpressions,w裰hoseoriginanduseareintrinsicallyandu矗niquelyboundtotheculture渲concerned.So窒wearecalledu锉pontodoacross-culturaltr皿anslationwho荃sesuccesswil距ldependonour勐understandingofthecultur昙eweareworkin纹gwith.Theco瑭nc

39、eptofculture  Indicti疴onarythedefi橘nitionofitis筝thequalityinapersonorsoc棒ietythatarisesfromaconce梦rnforwhatisregardedasexc观ellentinarts虞,letters,man鹁ners,scholar罔lypursuits,e寮tc.Orapartic饷ularformorst蠢ageofciviliz麝ation,asthat舨ofacertainna郝tionorperiod唣.Orthedevelo偃pmentorimpro涌vementofthe

40、mindbyeducationortraining.Orthebehaviors,beliefso摹rcharacteristicsofaparti纯cularsocial,糍ethnic,oragegroup.  Cul蕺tureisaveryb糅roadconcept,togiveitarig德orousandprec暹isedefinitio耸nisaverydiff简icultthing.M鹦anyphilosoph缱ers,sociolog笏ists,anthrop荻ologists,historiansandlinguistshaveb崆eentryingtod

41、萃efinetheconceptofculturefromthepersp赫ectiveofther砾espectivedis仉cipline.How畅ever,sofaritstilldidnothavearecognizedandsatisfactorydefinition.Accordin锥gtostatistics,about"cult褫ure"atleast,唤ithasmorethantwohundredk萧indsofdiffer鲷entdefinitio茵ns.Broadlysp胃eaking,cultu噶reisasocialp褫henomenon,ist

42、hecreationo赞ftheproducts骺foralongtime眭.Butitisalso妩akindofhisto噤ricalphenome蕴non,isthesocialhistoryre辚mains.Rather镖,culturereferstoastateor眭nationalhist塘ory,geograph觳y,localcondi氽tionsandcustoms,traditio墒ns,lifestyle蛸s,literature埽andart,behav荧iorstandards袼,wayofthinki诘ng,values,et贤c.Aboutther茁elatio

43、nshipb炯etweentranslationandcult给ure,Bassnett班thinktherela颥tionbetweenc铫ultureandtra协nslationistherelationbet捞weenthebodya剌ndheart.,cul窨tureisthebod廉y,languageis萸theheart.Ass跎urgeonsdosur獒gerycan'tign樽orethebodysu酊rroundingtis设sue,thetranslatorcannoti兼gnorethefact龃orsofculture藿whentheytran琚slates

44、omemat曰erial.Hatmia氓ndMasonbelie晒vethattransl斥ationisadyna彻miccommunica份tiveprocess,thetranslato贼rshouldnoton庙lyunderstandtwolanguages换themselves,t汁heyshouldhav文etwomoreculturalhorizons玲,thetranslat丢orshouldbeac郦tedastherole揶ofthecoordin沮ator(mediato飑r)betweenthe记originalauth然orandtheread蘑er.Anyhow,

45、thetranslator秕semphasizeth哳eculturalfactorsoftransl秽ationscholarsstressed.Thetranslators鹗houldbefamil姓iarwithtwocu圪ltures,introducetheprimi淠tivecultural览factorsinthe遭translationactivity.Whethertranslato矩rs'understan涓dingoftheori员ginaliscorrectlyornot,la拣rgelydepends川on hisunders迂tandingofth

46、eculture,thes耦uccessoftran笈slation,isma朽inlyrelatedt制oculture.PA挹RTTWOTHEFACTORSWHICHINFL楗UENCECULTUREReligionEve世ryoneknows,Bibleplaysthe叠roleofthesourceinwestern氤slife.Somes韫tatisticshowsmostAmericansstillhavef游aithinthechu甚rch.TheBriti御shlawprotect镐sreligiousfr侨eedom.Everyo钳nehasthefree跆domtobeli

47、eve碓anychurch,or猪nottobelieve摆anyreligiona珠tall.Thereisnointerferen瘼cefromthestateorthecommunity.Mostof航theworldsreligionshavef椤ollowersinBr胫itain,butthe辛majorityoftheBritishpeop鸶lebelieveChristianity.Th躺efirstChristianchurchwas鬏establisheda犊tCanterburyin597.Whileth胙eChineseareundertheinfluenceofCon

48、fuc悝ianSchooling钩reatextent.ThoughtheBudd衽hism,whichsp磅readsverywel茸linChina,ist弧illapolytheism.Thisisdif痈ferentfromwe艄sternersrel哟igiousfaith.InChina,peop耵lehavefaithi拨ntheBuddhism云andTaoism,so麇therephrasea昭rises,suchas诅“YuDi”“FoZu”钯andsoon.Whil溲ethewesterne钫rshavefaithi旅nChristian,s如otherearises龆t

49、heword“God”埏.InChinese,“桡谋事在人，成事在天”,InEnglishther界earetwodiffe闱rentversions永,(1)“manprop灬ose,heavendi岷sposes”or“ma傩ndropose,goddisposes”.Theirdifferenc庭eliesinthedifferenttrans丬lationsofthe槁word“天”。“天”h裰asthestrongc植olorofBuddhi猞smandTaoism.Whiletheword珐of“God”hastheobliviousco簌lorofChristi妫an.Thela

50、tter湄translationv茬ersioniseasy腋tounderstand巅andacceptfor佩thewesterners,butcannotc劬onveytheesse辎nceofconnotationofitinCh氘ina.Therelig宴ionhasgreati享nfluenceonEn蝽glish,itexpr岱essesinsuchphrasesas“Iti幛sinGodshand怿”(听天由命),etc.廪Whentransla淠tion,itisver菠ynecessaryforustomasterthebasicknowl鹾edgeofreligion.W

51、ecantake菔theexampleof寓 “临时抱佛脚”.Ifw圄etranslatedi得tinto“toembr酋aceBuddhas 齐feetinonesh库ourofneed”.I珍tisveryeccen革tricforthewe寓sterner.Whyw茧eneedtoembracetheBuddha砸sfeetsometim馥es?Whatistheuseofthisstr堕angeact?Ifwe咸candealitali粗ttle,itisano埘thermeaningforthewesterner.Wecantran庸slateitinto“肃to

52、embraceBud怼dhasfeetino佾neshourofne陲ed-seekhe都lpatthelastm会oment”.Sothe豹westernersal诈wayssay“God”遣“Holy”“Godde唑ss”etc.WhileweChinesecho闰osetotaketheHeavenasourf俊aith.Thistru剁lygivesusano铙therexampleo酚fthedifferen恤treligiousbe圜lief.本hTtp:/,  Religio鞅uscultureisa梃nimportantpa赡rtofhumancul适tur

53、e,whichis咄madeupofethn阳icculturewhi豢chisformedby楫thereligiousbeliefs,awar恫eness,etc.Fa荐ngWenhuathin桢ksdifferentr邹eligionpenet艽rationandmel敕tintheirownlanguagetoexp胡ress,onlyade陉epunderstand频ingofmanyoft氲hedifference寮sbetweenChin酤eseandwester赴nculture,uni萄queculturalconnotationofunderstandin润glanguag

54、e,to然avoidwrongtranslation,mi谤stranslation骁,makingthetranslationrea殁llyplaythero呀leofcultural跬exchange.Chi需neseculturei恳sextensivean欧dprofound,ha吞salonghistory,inChina'st荇raditionalcu诬lture,owingt揍othepopulari嘀tyofTaoisman菩dBuddhism,th苏erearemany"t亿hejadeempero疲r,theviewsou筛nd,bodhisatt驴va.

55、"terms.Westernersbeli愿evedinChrist梗thoughtthatgodcreatedeve哇rything,many蛩religious"go猡d,thebible,t盯hechurch,nun仍s,"andotherw腮ords.Thepsy缆chologyofcul徘tureAsdiffe趟rentnationsu尿sedifferentlanguage,andtheirhistorya僚ndculturearedifferenttoo.Soduringthe弱processofdev蝎elopmentinev埤erynation,

56、th狮eyformedthei踔rownnational略featuresowningtotheuniquehistoricalbackgroundand於culturalback睇ground.Itisv掬eryimportantfortheformin牡gofanationspsychologyst从ate.Thediffe汗renceofhistoryandculture盛mainlyreflec麸tontheaspectofsomehistorystories, ma阪nytaboosandp枋references,a箱ndsoon.Wecan痪takethenumbe护ro

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