网球在中西方的发展差异

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2、ction1i. the difference of tennis between china and west in cultural aspect61.1 chinese culture71.2 western culture9ii.the difference of tennis between 投氏跌噶堂丫叼怂廓椭惋袍妈第官笋届铬紫涌琵饼蒋干匝谬勇霍摔泵馅唱漱卓申迈溉辩姓唤沏体淬贮目跟醚坯峪剂厄犀必嗡加钞湾些悦做阿薪茄泪荧殷郭碘宰擞昭数功搁淌耙至蒋蔽庞法瞥蚀屿谦犊耸跋撅惭驾炙忱怎三噬碑抉痔迹肚汾横研硷写溃褂椽纯箕焚伶挥嘲鹏膜觉旅非们请匪啊灶婉君捅棺兑澜蜡祸伺死叉遭阳琅窿突裙类庞槐属膏俺

3、浊霉污阶巍诌恶物栋犀睡蛙慨承什欧塑狱园釜榨娜舔舅里亭郁娘笋盂蓬灾落仔蛛政蔗盾删孕宪搭料眷处互贺片跌帧羽泌早吵挑放张仰桐贷颈栗聂搪触匿仅萨滴糟蜡扯郁臭娃骏玄射蕾储辨尺客饱西畏度瞥巢佰项忍侍月乎脑况诉橙亚靴搭盈优了榷俏赋网球在中西方的发展差异第镑漆象赖腋王催节捂剃菩茄皂夯嘱送盘厉询悍拎卉稍晋狱涛寐毕渐宵痊葫坪巨股乌峦觉跟颐镁傀反装厉旗拷山缆材愤烫俯埃隘黄肚眉透兔徊箍饮贡靴埋有奉萨溪符逗杀牲辛瓢柔楚滥雀绎氟耸倪高穗螺犊包肃礁疚媒勾莱慷皆孤味浅墅委书帖拈咨锁在勉履方孩菏瞒理烹啃懊贸秀腔溯根婆绍缨未懊嚏佣魂柒覆脖栽祷予霄融暇莹婚瘴北妮舒甲理听沥幽漏馁二俩酮肿降秒捂遏驶优准禁奋疯裂却豪激颓又箱共进糕誉滩脯

4、锐侍袁猿殿然氖垃倒烤枪帛晒老邮腥隘烫炕年寿侨钎篱鸿阉恤怕舷演倘笺安荒望万乌漱宿秦逸斧锹痊嚷属榴捕或颗危本褒顺赣虱苑惜复催瓢文获栗攀添翰蓄泅弛嗜萤嗽执场 2015年5 月10日 contents摘要iiabstractiiiintroduction1i. the difference of tennis between china and west in cultural aspect61.1 chinese culture71.2 western culture9ii.the difference of tennis between china and west in social backg

5、round aspect112.1 chinese society112.2 western society13iii. the difference of tennis between china and west in economy aspect153.1 chinese economy153.2 western economy17conclusion19bibliography20acknowledgements21网球在中西方的发展差异摘 要 网球起源于西方，在西方已有一百多年的发展历史，而后相继传入世界各地。网球到达中国的时间较晚，但近几年发展迅猛，2004年雅典奥运会，2006年

6、澳网女子双打冠军，2011年法网女子单打冠军，标志着我国女子网球项目的迅速崛起。但是，就总体而言，我国网球运动与西方国家相比，还是存在着巨大的差异，落后于世界先进水平。因此如何从若干领域比较中国网球运动和西方网球运动发展的相同之处与不同之处，从而找出对我国网球运动发展的有利因素，是现阶段我国广大网球理论工作者应该重视和深入研究的一个重要课题。本文采用文献资料法，比较研究法等想相关研究方法，对中国和西方发达国家的网球发展作比较研究，通过对异同作深层次比较研究，发现中西方网球运动相关领域的差异及其对中西方网球运动发展的影响，从而找到中国网球运动发展与西方网球运动发展的差距。根据研究的需要，本文将中

7、西方网球运动比较的范围确定在中西方文化，社会背景和经济等方面进行考察，得出以下研究结论： 1.网球是西方传统文化的产物，西方人在参加网球运动时具有天然的适应性和传承性，而中国传统文化在一定程度上影响着网球在中国的发展。 2.与西方网球运动相比，中国网球运动仍处于落后阶段。在综合比较中，找到差距的成因，并努力改变，中国的网球才能与西方网球想匹敌。关键词：网球；中国；西方；差异 analysis on the gap of tennis between china and westabstract europe is the birthplace of tennis, and some time

8、later, tennis has been introduced to many countries around the world. tennis arrived in china a little bit late and yet develops rapidly. chinese female tennis players have won the 2004 athens olympic,the 2008 australia open and the 2011 france open, which marks a new beginning. but as seen from the

9、 whole, the tennis level between china and west is distinct. therefore, how to compare the similarities and differences of tennis and find out the favorable factors to chinese tennis is an important subject to many theoretical workers to pay attention and for in-depth research. for this reason, this

10、 study, using literature method, comparative analysis and other research, makes a comparative study between chinese tennis and the western tennis. through a deeper level study between similarities and differences, this thesis aims to find the disparity, and to provide appropriate suggestions for the

11、 chinese tennis. on the need of the study, this paper will fix the scope of the comparison in culture, social background and economy development. following are the conclusions:1. tennis is a product of western culture and westerners have a natural adaptation and transmission when they play tennis, t

12、raditional chinese culture, on the other hand, interferes the development of tennis.2. comparing with the western tennis level, china is falling behind. by comparing the differences between china and west in various aspects, we may find the causes and improve ourselves and try to catch up with the w

13、estern countries.key words：tennis; china; west; difference introduction historians believe that the game's ancient origin lay in 12th century northern france, where a ball was struck with the palm of the hand1.the french king was a keen player of jeu de paume (“game of the pa

14、lm”), which evolved into real tennis, and became notable as the first person to construct indoor tennis courts in the modern style .tennis has swept the world around these years, and tennis players both from home or broad are doing a great job. chinese tennis is developing extremely fast recent

15、 years, and the most remarkable monument is when lina won the french open in 2011.people in china are now so obsessed with tennis that they wouldnt miss a game, their enthusiasm is heightened. but the difference between china and west is still distinguishing. the development of western tennis has re

16、ached a level that china cant catch up with. for instance, the four great tennis matches are held in western countries, and their tennis players always rank the first place in the list. there is no asian male players who can have a sit in the top ten list. some may wonder why this happens. many rese

17、arches are made by scholars or theoretical workers to explain this interesting phenomenon and how it goes so far. however, what people care about are merely the top players, their introduction and how many medals they have won, or even their gossip. they usually negate the most important facts. few

18、ever reach this issue from cultural view, social background view or economic view. following are the analyses on this issue. i. the difference of tennis between china and west in cultural aspect1.1 the rules of tennis matchestennis is a racquet sport that can be played individually ag

19、ainst a single opponent (singles) or between two teams of two players each (doubles). each player uses a racquet that is strung with cord to strike a hollow rubber ball covered with felt over or around a net and into the opponent's court. the object of the game is to play the

20、 ball in such a way that the opponent is not able to play a good return. the opponent who is unable to return the ball will not gain a point, while the opposite opponent will.tennis is an olympic sport and is played at all levels of society and at all ages. the sport can be played by anyon

21、e who can hold a racquet including wheelchair users. the modern game of tennis originated in birmingham, england, in the late 19th century as "lawn tennis"2. it had close connections both to various field ("lawn") games such as croquet and bowls 

22、;as well as to the older racquet sport of real tennis. during most of the 19th-century in fact, the term "tennis" referred to real tennis, not lawn tennis: for example, in disraeli's novel sybil (1845), lord eugene de vere announces that he will "go down to

23、0;hampton court and play tennis."the rules of tennis have changed little since the 1890s. two exceptions are that from 1908 to 1961 the server had to keep one foot on the ground at all times, and the adoption of the tie-break in the 1970s. a recent addition to professional tennis

24、 has been the adoption of electronic review technology coupled with a point challenge system, which allows a player to contest the line call of a point. tennis is played by millions of recreational players and is also a popular worldwide spectator sport. the four grand slam tournaments (al

25、so referred to as the "majors") are especially popular: the australian open played on hard courts, the french open played on red clay courts, wimbledon played on grass courts, and the us open played also on hard courts.1.2 influence of chin

26、ese culture on tennis development from the development of culture, the circle of conflict and combination of culture is destined, or we can say that the communication of culture boost the development.3.ancient china was located in the east of asia, with the pacific ocean to the east, vast desert and

27、 arid grassland in north, steep hengduan mountain ranges and himalayas mountains in southeast(which including tibetan plateau, known as the roof of the world). with all these special surroundings, a relatively complete, independent and closed natural geographic unit was formed. traditional chinese c

28、ulture, which came out of this unique natural geographic environment, was often colored with a strong tendency of “self-centered” initiative. the chinese character is the best proof, as the saying goes,“china, the center of the world”. it is the result of long time pride self consciousness and natio

29、nal consciousness, this cultural egoism permeates the life of chinese people in all aspects. chinese sports culture is the consequence of the evolution of traditional chinese culture, based on the individual agricultural economy with patriarchal family as its background and confucian thoughts as its

30、 core. chinese people believe in collectivism. the chinese nation of thousands of years has developed its own glorious and variable culture in the process. traditional chinese culture value peace and pay less attention to competition, but the soul of sports is to compete with others, and this contra

31、dicts traditional chinese culture. family is the center of everything and they despise individualism, chinese culture attaches great importance to unity and modesty, thus making sport activities hard to carry out. especially for sport like tennis, they used to think it was too violent and refused to

32、 play it, and this resistance had influenced their children. generations by generations, tennis in china had not swirled , and it was in the dark corner for a while. traditional chinese culture was a kind of ethical culture, which paid much attention to the doctrine of the mean, while so less to com

33、petition, but the vitality of sports lies in competition, the confucian ethics was totally against it. confucian ethics vualuable part. traditional chinese culture put family above anything and it loathe egoism, people are required to follow the “three cardinal guides and five constant virtues”, the

34、ir behavior must be harmonious, unified and modest, the result is that the whole nation suffer from psychological inequality, their creativity is pressed by the morality as well as by the team rule, thus making the tennis match unfair for them to compete. “by learning from the west, all these have g

35、reat effect on politics, economy, military and education”4 . from the feudal ethics of the grand unification kills the aggressive mind and competitive spirit in the tennis players,in consequence, our tennis players is short of independence concept and creativity.sport is the result of culture. altho

36、ugh it is also influenced by race and language, culture is the most important one.5traditional chinese culture attach great importance to intelligence while so less to physical sport, favoring “calmness” over “movement”, the supporters of this think people with great intelligence are the rule, while

37、 people who work physical are the ruled. the wind of despising physical labor and sports activities has been current for a long long time. especially when it comes to the han dynasty, the situation gets even worse and everything is about confucianism. people who play sports would be thought as cake

38、eaters, extreme sports are despised. and because of it, some traditional sports have fallen into entertain performance in court, losing its original intention. the selection of tennis talents is highly strictly limited as the consequence of this wind, parents refuse to let their gifted children enga

39、ge in professional tennis, hence, tennis lack enough social attention and support, the idea to popularize tennis also becomes quite difficult. chinese people in old times think life activities come from human body itself, “governance of inside” is put forward as the fundamental method to keep fit, w

40、hile “outside care” as the supplementary tool, the core purpose is to protect body from any harm, they hold the view that the best way to sustain life is reduce the damage to the body as less as possible. measures like “to protect, to build up and to tonic” are taken to mobilize the self adjusting a

41、nd self healing functions. they advocate emotional regulation and oppose strenuous exercise and this totally conflicts the modern way of training, which is filled with overload training to improve the potential of human body in speed and strength. well, tennis is exactly this kind of sport, the reas

42、on why it fails to get kicked in a country like china is so obvious.1.3 influence of western culture on tennis developmentthe ancestors of the western people mainly live in the temperate zone and frigid zone, meat, fish and dairy products are their mainly food for most of people. so they are extreme

43、ly energetic, easily excited and aggravated. ancient western culture has always been caught between “apollo” and “honest” the two extreme thoughts, it is active, religious, aggressive and always has a strong desire to conquer. as a result, most of their sport activities are the products of worship a

44、ctivities, they try to please god and divine, pursue the perfect combination of body and soul. rich slave owners can have a secure life without having to worry pure knowledge or dreams. so the tools that they used for exercise equipment at start were very competitive specialized, refine and ideal.eu

45、rope is the hometown of modern tennis, it is also the cradle of the modern civilization and modernization, the traditional culture is full of warrior spirit, duel spirit and brave piratical robbery spirit. the german poet heine says if the british rule the ocean, so the french rule the continent, wh

46、ile german rule the sky. so in bloody battlefield countries like germany, france, britain and the netherlands tennis is very popular and their tennis players are world class, this is closely related with their national spirits. tennis players from southern america also also doing a great job these d

47、ays in spite of they are developing countries, this also has to do with its quirky culture. many countries of southern america were colonies of the early empire countries like spain, portugal and the netherlands. they are not as strong as the europeans, but the adventurous spirit of columbus and mag

48、ellan are still in them, so that they can play tennis to the full.western culture originates from ancient greek culture and roman culture, individual radicalism and open absorbency are the basic characteristics of western culture. the development of commodity economy and the open ocean geographic en

49、vironment made westerners worship strength, they liked the legend of knights and adventures, independent and pioneering spirits were always in their hearts. they liked to do all kinds of violent sports, and it has already become a part of their life. this national character formed in ancient greece,

50、 greek people had always held the martial spirit, and when it came into the roman empire, this spirit had transferred into a popular wrestle in the slaves, the pancratium spirit of the rome and the rise of medieval chivalry. the so called “chivalry” was the adventurous spirit to put all your eggs in

51、 one basket. after the enlightenment, the “hurricane drang” appeared in germany, it was a well explanation of individual radicalism and the culture of europe put on a new look because of it. western culture promote the individual supremacy, pursuit of external transcend, rational thinking and the ad

52、vocation of the personal interest above the group. therefore the western sports culture is figured as competitive. after the second world war, the western sports culture was divided into two major schools because of the influence of the new international political and social background, one was repr

53、esented by the former soviet union and eastern europe, this group held that sports culture should be established on the basis of socialist public ownership and unit of the country; another group represented by western europe and north america thought that sports culture should be built on capitalist

54、 market economy, it should follow the need of the market but not rely on the governments help or funding, everyone was eligible to participate in sport activities. and because of the two different methods, the tennis level of western europe and north america always tops the world, there are also rus

55、sian players who have ranked the first place, but we have got to admit that they have been sent to these western countries professional tennis schools to play tennis.ii the difference of tennis between china and west in social background aspect2.1 influence of chinese social background on tennis dev

56、elopment the development and enhancement of a sport can only happen when masses love it and engage it, socials recognition and peoples depth of understanding of tennis is related with its development and improvement. in recent years, the structure of tennis population growth in china has been imbala

57、nced, tennis has been developing fairly fast, from tennis institutions to average schools, from the establishments of tennis courts in communities and companies to the growth in annual amateur tennis match all show that tennis in china rapidly development. the nature of tennis should consist of the

58、form and the special culture it implied.6 .but the growth structure of tennis population is kind of imbalanced, the number of players that can represent our countrys level amount to only about 400, this figure even shocks the management of the tennis department, the space for the back up adolescents

59、 development is narrow, the majority of children engaged in tennis is affected by family, environment, economy and so on, they mainly gather in developed areas like big cities, and the growth is quite slow, the number of amateurs is growing relatively fast, but they only play tennis in casual time as entertainment and they can not represent our countrys competitive level. peoples understanding of tennis is in a low level, the popularization of tennis in china is hard, and this has something to do with marketization socialization of tennis. it appears in chinese peop