Scial Psychology NKU Home Northern Kentucky University 社会心理学家南开大学北肯塔基大学

1、social psychologyconformity and obedienceattributionattractionwhat is social psychology? social psychology: the interaction between the individual and his/her social world. “the purpose of psychology is to give us a completely different idea of the things we know best.”why study it? to understand hi

2、story world war two to be less naive. conformity obedience how products are sold to understand love.questions to answer how does the social situation affect our behavior? what influences the judgment of others? what are the roots of violence and terrorism?yielding to othersconformity: a change of be

3、liefs in order to follow a groups norms1.informational social influence: conform because others view and behaviors seem to be correct.a)ambiguous b)crisisc)others are experts*social comparison theory (festinger): all people are driven to evaluate their abilities and opinions. conformitynormative soc

4、ial influence: when we conform due to wanting to be liked or thought of positively.1) solomon ash experiment (1951) asch experiment used 7-9 people, only one a real subject had people judging line lengths at first confederates told the truth then they all began giving the same wrong answer (12/18 ti

5、mes) 123 subjects agreed with 36.8% of the erroneous selections.conformityconformity by group sizeproportion conformingconformity increases when: people are unsure of a situation people are of low group status people lack information the behavior is publicconformity and compliance reduced conformity

6、: writing answers (98% correct) and social support. compliance: change in behavior prompted by direct request. six principles (cialdini, 1994). friendship/liking commitment/consistency scarcity reciprocity social validation authoritycompliance (and selling products) foot-in-the-door technique: insig

7、nificant request is followed by a larger request. lottery example car dealership example lowball technique: get someone to make an agreement then increase the cost. selling houses, cars door-in-the-face technique: make a larger request (denied) then a smaller one. reciprocity principle girl scout le

8、ader example political sign exampleobedience milgrams experiment (1963) design: 40 naive subjects agree to participate in a “learning experiment” at yale. an impassive, stern “experimenter” “victim:” mild mannered 47 year old man. subject was instructed to shock the learner each time he gives a wron

9、g response to a paired-associate learning task. four experimental “prods”obedience instrument panel has 30 switches, ranging from 15-450 volts. labeled slight to extreme shock. 15 volt increment from one switch to next. after a preliminary run w/the word list, subject instructed to start with 15 vol

10、ts and go up a level w/each missed word. predetermined set of responsesobedience nothing is heard from the “learner” until the 300 shock level is reached. at 300 volts, learner pounds on the wall. no answers from this point. subject ordered to treat no response as wrong answer. learners pounding is

11、repeated at 315 volts, nothing further.milgramfindings:14 yale seniors predicted that only 0-3% would go to the most potent shock (450 volts). colleagues of milgram agreed.subjects showed signs of extreme tensionsweat, tremble, nervous laughterno one stopped prior to 300 volts 5/40 refused to go bey

12、ond 300milgram, findings cont 4/40 administered 1 shock beyond 300 2/40 broke off at 330 volts 1 subject each broke off at 345, 360, and 375 26/40 (65%) obeyed orders until reaching the most potent shockwhy did this happen? ideas?milgram similar results were found with women, people from jordan, ger

13、many, and australia why? foot-in-door situational demands vague expectations and limits experiment was for a “worthy purpose.” perception that “victim” and subject both entered experiment willingly. cant win: either please experimenter or victim film clip what reduces conformity? what reduces confor

14、mity? closer proximity to learner type of experimenter college student: only 20% proximity to experimenter phone in commands: only 21%attribution: making sense of events attribution: explanation for the cause of an event or a behavior. two types: internal: explanation focuses on persons beliefs, goa

15、ls, preferences, or other characteristics. external: explanation focuses on the situation. mental illness poor grades homeless attributional biases: are cognitive “shortcuts”attributional biases fundamental attribution error: strong tendency to attribute other peoples behavior as due to internal cau

16、ses. e.g. bad driver, homeless people self-serving bias: attribute own failures to external causes and success to internal causes, and the opposite for others. the belief in a just world: assume people get what they deserve.blaming the victim. is not about not taking responsibility when appropriate!

17、 next, love do opposites attract? what are “ideal” characteristics in a partner? can we define love? are there different types? what types of personality characteristics do most people seek in a romantic partner?love - ending on a good note! why are you attracted? repeated contact similarity opposites attract not supported by research physical attraction people are happiest with partners who are agreeable, conscientious, and emotionally stable. what is love? sternberg again! love - ending on a good note. is a qualitatively different feeling than lik