Using and Citing Sources使与引用的来源

1、using and citing sourceshow to avoid plagiarismlisa donohoeproject managerenglish language and nonproliferation programjames martin center for nonproliferation studiesfall 2007 cif workshopthe contradictions of research writing show you have done your research appeal to experts and authorities impro

2、ve your english by mimicking what you hear and read give credit where credit is due write something new and original improve upon, or disagree with experts and authorities use your own words, your own voice make your own significant contributionsource: /handouts/research/

3、r_plagiar.htmlbutwhat is research? aurora research institute: ” an endeavour to study or obtain knowledge through the use of a systematic approach with the intent of clarification. this includes activities which attempt to discover new facts, information, or new applications of existing knowledge.”

4、the centre for research in art and design: accessible = a public activity, open to scrutiny by peers transparent = clear in its structure, process and outcomes transferable = useful beyond the specific research project, applicable in principles (if not specifics) to other researchers and research co

5、ntexts.primary vs. secondary sources secondary: analysis of the work review of a particular genre article or essay about the work biography of the author print or electronic reference sources textbookprimary: an original work poem short story art work video research paper journal article bookusing e

6、xisting knowledge use your own words, your own voice, your own ideasand/or paraphrase or quote, and cite paraphrase: restate information, giving the meaning in another form quote: to repeat wording exactly using quotes (“”) cite: to give credit to original author of material; to provide full source

7、information of original material (author, title, publisher, date, etc.)what is plagiarism? (1)deliberateplagiarismprobably accidentalplagiarismbuying, stealing, or borrowing a paperhiring someone to write your papercopying from another source without citing(deliberate or accidental)using the source

8、too closely when paraphrasing building on someones ideas without citationsource: /handouts/research/r_plagiar.htmlwhat is plagiarism (2) plagiarism is representing someone elses work as your own. its plagiarism whether you use a whole document a paragraph a single sentenc

9、e a distinctive phrase a specialized term specific data a graphic element of any kindsource: /idle/plagiarism/plagiarism2.htmlwhat is plagiarism? (3) “using an idea developed by another as if it were your own. if you use any work created by someone else as your own without ac

10、knowledging the creator, and if you hand in the work with your name on it, thus implying that it is your work, then you commit plagiarism.”source: /idle/plagiarism/plagiarism2.htmlyou need to cite when you use or refer to someone elses words or ideas gain information through

11、interviewing another person copy the exact words or a “unique phrase” reprint diagrams, illustrations, charts, pictures, videos, music use other peoples ideas (printed, or through conversations or email)source: /idle/plagiarism/plagiarism2.htmlyou dont need to cite when you w

12、rite from your own experiences, observations, insights, thoughts, conclusions about a subject use “common knowledge”-shared information in your field of study compile generally accepted facts write up your own experimental resultssource: /idle/plagiarism/plagiarism2.htmlwhat

13、is “common knowledge” the same information uncited in at least five other sources information that your readers will already know information a person could easily find with general reference sources (encyclopedia) general information not quoted directlysource: /idle/plagiari

14、sm/plagiarism2.html2. conversion because uranium needs to be in the form of a gas before it can be enriched, the u308 is converted into the gas uranium hexafluoride (uf6) at a conversion plant in europe, russia or north america. 3. enrichment the vast majority of all nuclear power reactors in operat

15、ion and under construction require enriched uranium fuel in which the proportion of the u-235 isotope has been raised from the natural level of 0.7% to about 3.5% or slightly more.4. fuel fabrication enriched uf6 is transported to a fuel fabrication plant where it is converted to uranium dioxide (uo

16、2) powder and pressed into small pellets. these pellets are inserted into thin tubes, usually of a zirconium alloy (zircalloy) or stainless steel, to form fuel rods.1.mining and milling uranium is usually mined by either surface (open cut) or underground mining techniques, depending on the depth at

17、which the ore body is found. in australia the ranger mine in the northern territory is open cut, while olympic dam in south australia is an underground mine (which also produces copper, with some gold and silver). to cite or not to cite? shakespeares characters range from noble to violent and disgus

18、ting, confused to utterly certain, lewd to virginal, fanatical to aesthetic, crippled to gargantuan.”fact/common knowledgehamlet is the source for “to be or not to be.”pinter, harold. “a note on shakespeare.” granta 59, p. 251quote“source: /sroseman/srliaison.htmlparaphrasingp

19、araphrasing has to do with “the sequence of ideas, the arrangement of material, the pattern of thought”use your own words when you paraphrase, dont just move things aroundsource: /sroseman/srliaison.htmlexample: originalpeople sometimes regard the written word with special rev

20、erence, even going so far as to believe that something must be true if it occurs in print. since most people do not write books or articles that get printed, there is perhaps a natural tendency to regard printed words with wonder or admiration and to forget that they carry no guarantee of truth or q

21、uality. false or stupid things can be printed as easily as anything else, and often are. (ronald langacker, language and its structure, 2nd ed., ny: harcourt, brace and jovanovich, 1973, p. 60) graduate honor system, virginia tech: /student/avoiding.htmlexample: originalpeople

22、sometimes regard the written word with special reverence, even going so far as to believe that something must be true if it occurs in print. since most people do not write books or articles that get printed, there is perhaps a natural tendency to regard printed words with wonder or admiration and to

23、 forget that they carry no guarantee of truth or quality. false or stupid things can be printed as easily as anything else, and often are. (ronald langacker, language and its structure, 2nd ed., ny: harcourt, brace and jovanovich, 1973, p. 60) note quotes and proper citation.plagiarized “paraphrase”

24、 ronald langacker pointed out (1973:60) that people sometimes have faith in the written word; for this reason, they go so far as to believe that if something occurs in print, it must be true and they regard it with admiration. since there are a few people who write books and articles that get printe

25、d, most people have a tendency to regard printed words with reverence and believe that they carry no guarantee of truth or quality. in fact, false or stupid things can be printed as easily as anything else, but people do not realize that. graduate honor system, virginia tech: /

26、student/avoiding.htmlplagiarized “paraphrase” ronald langacker pointed out (1973:60) that people sometimes have faith in the written word; for this reason, they go so far as to believe that if something occurs in print, it must be true and they regard it with admiration. since there are a few people

27、 who write books and articles that get printed, most people have a tendency to regard printed words with reverence and believe that they carry no guarantee of truth or quality. in fact, false or stupid things can be printed as easily as anything else, but people do not realize that. graduate honor s

28、ystem, virginia tech: /student/avoiding.htmlstop for discussion:why is this plagiarism?plagiarized “paraphrase” ronald langacker pointed out (1973:60) that people sometimes have faith in the written word; for this reason, they go so far as to believe that if something occurs in

29、 print, it must be true and they regard it with admiration. since there are a few people who write books and articles that get printed, most people have a tendency to regard printed words with reverence and believe that they carry no guarantee of truth or quality. in fact, false or stupid things can

30、 be printed as easily as anything else, but people do not realize that. even with a citation, this is plagiarism.sentence 1 people sometimes regard the written word with special reverence, even going so far as to believe that something must be true if it occurs in print. ronald langacker pointed out

31、 (1973:60) that people sometimes have faith in the written word; for this reason, they go so far as to believe that if something occurs in print, it must be true and they regard it with admiration.sentence 1 people sometimes regard the written word with special reverence, even going so far as to bel

32、ieve that something must be true if it occurs in print. ronald langacker pointed out (1973:60) that people sometimes have faith in the written word; for this reason, they go so far as to believe that if something occurs in print, it must be true and they regard it with admiration.same wording.senten

33、ce 1 people sometimes regard the written word with special reverence, even going so far as to believe that something must be true if it occurs in print. ronald langacker pointed out (1973:60) that people sometimes have faith in the written word; for this reason, they go so far as to believe that if

34、something occurs in print, it must be true and they regard it with admiration.same wording.slight change of ordersentence 1 people sometimes regard the written word with special reverence, even going so far as to believe that something must be true if it occurs in print. ronald langacker pointed out

35、 (1973:60) that people sometimes have faith in the written word; for this reason, they go so far as to believe that if something occurs in print, it must be true and they regard it with admiration.same wording.slight change of orderword substitution too closesentence 1 people sometimes regard the wr

36、itten word with special reverence, even going so far as to believe that something must be true if it occurs in print. ronald langacker pointed out (1973:60) that people sometimes have faith in the written word; for this reason, they go so far as to believe that if something occurs in print, it must

37、be true and they regard it with admiration.same wording.slight change of orderword substitution too closesame order of informationsentence 2 since most people do not write books or articles that get printed, there is perhaps a natural tendency to regard printed words with wonder or admiration and to

38、 forget that they carry no guarantee of truth or quality. since there are a few people who write books and articles that get printed, most people have a tendency to regard printed words with reverence and believe that they carry no guarantee of truth or quality.sentence 2 since most people do not wr

39、ite books or articles that get printed, there is perhaps a natural tendency to regard printed words with wonder or admiration and to forget that they carry no guarantee of truth or quality. since there are a few people who write books and articles that get printed, most people have a tendency to reg

40、ard printed words with reverence and believe that they carry no guarantee of truth or quality.a change from negative construction to positive construction is not enoughword substitution too close.sentence 3 false or stupid things can be printed as easily as anything else, and often are. in fact, fal

41、se or stupid things can be printed as easily as anything else, but people do not realize that. how would you paraphrase this? ronald langacker pointed out (1973:60) that people sometimes have faith in the written word; for this reason, they go so far as to believe that if something occurs in print,

42、it must be true and they regard it with admiration. since there are a few people who write books and articles that get printed, most people have a tendency to regard printed words with reverence and believe that they carry no guarantee of truth or quality. in fact, false or stupid things can be prin

43、ted as easily as anything else, but people do not realize that. stop to work with a partner.acceptable paraphrase according to langacker (1973:60), owing to a lack of experience in publishing, many people have such high regard for printed material that they automatically believe what they read. howe

44、ver, the form in which an idea is presented, whether in print or not, does not determine its validity. langackers remarks serve as a caution to readers who. graduate honor system, virginia tech: /student/avoiding.htmlacceptable paraphrase according to langacker (1973:60), owing

45、 to a lack of experience in publishing, many people have such high regard for printed material that they automatically believe what they read. however, the form in which an idea is presented, whether in print or not, does not determine its validity. langackers remarks serve as a caution to readers w

46、ho. citation is still required.when researching, notetaking, and interviewing mark everything that is someone elses words with a big q (for quote) or with big quotation marksindicate in your notes which ideas are taken from sources (s) and which are your own insights (me)record all of the relevant d

47、ocumentation information in your notessource: /handouts/research/r_plagiar.htmlproofread and check with your notes (or photocopies of sources) to make sure that anything taken from your notes is acknowledged in some combination of the ways: in-text citation, footnotes, bi

48、bliography, quotation marks, indirect quotationswriting process:appearance on final product:when paraphrasing and summarizingfirst, write your paraphrase and summary without looking at the original text, so you rely only on your memory.next, check your version with the original for content, accuracy

49、, and mistakenly borrowed phrasessource: /handouts/research/r_plagiar.htmlwriting process:appearance on final product:begin your summary with a statement giving credit to the source: according to jonathan kozol, .put any unique words or phrases that you cannot change, or

50、do not want to change, in quotation marks: savage inequalities exist throughout our educational system.1when quoting directlykeep the persons name near the quote in your notes, and in your paperselect those direct quotes that make the most impact in your paper - too many direct quotes may lessen you

51、r credibility and interfere with your stylesource: /handouts/research/r_plagiar.htmlwriting process:appearance on final product:put quotation marks around the text that you are quotingoptional with quotes: mention the persons name before or after the quoteindicate added p

52、hrases in brackets ( ) and omitted text with ellipses (. . .) original quote “more than 130 of them in dozens of countries still operate with heu fuel, and many have no more security than a night watchman and a chain-link fence.” altered quote according to researchers matthew bunn and anthony wier,

53、“more than 130 research reactors in dozens of countries still operate with heu fuel, and many have no more security than a night watchman and a chain-link fence.”1footnote:1 bunn, matthew and anthony wier, “controlling nuclear warheads and materials: a report card and action plan” (washington, d.c.:

54、 nuclear threat initiative and the project on managing the atom, harvard university, march 2003) pp. 8-12.brackets original quote “more than 130 of them in dozens of countries still operate with heu fuel, and many have no more security than a night watchman and a chain-link fence.” altered quote acc

55、ording to researchers matthew bunn and anthony wier, “more than 130 research reactorsstill operate with heu fuel, and many have no more security than a night watchman and a chain-link fence.”1footnote:1 bunn, matthew and anthony wier, “controlling nuclear warheads and materials: a report card and ac

56、tion plan” (washington, d.c.: nuclear threat initiative and the project on managing the atom, harvard university, march 2003) pp. 8-12.ellipseswhen quoting indirectly keep the persons name near the text in your notes, and in your paper rewrite the key ideas using different words and sentence structu

57、res than the original textsource: /handouts/research/r_plagiar.html mention the persons name either at the beginning of the information, or in the middle, or at that end double check to make sure that your words and sentence structures are different than the original text

58、writing process:appearance on final product: original quote “more than 130 of them in dozens of countries still operate with heu fuel, and many have no more security than a night watchman and a chain-link fence.” indirect quote researchers matthew bunn and anthony wier found that more than 130 resea

59、rch reactors operate with weapons-grade fuel, and many have inadequate security, such as only a night watchman and a chain-link fence.1footnote:1 bunn, matthew and anthony wier, “controlling nuclear warheads and materials: a report card and action plan” (washington, d.c.: nuclear threat initiative a

60、nd the project on managing the atom, harvard university, march 2003) pp. 8-12.ellipseshow to cite footnote use automatic footnoting in word footnotes can be delegated to bottom of page or end of document according to langacker,1 in-text citation according to langacker (1973) with an indirect quote, dont nee