SAT语法拔高从句和非谓语动词(2)

1、从句从句有主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句、同位语从句、定语从句和状语从句六类。由于主语从句、表语从 句和宾语从句在句子中的作用相当于是名词，因此我们也将这三种从句统称为名词性从句。1主语从句用作主语的从句叫做主语从句可以引导主语从句的有：（1）thatThat he finished writing the composition in such a short time surprised us all.（2）疑问词（疑问代词和疑问副词）Who will be our mon itor has n't bee n decided yet.Whom we must work for is

2、 a questi on of great importa nee.What caused the accide nt rema ins unknown.Where he has adopted this child is a mystery.Whe n we can solve this problem depe nds on our persiste nee.How the pris oner escaped is a complete mystery.（3）whetherWhether we will go for a picnic tomorrow remai ns unknown.2

3、表语从句用作表语的从句叫做表语从句。引导词和主语从句一致。（1）thatHis suggesti on is that we should stay calm.（2）疑问词（疑问代词和疑问副词）He has become what he wan ted to be ten years ago.The question is who will travel with me to Beijing tomorrow.The key is whom we must work for.The real problem is how I can persuade her to join us in the

4、 party.That is where he lives.What we n eed to now is whe n the meeti ng will be held.（3）whetherWhat really matters is whether he has solved the problem timely.3宾语从句用作宾语的从句叫做宾语从句。(1) thatWe all expect (that ) they will win , for members of their team are stronger.He told us (that) he would help us t

5、hrough the whole work.(2疑问词(疑问代词和疑问副词)The book will show you what the best CEOs should know.I have determ ined which I like best.Do you know who has won Red Alert game?He didn ' t tell me when we should meet again.Could you please tell me how you use the new mach ine?None of us knows where these

6、 new parts can be bought.(2) if, whether.I don ' t know if there will be a bus any more.Nobody knew whether he could pass the exam.4同位语从句与先行词同位或者等同的从句叫做同位语从句。thats success.同位语从句的先行词多为fact, news, message, idea, thought, reply, report, rema等名词，连接词用注：引导同位语从句的 that不能省略同位语从句与宾语从句的区别，同位语从句中that后面的句子是完

7、整的，宾语从句中不是。We cannot deny the fact that persiste nee is really very importa nt to one'I heard the n ews that our team had won.I ' ve come from Mr. Wang with a message that he wonseet bouattie； tofternoonThe idea /thought came to him that maybe the en emy had fled the city5状语从句用作状语的从句叫做状语从句。(

8、1)时间状语从句常用的弓丨导词： when, as, while, as soon as, before, after, since , till, until, once, as soon as 特殊的引导词： the minute, the moment, the second, every time, the da，ythe instant, immediately ,directly, no sooner tha n, hardly when, scarcely whe nI didn 't realize how special my mother was until I b

9、ecame an adult.While John was watching TV, his wife was cooking.The children ran away from the orchard, the moment they saw the guard.No sooner had I arrived home, than it began to rain.Every time I listen to your advice, I get into trouble.（2）地点状语从句常用的引导词： where, wherever, anywhere, everywhereGener

10、ally, air will be heavily polluted where there are factories.Wherever you go, you should work hard.Where there is no rain, farming is difficult or impossible.They were good persons. Where they went, there they were warmly welcomed.（3）原因状语从句常用的引导词： because, since, as, for, now that, in thatMy friends

11、 dislike me because I'm handsome and successful.Now that everybody has come, let's begin our conference.The higher income tax is harmful in that it may discourage people from trying to earn more.（4）结果状语从句常用的引导词有：sothat, suchthat, such thatHe got so little pay that his family had to live on w

12、elfare money.It 'susch a good chancethat we mustn't miss it.The weather wassuch that we could not go out.（5）目的状语从句常用的引导词： so that, in order thatHe got up earlyso that he caught the first bus.He spoke slowly in order that everyone could understand him.（6）程度状语从句常用的连接词有： as far as, as long as,

13、to the degree （extent） that, in so far asAs far as I know, he is trustworthy.As long as you need me, I will stay.You can remember these experiences to the extent that they will not bother you.In so far as this matter concerns all of us, we should take a united action.( 7) 条件状语从句常用的连接词有： if, unless,

14、suppose, supposing (that), assuming (that), providing (that), provided(that), in case (that), on condition (that)If you ask him, he will help you.You will be late unless you hurry.Suppose (that) we are late, what will she say?Supposing (that) it rains, shall we go?Assuming (that) you are right, we w

15、ill make a great deal of money from the project.Providing /provided (that) you promise not to tell anyone else, I will explain the secret.In case it rains, do not wait for me.I will do it on condition that you help me.You will certainly succeed so long as you keep on trying.( 8) 让步状语从句常用的连接词有： thoug

16、h, although, even though/ if, while, whereasThough/ although I am fond of music, I cannot play any instrument.Even though/ even if you say so, I do not believe it.While I understand your point of view, I do not agree with you.Whereas some people praise him, others condemn him.(9)方式状语从句 常用的连接词有： as,

17、as if, as though, the way, howDo as I say.They completely ignore these facts as if/ as though they never existed.Please pronounce the word the way I do.Do it how you can. (how= in whatever manner)(10)比较状语从句常用的连接词有：as/ soasHe woke up as suddenly as he had fallen asleep.I have never seen so much rain

18、as fell that Friday.6 定语从句 用作定语的从句叫做定语从句。 定语从句一般放在它所修饰的名词 /代词之后 ,这种名词 /代词叫做先行词。引导定语从句的关联词为关系代词 who, whom, that, which, whose和关系副词 when, where, why。 关系代词在定语从句中可用作主语、宾语、定语等，关系副词在定语从句中用作状语。The man who/ that is standing over there is my brother.He is the man whom/ that/ who I saw yesterday.The dog which

19、 was lost has been found.He has everything that he need.They rushed over to help the man whose car had broken down.You are the only one whose advice he might listen to.July and August are the months when the weather is hot.A stone marks the spot where the treaty was signed.There is no definite reaso

20、n why we should do so.非谓语动词 非谓语动词是指在句子中不是谓语的动词， 主要包括不定式、 动名词和分词 （现在分词和过去 分词），即动词的非谓语形式。 非谓语动词除了不能独立作谓语外， 可以承担句子的任何成分。 非谓语动词与其宾语或状语连用即构成非谓语动词短语。非谓语动词短语有三种： 不定式短语：He gave her a knife to cut the bread with.To cooperate with others is important. 动名词短语：He likes reading aloud.Loading heavy weights require

21、s great skills.分词短语：It is a mixture consisting of oil and vinegar.We ate sitting on the grass.The book just referred to is translated into Chinese.Laughed at by everybody, he is also optimistic. 非谓语动词的逻辑主语： 非谓语动词不能在句中做谓语，因此没有语法意义上的主语，但它往往有意义上的逻辑主语。 How can I get to know her? (不定式 to know her 的逻辑主语是

22、I)I cannot bear him staying up so late.(动名词 staying 的逻辑主语是 him)Who is the man speaking?(现在分词 speaking 的逻辑主语是 the man)They plan further talks with parties interested in this issue.(过去分词 interested的逻辑主语是 parties)不定式 不定式有两种形式：一是带 to 的不定式，一种是带 to 的不定式 不定式的句法功能：(1)做主语：To finish the work in ten minutes is

23、 very hard.To lose your heart means failure.动词不定式短语作主语时，常用 it 作形式主语，真正的主语不定式置于句后It is very hard to finish the work in ten minutes.It means failure to lose your heart.( 2)作表语：The important thing is to save lives.The only thing I could do was to leave.( 3) 作宾语： 不定式在句中可用作宾语，其逻辑主语同时也是全句的主语。She likes to

24、play with the child.They demanded to be shown the authentic documents.( 4) 作定语： 不定式在句中也可以用作定语，通常放在其所修饰的名词或代词之后。The next train to arrive was from New York.He was always the first to come and last to leave the office.（ 5） 作状语 不定式在句中用作状语时可以表示目的、结果、原因等。 不定式用来表示目的的情况较多。在这种情况下，不定式的逻辑主语通常是全句的主语。I stayed he

25、re to see what would happen.He will go to the clinic tomorrow to be examined by the doctor.在表示这种目的状语时，不定式的前面可加上in order,或so as女口：Many farmers fertilize their crops in order to make them grow more quickly.I will write down his telephone number so as not to forget it.在强调或突出这种目的状语时，可将不定式或in order加不定式置于

26、句首（so as加不定式较少置于句首）In order to make a study of the kangaroo, he came to Australia. 不定式也可以用来表示结果， 往往是与预期愿望相反的结果， 出乎意料，常放在 never， only 后面。在这种情况下，不定式的逻辑主语通常也是主句的主语。I arrived at the railway station, only to find the train had already gone.In 1945, he left home never to return.下列句子中的soas to,suchas to,eno

27、ugh以及tooto等结构中的不定式皆表示结 果The house is so high and narrow as to resemble a tower.His indifference is such as to make one depressed.He is old enough to go to school.The tea is too hot to drink. 不定式表示原因时，其逻辑主语也一般是全句的主语。I trembled to think of it.She wept to see him in such a terrible state. 不定式用作独立成分下列不定

28、式短语皆用作独立成分To begin with, to tell the truth, to make a long story short, to be sure, to be brief, to be exact , to be frank with you, to do him justice, to conclude不定式独立结构不定式具有自己的独立主语时，二者即构成不定式独立结构，常用作状语，表伴随A number of officials followed the emperor, some to hold his robe and others to adjust his gir

29、dle. 不定式用作宾语补语 在一种复合结构中，不定式可以用作宾语补语。它与宾语有主谓关系，二者构成复合宾语。I want you to be happy.I would like you to have an opportunity to appreciate Chinese art.有一些动词后用作宾语补足语的不定式通常不用to。这种动词有两类：一类是感官动词，如feel, see, watch, no tice, smell, observe, watch, look at, liste n tc等。I saw him come.I always hear him sing in his

30、 room.另一类是使役动词，如 make, let, have, get, keep, leav等I would have you know that I am ill.They made the boy go to bed early. 不定式用作主语补语 在一种复合结构中，不定式则可以用作主语补语。它与主语是主谓关系，二者构成复合主语。He was seen to enter the hall.The education of the young is seen to be of primary importance.The young man was considered to hav

31、e great promise. 疑问词 +不定式结构疑问词who, what, which, when, where和how后加不定式可构成一种特殊的不定式短语。它在 句中可以做：主语： How to earn daily bread by my pen was then the problem.宾语： I do not know what to do.表语： The difficulty was how to cross the river.动名词 动名词同时具有动词特征和名词特征。动名词的动词特征是可以有宾语和状语I hope you do not mind my saying it.A

32、re you for or against staying here?动名词的名词特征是可以用作主语和宾语等Travelling around the world can be very exciting.He gives up smoking and drinking. 动名词的句法功能： （ 1） 动名词用作主语 动名词在句中可用作主语，其逻辑主语泛指人们Seeing is believing.（ 2） 动名词用作表语。The main thing is getting there in time. 动名词做表语时域进行时态的现在分词形式相同，但是其所属结构不同 Her job was w

33、ashing clothes.She was washing clothes.（ 3） 动名词用作宾语I suggest doing it in a different way.I have finished reading the book.（ 4） 动名词用作定语 动名词在句中用作定语，其逻辑主语通常不是它所修饰的名词 They set up an operating table in a small temple.He may be in the reading room.（ 5） 动名词用作补语I call this robbi ng Peter to pay Paul我管这个叫做拆了

34、东墙补西墙。（宾补）This is called turning things upside down. （主补）（ 6） 动名词复合结构名词属格（如Lily 's和物主代词（my）后加动名词，即构成动名词复合结构。在动名词复合 结构中，名词属格或物主代词是动名词的逻辑主语。这种复合结构在句中多用作主语或宾语。 用作主语：Sophia ' s having seen them did not surprise us.You will see that my ordering you around has not been so bad for you. 用作宾语：I canno

35、t bear his staying up so late.She strongly resented Mr.Watson' s drawing so close to her.现在分词 现在分词也有双重属性，一方面有动词的性质，可以有状语和定语。 Going down town I met a friend.Do you know the man carrying a large umbrella? 另一方面它有形容词的性质，可以用作定语等 He is a modest, understanding man. 现在分词在句中不可以用作谓语，也不可用作主语或者宾语。它在句中可用做表语、

36、定语、状 语、和补足语等。现在分词的逻辑主语一般可以在句中找到。（ 1） 现在分词用作表语 现在分词具有形容词的性质，所以可以用作表语。 The news is encouraging.You young people are fascinating. 用作表语的现在分词还可以用在倒装结构中，置于句首 Attending the evening party were 700 students from 15 American universities. Covering much of the earth' s surface is a blanket of water.（ 2） 现在

37、分词用作定语 现在分词用作定语多置于它所修饰的名词之前 She is a charming child.He asked an embarrassing question. 现在分词也有时置于修饰的名词之后，这种现在分词往往相当于一个定语从句 There were no soldiers drilling and running.（ 3） 现在分词用作状语 现在分词及其短语可以用作状语，表示时间、原因、结果、让步、条件、方式、或伴随 表时间Working down in the street, I ran into Sue. Climbing to the top of the tower,

38、we saw a magnificent view. 表原因（可置于句首、句中）Living in the country, we had few social engagements.Seeing that it was raining, George took an umbrella. 表条件You will only make yourself more tired, keeping on your feet. 表让步Knowing all this, they made me pay for the damage.Knowing it was very improper to ask

39、him to work on a dog, we appealed to a famous doctor. 表结果（常置于句末）It rained heavily, causing severe flooding in that country. 表方式或伴随情况He came into the room carrying a bundle of clothes.He stood leaning against the wall.（ 4） 现在分词独立结构现在分词有其独立的逻辑主语， 这种主语置于分词之前， 二者构成一种分词独立结构。 现在分 词独立结构常用作状语。 表时间The dark c

40、louds having dispersed, the sun shone again. 表原因The river having risen in the night, we cannot cross it. 表条件Weather permitting, we will have the match tomorrow. 表方式或伴随情况Their room was on the third floor, its window overlooking the sports ground.（ 5） 现在分词用作补语现在分词可用作宾语不予， 与前面的宾语构成复合宾语。 具有这种复合宾语的动词多为表示

41、感 觉的动词I saw the naughty boy hitting the dog.I felt the house shaking.（ 6） 现在分词的否定结构Not having done it right, I tried again.I left at noon, not staying to hear the commencement address by Steven Jobs.Not seeing Tom, I asked where he was.（ 7） 垂悬的现在分词 现在分词用作状语，其逻辑主语应该与句子的主语一致 He was lying on the couch,

42、 enjoying his wine.Walking or sleeping, I always think about this subject.（ 8） 现在分词与动名词的比较现在分词用作定语时，与动名词不同 现在分词表示其所修饰的名词的动作，即现在分词与其所修饰的名词在逻辑上具有主谓关系， 动名词则表示其修饰的名词的性质，二者在逻辑上没有主谓关系。现在分词： A sleeping child, a hard-working student, a good-looking girl 动名词： A sleeping car, a waiting room, a reading room, a

43、 dining hall 过去分词过去分词在句中不可用作谓语，它相当于形容词和副词，在句中可用做表语、定语、状语、补 足语。过去分词的逻辑主语一般可以在句中找到。（ 1） 过去分词用作表语If you get very exhausted, only a tremendous sense of purpose can sustain you.We are determined to build a reservoir here in the shortest time.（ 2） 过去分词用作定语The child gave a cry and with outstretched arms ran forward.Her job was to take care of the wounded soldier.Some of them, born and brought up in rural areas, have never seen a train.（ 3） 过去分词用作状语 过去分词可以用作状语，表语时间、原因、条件、让步、方式或伴随情况 表时间Heated, the metal expands.Once appoint