我国民营企业的特点及发展新思路（附英文翻译）

1、我国民营企业的特点及发展新思路在改革开放20 多年的时间里,中国经济进入持续增长的发展时期. 2001 年,我国人均gdp 一举突破900 美元. 这一期间大量涌现的民企营企业已成为推动经济增长的重要力量.民营企业的发展取得了明显的经济效益和社会效益. 据统计,到1999 年,我国民营企业共创产值7686101 亿元,实现营业收入7 149138 亿元,社会消费品零售额4 191139 亿元,上缴税收255 亿元. 民营企业的发展对国民经济做出越来越大的贡献.民营企业在对经济总量做出贡献的同时,解决了大量的劳动力的就业问题. 到2001 年底,全国民营企业从业人员总数达2 714 万人,占全国

2、从业人员总数的3172 %. 民营企业的发展,促进了所有制经济结构的调整,拓宽了就业领域,成为国有、集体企业职工下岗再就业的重要渠道. 统计资料显示,1997 -1999 年三年中,国企及各级政府有2 700 万人下岗,另有2 100 万人从集体单位下岗. 其间,新吸收的就业人数是2 200 万人,其中大量被民营企业吸收. 民营企业的发展,缓解了国有企业在改革过程中的就业压力,保持了社会稳定,有力地支持了改革的深化.随着改革的深入进行,国有企业逐步从竞争性领域中退出,做到“有所为,有所不为”. 民营企业不仅在国有企业退出的行业和领域有机会进入,而且能够参与国有企业的改革,从而拓宽了民营企业的发

3、展空间. 近年来,民营企业中出现了一大批实力雄厚的知名企业和著名企业家,为其参与国企改革创造了条件. 据中央统战部、全国工商联、中国民(私) 营经济研究会2000 年对全国民营企业的抽样调查报告显示,有719 %的被调查的民营企业已兼并或收买破产的国有企业,总计有2319 %的民营企业已经或正在兼并、收购、承包破产或效益差的国有企业. 调查还显示,67 %的被调查企业吸纳了下岗职工,每户吸纳职工的中位数为4 人. 民营企业的发展为国有企业改革的深化创造了良好的环境条件,减少了改革深化的阻力;国有企业的改革深化也进一步刺激了民营企业的发展,形成了一种良性循环.1.民营企业发展的新特点1.1各地区

4、的发展不平衡近年来,民营企业快速稳定地发展,但地区的发展是不均衡的,东部的发展明显快于其他地区. 2001年,全国民营企业共20219 万家,从业人员2 714 万人. 东部民营企业数占总量的66119 % ,从业人员占64148 %;注册资金、实现产值、消费品零售额等各项指标均占全国60 %以上. 2002 年上半年,在东部、中部、西部民营企业齐头并进的稳定发展势头下,东部地区民营企业的增长一直保持优势,西部地区较中部地区发展速度稍快. 截止到2002 年6 月底,全国民营企业已达221152 万家,东部地区的江苏、浙江、广东、上海四省市民营企业实有数均超过20 万家,山东、北京两省市的民营

5、企业超过10 万家.1.2 民营企业的发展规模日趋扩大 保持适度的企业规模,是提升企业竞争力的前提之一. 自1998 年以来,民营企业发展规模日趋扩大,资本投入、集团化经营增长明显,规模较大的民营企业和民营企业集团持续增多,发展迅速. 据国家工商行政管理总局统计,2002 年上半年,全国民营企 业新增注册资本2 830155 亿元,比2001 年末增长15154 % ,资本投入增幅明显高于家数和从业人员增幅. 现已注册的民营企业中,注册资本(金) 在1 000万元以上的民营企业有24 605 家,其中注册资本达亿元以上的有389 家. 截止2002 年6 月底,全国共有民营企业集团2 185

6、家.1.3 民营企业进入更多的产业领域从产业结构中的行业分布来看,民营企业在三大产业中的分布极其不均衡,虽然近年来在第一产业中所占比重有所提高,但是第三产业仍占主导地位.近年来,在国家有关政策以及一些地方政策的引导和鼓励下,一些民营企业纷纷投资农林牧副渔业,搞农业综合开发等. 卫生、教育、文化、科研技术等领域的市场需求强劲,行业准入门槛相对较低且资金回报率高. 从民营企业追求利润最大化、资源配置高效率的特点来看,今后将会有越来越多民营企业进入这些行业.1.4 民营科技企业迅速发展近10 年来,民营科技企业得到高速发展. 到2001 年,全国有一定规模的民营科技企业已达10 万多家,比前年增长了

7、17 % ,当年总收入达118 万多亿元,人均年创造收入29 万元;资产总额已达215 万多亿元,人均38 万元;上缴税金1 015 亿元,人均年缴税1158 万元;净利润10 74 亿元,人均年1161 万元;出口创汇319 亿美元;科技开发投入480 亿元. 其中,总收入超过10 亿元的民营科技企业达到245 家. 在全国高新技术开发区中,民营科技企业占到80 %以上,已成为经济增长和高新技术产业化的生力军. 民营科技企业为推动科技进步与经济结合、发展科技第一生产力做出了重要的贡献.1.5 公司制成为民营企业的主要组成形式民营企业的组成形式有独资企业、合伙企业、有限责任公司和股份有限公司.

8、 近年来发展迅速的有限责任公司、股份有限公司具有产权清晰、责权明确、风险分散、管理规范等特点,为广大民营企业所认可,发展速度快、比例大;独资企业稳步增长;合伙企业逐渐减少.2发展民营企业的新思路2.1 培育民营企业的核心竞争力企业通过长期的积累所形成的独特资源(尤其是无形资源) 是使企业保持长期竞争优势和维持高额利润的竞争力即核心竞争力,是使企业赖以生存和发展的最重要的能力。 核心竞争力保证了企业能够提供差异化的产品和服务,形成自己的优势和特色,使企业在市场竞争中处于主动地位. 从一些曾经轰轰烈烈最终昙花一现的民营企业的历程来看,其衰落的原因多表现为热衷于轰动效应、超速发展、盲目多元化和短期行

9、为等,而根本原因是缺乏核心竞争力. 核心竞争力以企业的技术创造能力为核心、生产制造能力为龙头,通过反应能力、市场营销能力、连带服务能力和组织管理能力等的有机互感作用而使企业具有市场竞争优势,存在于企业的研发、生产及销售等环节和部门,沉淀于企业员工思想、企业经营的战略规划及企业文化之中. 面对未来,民营企业要成为市场上的常青树,就必须培育其核心竞争力,成为参与国际竞争的强者.2.2 加强民营企业的文化建设企业由于竞争的需要,对员工整体素质的要求越来越高,文化力和形象力在现代市场竞争中的地位和作用越来越突出. 企业文化是社会主义市场经济条件下微观经营管理文化,是企业在经营实践中所形成的企业精神、价

10、值观念、文化氛围,以及广大员工认同的道德规范和行为方式. 民营企业文化反映着民营企业经营者、企业员工队伍的素质,集中起来就是企业的综合素质. 先进的企业文化可以使企业成员团结协作、共同奋斗、提高企业作为一个整体的凝聚力和竞争力. 一些民营企业之所以能在激烈的市场竞争中不断发展壮大,其原因之一就在于有一套独特的企业文化. 民营企业的第二次创业,既是为了构筑更高更大的资产平台,也是为了找到企业文化家园. 因此,经过了一定发展阶段的民营企业,十分重视企业文化建设. 民营企业应建立适合其自身的文化,以调动员工的工作热情,提高企业的综合素质. 民营企业应在创建现代企业制度的过程中,建设与之相适应的富有创

11、新活力的积极向上的企业文化,以迎接新的机遇和挑战,实现企业的健康持续发展,为中国的经济增长做出更大的贡献.2.3 进一步拓展民营企业的融资渠道随着民营经济的快速发展,长期困扰民营企业的融资难问题已经为政府管理部门和金融界所重视.融资困难影响着民营企业的进一步发展,特别是对于大量高科技创业型民营企业来说,迫切需要的是中长期贷款和股权投资. 民营企业在创业初期的启动资金几乎完全依靠自筹,90 %以上是由主要业主和当初的合伙人以及他们的家庭提供. 在初创过后的后继投资中,民营企业仍然严重依赖内源性融资渠道,包括业主自有资金、企业留存收益等;在外源性融资渠道中,来自非正规渠道、信用合作社和商业银行所占

12、的比例大体相当,公众股权、公众债权市场在民营企业融资中的作用甚微. 当民营企业发展壮大成为竞争力强的大型著名企业或集团公司时,基本上已能够摆脱融资难的问题. 对于数量众多的中小民营企业,银行部门不敢轻易放贷. 为求得发展,这类企业往往从非正式金融活动中寻求资金,结果导致企业缺乏建立声誉机制的积极性,也容易引发寻租行为,这也是在国有商业银行的不良资产中,民营企业贷款形成的不良资产的增长速度较高的原因. 要进一步解决民营企业融资难的问题,应从以下几个方面入手:完善对民营企业金融支持的法律法规建设;建立和完善银行体系建设,设立专门面向中小民营企业的银行;发展各种类型的企业贷款担保机构;大力发展中小企

13、业直接融资;建立健全民营企业金融支持的社会辅助体系等.2.4 继续扩大对内开放,创造公平竞争环境改革开放以来,国家对民营企业投资的范围不断放宽,然而在基础产业与基础设施领域,金融、保险、通讯、科教文卫等新型服务业以及大型设备制造、汽车产业等大型制造业领域,民营企业投资进入很少,呈现严重的投资结构不均衡的状况. 目前,国有经济、外资经济、民营经济在投资市场准入方面仍然存在着政策与体制差异. 民营在近30 个产业领域仍存在着不同程度的“限进”情况,原因是存在垄断因素. 这就使得有一定发展潜力的民营资本拥挤在狭窄的投资领域难以有更大作为,同时会对民族经济的发展和国民利益造成损害. 因此,我国在加入w

14、to、经济对外开放的同时,应进一步放宽对民营企业的行业准入限制,对于除了涉及到国家安全的少数行业和产品外,应放开管制、打破垄断、引入竞争,允许民营企业依法开业经营。2.5 大力扶植优势民营企业世界经济发展演变的历史证明,国力的较量在于企业,企业竞争力是国家竞争力的主要因素. 一个国家是否具有一批世界级的跨国公司,对其在整个世界经济体系中的地位有着重要影响. 目前,全球500强跨国公司中已有400多家进入我国. 跨国公司在中国设立企业,对中国经济发展产生了积极的影响. 有这样一批超重量级的选手出场,全面占据了一些行业的竞争舞台,丰富了市场竞争的实践,也极大地改变了市场格局. 面对这一局面,必须大

15、力扶持优势民营企业,为技术领先、管理先进的优势民营企业提供广阔的发展空间,鼓励其做大做强,加速发展一批具有国际竞争力的民营大型企业集团,形成民营企业的“国家队”,全面走向国际大市场.英文翻译：characteristics of chinese private enterprises and develop new ideas20 years of reform and opening period, china's economy growth period of development. in 2001, china's per capita gdp broke throu

16、gh 900 u.s. dollars. this period are a large number of private enterprises doing business has become an important force for economic growth. private enterprises development has made remarkable economic and social benefits. according to statistics, in 1999, china's private enterprises to create v

17、alue 768.6101 trillion yuan, operating income of 7,149,138 yuan, the social consumer goods retail sales 4,191,139 yuan, 25.5 billion tax paid . private enterprise development on the national economy to make more significant contribution. private enterprises in the total economy, while contributing t

18、o solve the daliang labor employment problem. by 2001 the end of the national total number of employees in private enterprises 2 714 million, accounting for 3172 percent of total employees. private enterprise development, and promote the ownership of the economic structure adjustment, widening the f

19、ield of employment, a state-owned, collective enterprises an important channel for re-employment of laid-off. statistics, 1997 -1,999 in three years, the state-owned enterprises and all levels of government have 2700 people laid off, and another 2 100 people laid off from the collective unit. in the

20、 meantime, employment in the new absorption is 2 200 million, of which a large number of private enterprises has been absorbed. development of private enterprises, easing the process of reform of state-owned enterprises in the employment pressure, and maintained social stability, strong support for

21、the deepening of the reform. with the deepening reform of state-owned enterprises to gradually withdraw from the competitive field, so that "dos and don'ts." private enterprise, not only in state-owned enterprises out of the industries and areas have access to, and able to participate

22、in state-owned enterprises reform, which broadens the scope for development of private enterprises. in recent years, a large number of private enterprises have emerged strong-known companies and famous entrepreneurs, their participation in creating the conditions for soe reform. according to the cen

23、tral united front work department, the national federation of industry, china and china (private) business economic research association in 2000 private enterprises nationwide sample survey, 719% of the surveyed private enterprises mergers or buy bankrupt state-owned enterprises, a total of 2319% of

24、 private enterprises have been or are being acquired , acquisition, bankruptcy or inefficient contracting state-owned enterprises. the survey also showed that 67% of surveyed enterprises to absorb the laid-off workers, to attract workers, the median household of 4 people. the development of private

25、enterprises to deepen reform of state-owned enterprises to create good environmental conditions, reducing the resistance to the deepening of reform; deepening the reform of state-owned enterprises and further stimulate the development of private enterprises, forming a virtuous circle. 1. private ent

26、erprise development, new features 1.1 the imbalance in regional development in recent years, rapid and stable development of private enterprises, but the region's development is not balanced, the eastern part of growing much faster than other areas. in 2001, a total of 202.19 million private ent

27、erprises, employing 2,714 people. number of private enterprises in eastern of the total of 66,119 percent, practitioners accounted for 64,148%; registered capital, the output value, retail sales and other indicators account for 60% of the country. first half of 2002, in the eastern, central, western

28、 and stable development of private enterprise go hand in hand momentum, the eastern region of the growth of private enterprises has remained dominant in the western region than the central region slightly faster pace of development. as of the end of june 2002, the national private enterprises reache

29、d 2.21152 billion, the eastern region of jiangsu, zhejiang, guangdong, shanghai 4 private enterprises are actually several cities over 200,000, shandong, beijing, the two provinces and cities over 100,000 private enterprises. 1.2 the development of private enterprises to increasing the scope to main

30、tain an appropriate firm size, is to enhance the competitiveness of enterprises one of the prerequisites. since 1998, increasing the scope of private enterprise development, capital investment, significant growth in group management, large-scale private enterprise and private enterprise groups conti

31、nued to increase, developing rapidly. according to the state administration for industry and statistics, first half of 2002, new private enterprises registered capital of the country 2 830 155 million, up 15,154 percent more than the end of 2001, capital investment growth was higher than the number

32、of enterprises and employees increase. is registered private enterprises, registered capital (money) in 1 000 million yuan and 24 605 private enterprises, of which 100 million yuan registered capital of more than a 389. closing by the end of june 2002, there were private enterprise group 2 185. 1.3-

33、owned enterprises more industries from the structure of industry distribution, the private enterprises in the three major industries in the distribution is highly uneven, although in recent years, the proportion of primary industry has increased, but the tertiary industry was still dominant. in rece

34、nt years, in some parts of the relevant national policies and policy guidance and encouragement, some private enterprises have invested in agriculture, forestry, animal husbandry, fisheries, engage in agricultural development. health, education, culture, scientific research and technology needs of t

35、he areas of market strength, industry, barriers to entry is relatively low and high rate of return of funds. maximize profits from private enterprise, the characteristics of efficient resource allocation point of view, in the future there will be more and more private enterprises to enter these sect

36、ors. 1.4 the rapid development of private technology enterprises over the past 10 years, private technology enterprises are developing rapidly. by 2001, china had a certain amount of private technology enterprises reached more than 100,000, an increase of 17% over the previous year, annual gross rev

37、enue of 11.8 trillion yuan, per capita to create income of 290,000 yuan; total assets reached more than 2.15 million yuan, 380,000 yuan per capita; paid taxes 1 015 billion, per capita tax 11.58 million yuan; net profit of 1 074 billion, per capita 11.61 million yuan; export 31.9 billion u.s. dollar

38、s; technology development investment 48 billion yuan. in which the total income of more than 1 billion yuan of private technology enterprises reached 245. in the national high technology development zone, the private technology enterprises account for more than 80%, has become the economic growth an

39、d high industrialization of force. private technology enterprises for the promotion of technological progress and economic integration, the development of technology has made the first important contribution to productivity. 1.5 corporate system as a major component form of private enterprise the co

40、mposition in the form of private enterprises owned enterprises, partnerships, limited liability companies and joint stock. in recent years the rapid development of a limited liability company, joint stock with clear property rights, responsibilities and rights clear, risk diversification, management

41、 practices, etc., for the majority of recognized by private enterprises, development speed, the high ratio; owned enterprises increased steadily; partnership gradually reduced. 2. new ideas for the development of private enterprises 2.1 private fostering core competitiveness of enterprises enterpris

42、es through the formation of long-term accumulation of unique resources (especially intangible resources) to enable enterprises to maintain long-term competitive advantage and maintain the competitiveness of high profits that core competence is to enable business survival and development of the most

43、important skills. ensure the core competitiveness of enterprises to provide differentiated products and services, and form their own advantages and characteristics, so that enterprises in market competition in the initiative. from some of the final short-lived once vigorous private enterprise of evo

44、lution, the reasons for its decline symptoms were keen to sensational effect, speeding development, diversification and short-term behavior of the blind, but the basic reason is the lack of core competitiveness. the core competitiveness of enterprise technology to deliver the core capabilities, manu

45、facturing capacity as a leader, through the response capability marketing capabilities, associated services and organizational management capabilities such as the role of organic mutual inductance has a competitive advantage by entry, exist in the development, production, and distribution sectors an

46、d departments, employees thinking of settling in, strategic planning and business corporate culture. in the future, private enterprises to become market evergreen tree, we must nurture its core competence, strong international competition to become. 2.2 strengthen the cultural construction of privat

47、e enterprises enterprises have the need of competition, the overall quality of the staff have become increasingly demanding, and cultural forces and image forces in the modern market competition, more and more prominent position and role. corporate culture under the conditions of socialist market ec

48、onomy, micro-management culture, practice in the management of enterprise formed by the entrepreneurial spirit, values, culture, and the staff agree that the ethics and behavior. private enterprise culture reflects the operation of private enterprises, corporate quality staff, together is the busine

49、ss overall quality. advanced corporate culture allows businesses to members of the unity, cooperation, joint efforts, enhance the enterprise as a whole cohesion and competitiveness. the reason why a number of private enterprises in the fierce market competition has grown in strength, one of the reas

50、ons is that has a unique corporate culture.'s second venture of private enterprises, both to build higher and larger asset platform, but also to find the corporate culture to their homes. therefore, after a certain stage of development of private enterprises, attaches great importance to corpora

51、te culture. private enterprises should establish appropriate to their own culture, to mobilize the enthusiasm of staff, and improving the overall quality. private enterprise should create a modern enterprise system in the process of building a corresponding innovative and dynamic and positive corpor

52、ate culture to meet new opportunities and challenges, the enterprise of healthy and sustained development of china's economic growth and make greater contribution. 2.3 to further expand the financing channels for private enterprises with the rapid development of private economy, long plagued the

53、 problem of financing private enterprises the government has valued by management and the financial sector. financing problems affecting the further development of private enterprises, especially for a large number of high-tech entrepreneurial private enterprises, urgent need is long-term loans and

54、equity investments. private enterprise in the early days of the start-up funding almost entirely on self, 90% are from the major owners and the original partners and their families. in the follow-up after start-up investment , private enterprises are still heavily dependent on endogenous financing c

55、hannels, including the owners of their own funds, corporate retained earnings, etc.; exogenous financing channels, from non-formal channels, credit unions and commercial banks, roughly the same proportion of public shares the public debt market in the financing of private enterprises in little effec

56、t. when private enterprises to grow into a large well-known competitive enterprise or group, they basically have to get rid of financing problem. for a large number of small and medium private enterprises, not easily lend the banking sector. to seek the development of such enterprises from the infor

57、mal financial activities often seek funding, resulting in a lack of business initiative to build a reputation mechanism, can easily lead to rent-seeking behavior, which is bad in the state-owned commercial banks assets, private enterprise loans, non-performing assets of the reasons for the higher gr

58、owth rate. to further resolve the financing problem of private enterprises, from the following aspects: improving the financial support of private enterprise laws and regulations; to establish and improve the bank system, the establishment of specialized banks for small and medium private enterprise

59、s; the development of all types of corporate loan guarantee agencies; to develop direct financing of smes; establish and improve financial support for private enterprises and other social aid system. 2.4 continue to expand opening up to create a level playing field since reform and opening, the state investment in private enterprises has been continuously relaxed, but in the field of basic industries and infrastructure, finance, insurance, communications, science, educ