最新初中语法优秀名师资料

1、初中语法一般现在时1概念：一般现在时表示经常的、习惯性的动作或存在的状态。2构成：一般现在时的构成主要有两种形式： （1）be型：句子的谓语动词只有be（am，is或are）：a肯定句中，只出现be，如：i am a student我是一名学生。 b否定句中，要在be后面加not，如：she isn't a teacher她不是教师。 c一般疑问句，要将be放在句子开头（注意句首字母大写），句尾用问号，答语用yes，主语+be或no，主语+be+not如： are you ready？你准备好了吗？ yes，i am是的，我准备好了。 （no，i'm not不，我没准备好。）（

2、2）实义动词型：句中的谓语动词为实义动词（也叫行为动词）：a肯定句中，只出现实义动词，如： i get up in the morning我早晨起床。b否定句中，要在实义动词前面加do（does）not，do（does）作助动词，本身无意义，常与not缩写成don't（doesn't），如： i don't like vegetables我不喜欢蔬菜。 c一般疑问句，要在句子开头加助动词do（does），句尾用问号，简略答语用yes，主语+do（does）或no，主语+do（does）not如： do you like oranges？你喜欢桔子吗？ yes，i do是

3、的，我喜欢。 （no，i don't不，我不喜欢。） 3. 一般现在时的用法 1) 经常性或习惯性的动作，常与表示频腮度的时间状语连用。 时间状语： at , often, usually, sometimes, always, every (day等), once/ twice, a (week等), on (sunday等),never, in the (morning等)。they go to the palace museum once a year.(他们每年去一次故宫)they often discuss business in the evening.(他们经常在晚上商谈

4、生意)i leave home for school at 7 every morning. 2) 客观真理，客观存在，科学事实，人的技能或现在的状态时句子里一般不用时间状语。the earth turns round the sun.(地球绕着太阳转)light travels faster than sound.(光传播比声音快) shanghai lies in the east of china. 3) 表示格言或警句中。 pride goes before a fall. 骄者必败。 注意：此用法如果出现在宾语从句中，即使主句是过去时，从句谓语也要用一般现在时。 例：columbus

5、 proved that the earth is round. 4) 现在时刻的状态、能力、性格、个性。 i don't want so much. ann wang writes good english but does not speak well. 比较：now i put the sugar in the cup. i am doing my homework now. 第一句用一般现在时，用于操作演示或指导说明的示范性动作，表示言行的瞬间动作。再如：now watch me, i switch on the current and stand back. 第二句中的now

6、是进行时的标志，表示正在进行的动作的客观状况，所以后句用一般现在时。5) 表示十分确定会发生(如安排好的事情)或按照时间表进行的事情,用一般现在可以表达将来,句子中可以有将来时间。the train for haikou leaves at 8：00 in the morning.6) 在时间状语从句中(以when, after, before, while, until, as soon as等引导)和条件状语从句中(以if, unless引导),用一般现在时代替一般将来时,句子可以有将来时间。please ring me up as soon as you arrive in german

7、y.if it rains tomorrow, we will have to stay at home.7)一般现在时用于倒装句中可以表示正在发生的动作,动词以come, go为主。here comes the bus. (车来了) there goes the bell.(铃响了)。8)一般现在时常用于体育比赛的解说或寓言故事中。now the midfield player catches the ball and he keeps it.9)人的心理活动和感官动作一般用一般现在时而不用现在进行时表达,常见动词有：like, love, hate, dislike, want, wish

8、, hope, think, understand, remember, forget, mean, need, hear, feel, see. i think it is going to snow.(我想天要下雪了)i really hope you can enjoy your stay here.(我真的希望你愉快地呆在这儿)一般过去时一、概念1表示在的过去某个时间里所发生的动作或存在的状态。一般过去时 表示过去某时发生的动作或状态,这种动作或状态可能是一次性,也可能经常发生。表示过去具体时刻发生的一次性动作时,时间状语有：at (eight) (yesterday morning)

9、,(ten minutes) ago, when引导的时间状语从句。i got up at 6：00 this morning.(我是早上六点钟起床的)little tom broke the window at half past nine this morning.(小汤姆今天早上九点半把窗子打破了) when he went into the room, he saw a stranger talking with his father.(他走进房间时发现一个陌生人正和他父亲谈话)2表示在过去一段时间内，经常性或习惯性的动作。表示过去一个阶段中经常发生的事情时,时间状语有：last, i

10、n, fromto, for(10 years),often, usually, sometimes, always, never等。mr. jackson usually went to evening schools when he was young. every day he went to the rich man and borrowed books from him.1）when i was a child, i often played football in the street.我在小的时候，我经常在街道上踢足球。2）my father often drove to wor

11、k last year. 去年，我爸爸经常开车上班。3表示过去一段时间内不知何时发生的一次性动作时,时间状语有：yesterday, last (year等), in (1998 等)。he came to our city in the year 2000.(他2000年来到我们市) 1）i was at the zoo yesterday. 昨天我在动物园。2）i went to bed at eleven last night. 昨晚我11：00睡觉。4. 讲故事、对过去经历的回忆、双方都明白的过去事件等一般用过去时,而且经常省略时间状语。i happened to meet rose

12、in the street.(我正好在街上遇到露西)二、句子结构1在表示某个时间里存在的状态的句子，系动词用过式was，were构成。（1）i was at home yesterday.昨天我在家。（2）we were in the gym just now. 刚才我们在体育馆。2在表示过去某个时间里发生的动作，用动词的过去式构成。i visited my uncle yesterday. 昨天我拜访了我的叔叔。3各种句式（1）一般过去时的肯定陈述句：主语        动词过去式 宾语或表语。he worked in shangh

13、ai ten years ago.（2）一般过去时的否定句：a主语 didnt 动词原形    宾语。(did + not = didn't)he didn't do morning exercises yesterday.b主语 wasnt/werent 表语。(was + not = wasn't were + not = weren't)he wasn't an english teacher ten years ago.（3）一般过去时的一般疑问句：adid 主语 动词原形   

14、; 宾语 ？did you study english in 1990 ?bwas/were+ 主语 表语 ？was he a pupil five years ago ?（4）一般过去时的特殊疑问句：a特殊疑问词 did + 主语      动词原形   宾语？where did your parents live five years ago？what did you do last sunday？b特殊疑问词 were/was 表语？who was at the zoo yesterday三、时间特征在一般过去时句子中

15、，通常与下列表示过去的时间状语连用：yesterday, yesterdaymorning, yesterday afternoon, yesterday evening, the day before yesterday, last night, last week, last month, last year, a moment ago（刚才）, just now（刚才）, two days ago, a week ago, in 1990,四、动词过去式的构成规律(一)规则动词的过去式1.一般情况下，在动词原形后面加-ed。 looklookedplayplayedstartstarte

16、dvisitvisited2.以不发音e结尾的动词，在词尾直接加-d。liveliveduseused3.以“辅音字母+ y”结尾的动词，先将 y 改为i ,再加 ed。studystudied, trytriedflyflied4.以重读闭音节（即辅音元音辅音）或r音节结尾，末尾只有一个辅音字母的动词，要先双写这个辅音字母后，再加 ed。stopstoppedplanplanned, preferpreferred(二)不规则动词的过去式1.改变动词中的元音beginbegan drinkdrank comecame eatate growgrew runran knowknew winwo

17、n speakspoketaketook writewrote getgot2.变词尾的d 为t buildbuilt lendlent sendsent spendspent bendbent3.与动词原形一样cutcut putputcostcost hurthurtshutshut4.变-ay 为-aid (少数动词)saysaid paypaid laylaid 5.采用不同词根:sellsold teachtaught buybought6.其他am/iswasarewerehave/hashaddodid五、加“-ed”后的读音方法1.ed加在清辅音后面读/t/。finished

18、/-t/help /-t/asked /-t/2.ed加在浊辅音或元音结尾的，读/d/。played /-d/lived /-d/enjoyed /-d/3.ed加在/t/或/d/后面，读/id/。wanted /-tid/needed /-did/visited /-tid/六、句式变化(一)、一般过去式的一般疑问句1.把was, were放在句首，其余位置不变。由was？引导的一般疑问句，肯定答为：yes,i/he/she/it was.否定回答为：no,i/he/she/it wasnt. 如果是第一人称，要把was改为were。由were？引导的一般疑问句，肯定回答为：yes, we/

19、they were.否定回答为：no, we/they werent.如：（1）i was born in shanghai.were you born in shanghai?yes, i was. (肯定回答)no, i wasnt. (否定回答)（2）they were in li yans home last night.were they in li yans home last night?yes, they were. (肯定回答)no, they werent. (否定回答)(3)it was cloudy yesterday afternoon.was it cloudy y

20、esterday afternoon?yes, it was. (肯定回答)no, it wasnt. (否定回答)2.在行为动词的句子中，要用助动词词did来引导，其余的语序不变。要注意的是，要把行为动词的过去式改为原形。肯定回答为：yes, did. 否定回答：no, didnt.如：（1）john played computer games last night.did john play computer games last night?yes, he did. (肯定回答)no, he didnt. (否定回答)(2)they took a trip to hang zhou la

21、st summer?yes, they did. (肯定回答)no, they didnt. (否定回答)（二）、一般过去式的否定句1.在表示过去存在的状态的句子中，相接在was, were的后面加上not。（1）he was in the park the day before yesterday.he was not in the park the day before yesterday.(2)we were busy last week.we were not busy last week.2.在表示过去的时间发生的动作的句子中，要在行为动词的前面加助动词didnt.然后把过去式的行为

22、动词改为动词原形。即：didnt + 动词原形。（1）she played the violin last night.she didnt play the violin last night.(2)they swam in the lake yesterday.they didnt swim in the lake yesterday.(三)、一般过去式的特殊疑问句1.what did ?（主要是询问过去发生了什么事情，注意要把过去式改为动词原形。）we ate chinese food last night.what did we eat last night?2.where did?(

23、主要是询问过去事情发生的地方。)they sang and dance in the music room yesterday morning.where did they sing and dance yesterday morning?3.who + 动词过去式 ?( 主要是询问过去事情发生的人物。)mike and tom climbed mountains last weekend. who climbed mountains last weekend?肯定、否定形式  肯 定 否 定 动词be i was  i was no

24、t  you were  you were not  he/she/it was  he/she/it was not  we were  we were not  you you they they 动词have i had  i had not  you you he/she/it he/she/it we we you you th

25、ey they(1) 弧长公式: 弧长 (r表示圆的半径, n表示弧所对的圆心角的度数) you 13.13.4入学教育1 加与减（一）1 p2-3you 说明：根据垂径定理与推论可知对于一个圆和一条直线来说，如果具备：he/she/it he/she/it4、加强口算练习，逐步提高学生计算的能力。 10.圆内接正多边形we we you you they they行为动词的过去时的否定式，要使用助动词 do 的过去式did，后面的谓语动词要还原为原形。注意：在非正式语如口语中，was not, were not, had not和did not 可以分别缩写成wasnt, werent, hadnt