10级毕业论文格式参考范文

1、云南大学旅游文化院涼科望早业衿夂（殺针丿题 目 cultural differences in english andchinese euphemisms系别：外语系姓名：谢少芬学号：20071201018专业及班级：07英语3班指导教师：赵安海（教授）2011年6月5日云南大学旅游文化学院毕业论文（设计）诚信承诺书我承诺：1本人在毕业论文（设计）撰写过程中遵守学校有关规定，恪 守学术规范，毕业论文（设计）是在指导教师的指导下独立完成。2. 本人的毕业论文（设计）内容除特别注明和引用外，均为本 人观点。文中所有引用他人观点、材料、数据、图表均已注释说明 来源。3. 论文（设计）所使用的相关资料

2、、数据、观点等均真实可靠; 无抄袭、剽窃或不正当引用他人学术观点、思想和学术成果，伪造、 篡改数据的情况。4本人知道学校对毕业论文（设计）屮的抄袭、剽窃、弄虚作 假等违反学术规范的行为将严肃处理。如有违规行为发生，我愿承担一切责任，接受学校的处理，并 承担相应的法律责任。承诺人签名:acknowledgementsmy college study at tourism and culture college of yunnan university will soon come to an end. graduation thesis is a very important part of c

3、ollege study, at the completion of my graduation ariclej wish to express my sincere appreciation to all those who have offered me invaluable help during the four years of my undergraduate study herefirst, i would like to express my great thanks to my teacher who encouraged me and gave me advices she

4、 read and revised my thesis over and ovc匚 without her help and guidance, this thesis could not have reached its present form. thank you very much for your hard work during such a long time.next, i will owe my sincere gratitude to my friends who helped me to find information from books, websites, and

5、 introduced several related materials to me.lastly, my thanks would go to my beloved family for their loving considerations and great confidence in me all through these four yearscontentsabstract i摘要iiintroduction 11 brief introduction of euphemism 21.1 the origin of euphemism 21.2 the definition of

6、 euphemism 21.3 classification of euphemism 31.3.1 the positive euphemisms and the negative euphemisms 31.3.2 the unconscious euphemisms and the conscious euphemisms 41.3.3 other classification of euphemism 42 language, culture, taboo and euphemism 52.1 language and euphemism 52.2 culture and euphem

7、ism 52.3 taboo and euphemism 63 the contrastive studies of english and chinese euphemisms in terms of culture 73.1 psychological culture 71.1.1 1 euphemism of old age 74 euphemism of poverty 83 euphemism of death 9interpersonal culture 103.2 1 euphemism of name addressing 11euphemism of marriage and

8、 birth 12323 euphemism of occupations 134 significance of exploring cultural differences in english and chinese euphemisms 144.1 for english learners 144.2 for improving cross-culture communication 14conclusion 16bibliography17abstracteuphemism touches all aspects of social lives and plays a signifi

9、cant role in people's communication. it is a linguistic phenomenon, as well as a cultural phenomenon due to different social systems, value orientations and religions, there are many differences exist in english and chinese euphemisms many linguists at home and abroad have studied euphemism from

10、 the aspects of sociolinguistics, rhetoric, pragmatics and discourse analysis. euphemism is a common phenomenon in all kinds of human language. and language is a part of culture, a reflection of the social culture. the present thesis aims to make a comparative study of english and chinese euphemisms

11、 in terms of culture, especially psychological culture and interpersonal culture. and if learners have a better understanding of the different cultures, they will improve their communication ability and communicate fluently and effectively.key words： euphemism comparative study psychological culture

12、 interpersonal culture摘要委婉语涉及到社会生活的各个方面，在人们的交流中扮演着重要的角色。它不仅是 个语言现彖，也是个文化现彖。由于社会制度，价值观念和宗教信仰的不同，英汉委婉 语中存在着许多差异。国内外语言家从社会语言学、修辞学、语川学及话语分析等角度 对委婉语进行了研究。委婉语是人类各种语言中的普遍现象，而语言乂是文化的一部分, 是对社会文化的反映。本文主要从文化方面，特别是心理文化和人际文化方面來分析中 英委婉语的差异。如果读者对不同文化的差异冇更好的了解，那么将会提高他们的交际 能力，顺利有效地进行跨语言交际。关键词：委婉语 比较研究心理文化人际文化introdu

13、ctioneuphemism is a long-standing linguistic and cultural phenomenon in both english-speaking countries and china, and it plays an important part in people's daily communication. every society, every social class has euphemisms of their own. like a kind of lubrication, it enables people to expre

14、ss what cant be uttered directly. as robert burchfield in his book fair of speech: the use of euphemism, wrote “a language without euphemism would be a defective instrument of communication95 |!,. hugh rawson also affirms "euphemisms are embedded so deeply in our language that few of us, even t

15、hose who pride themselves on being plain-spoken, can get through a day without using them?5 l2j however, this language phenomenon is often neglected by us. until today the euphemism studies are very rare and most of these studies are confined to individual language, and there is a shortage of contra

16、stive research between languages- to unveil the universal and peculiar feature of euphemisms and to better understand euphemism in a particular language, a contrastive study is a must.based on their achievements, this thesis makes a contrastive study of english and chinese euphemism with an attempt

17、to explore and demonstrate the differences and similarities in terms of culture, especially psychological culture and interpersonal culture between the two linguistic phenomena. the author is in the hope of enlightening and guiding english learners a bit in their language learning, translation studi

18、es, cross-cultural communication, etc.brief introduction of euphemismthe origin of euphemismwhen talking about euphemisms, people can not avoid mentioning “taboot productivity was in a very low level in ancient times, the primitives often had to face to baffling and threatening situations and phenom

19、ena, such as death, but they can not understand the essence of them. to find a way out, they became superstitious about supernatural power, or the existence of devils and gods. in their mind, everything was alive with spirit, capable of bringing down blessings and misfortunes, and thus language took

20、 upon a kind of supernatural sense. this led to the forbidden use of certain language that gradually became taboo. when people are unwilling to or dare not speak out something regarded as taboo, they have to shun them by using mild substitutes, to imply those things which people are reluctant to men

21、tion and to prompt something both speaker and listener know but refuse to say out by direct expressions- to the things that have to be mentioned people work out indirect terms to replace them. thus euphemisms come into being.the definition of euphemismthe word “euphemism" comes from the greek,

22、“eif： which means “good" and “pheme，： which means “speech" or “saying，； and thus it means literally "to speak with good words'9. later on, euphemism is defined differently and more precisely. in new webster's dictionary of the english language, it is described as "the sub

23、stitution of an agreeable or inoffensive word or phrase for one which may be unpleasant： it is taken as "substitution of mild or vague or round about expression for harsh or direct one" in the concise dictionary. in china chen wangdao was the first person who gave euphemism a definition, i

24、n his introduction to rhetoric, the definition reads, "one kind of figures of speech, saying something indirectly, but connoting and substituting with roundabout and implicit words or even metaphorical expression ,3l euphemism is roundabout and mild word, so it can execute the speaker psycholog

25、ical necessity to soften the shock of reality. but many linguists think that the definition of euphemism needs to be determined in a narrow and broad sense. traditional western linguistics restricts euphemism study on the lexicon. euphemisms are therefore words or phrases in place of things consider

26、ed to be rude or unpleasant. euphemisms of such kind are called euphemisms in the narrow sense. they are the conventionally established one, which are widely met in our daily life. for example, we constantly say “passed away” for “died” and "lady of the night'，for "prostitute, etc. the

27、 limitation of the definition of euphemism is broken down by a famous american linguist d. bolinge who points out that "euphemism is not restricted to lexicon. there are grammatical ways of toning something down without actually changing the content of the message二 afterwards, the grammatical w

28、ays to form euphemism such as negation, tense, mood and so on have been paid attention to.in china, euphemisms are mainly expressed by using indirect words, phrases, sentences and even discourses that are applied mostly in literature writings to achieve some vivid and aesthetic effect. it can be fou

29、nd very often from ancient times till nowadays- this phenomenon has close relationship with chinese traditional cultural psychology. chinese scholars have long been advocating the literature norm that people write articles that are full of rich and bright colors, but they should create implicitly. t

30、hrough defining euphemism in narrow and broad sense, we can have a better understanding of euphemism and can easily understand the indeed intention of the expressions.classification of euphemismeuphemisms can be classified into many types from different angles. the following is a brief introduction

31、to some representative classifications of euphemisms.the positive euphemism and the negative euphemismaccording to hugh rawson，euphemism can be divided into two, the positive and the negative from the angle of semantics- the positive euphemisms also can be called stylistic ones, which "inflate

32、and magnify the word meaning, making the euphemized seem altogether grander and more important than really are”. the positive euphemisms include many occupational titles, which save the egos of workers by elevating their job status. for example, "sanitation engineer is the euphemism for "g

33、arbage collector, and "custodian is the euphemism for 'janitor. in ancient china, “戏子(derogatory name for actors or actress) was called “伶人” (a beautified address). since the founding of the prc, especially the carrying out of the reform and opening-up, mangy new euphemisms have been create

34、d. people's values and ways of thinking have made a great change, and shows more respect for others. for example,"护士(hospital nurse) and "邮递员 (postman) are often called euphemistically "白衣天使，'(angle in white) and “绿衣 使者 (messenger in green). people also include many institutio

35、nal euphemisms, which convert "madhouse" into "mental hospital： “college'，into "universities- this kind of euphemism is usually used widely in the official language and some other formal styles."the negative euphemisms deflate and diminish. they are defensive in nature,

36、offsetting the power of tabooed terms and otherwise eradicating from the language everything that people prefer not to deal with directly. ” the negative euphemisms are very old, and closely connected with the taboos- they are also called "traditional euphemisms or "narrowing euphemism，. i

37、n many cultures, the name of god is forbidden to pronounce, so “jesus christ： "chris匚"goodness'5 is for “god" and “my gum for “my god". many tabooed subjects such as “sex", “disease，： "death： "excretion，： “bodily function, etc. should be euphemized in this way.

38、the unconscious euphemism and conscious euphemismeuphemisms also can be divided into "unconscious euphemisms and "conscious euphemisms because that all euphemisms, whether positive or negative, may be used unconsciously or consciously. the unconscious euphemisms refer to those of which ori

39、ginal denotation have been forgotten by people for a long time. for example, the word “cemetery" (from the greek word for "sleeping place or dormitory) serves as a euphemism for "graveyard”. the word "indisposition is a euphemistic expression for "disease". these mentio

40、ned above, because of they were developed so long ago that few can remember their original meanings.conscious euphemisms are different. when employing this kind of euphemisms, people not only knowing their original meanings, but also understanding the referred meanings. for example, in a dinner part

41、y, a lady stood up and said that she wanted to powder her nose. but the people present realize the euphemism means "something else”，which is, "going to the ladies9 rooirt. it is essentially duplicitous nature of euphemisms that makes them attractive to those people who have to hide and fin

42、d it convenient to lie about what they are doingother classification of euphemismbesides the divisions mentioned above, according to their contents, euphemisms can be classified as "euphemisms of disease, euphemisms of death, euphemisms of sex, euphemisms of occupation, euphemisms of politics,

43、and euphemisms of war".from the angle of users, euphemisms can be divided into "policeman euphemisms, criminal euphemisms, teacher euphemisms, student euphemisms, and soldier euphemisms.from the length of time they are used, euphemisms can fall into "instantaneous euphemisms and conti

44、nuous euphemisms”. instantaneous euphemisms refer to those only used for a short period of time, such as the euphemisms about the watergate scandal. and in the 1970s, people in china once used "成分高 (high economic status) as a euphemism for “地主"(landlord) and "富农"(rich peasant). b

45、ut now this word is no longer used because of the obsoleteness of class classification. on the contrary, continuous euphemisms live longer. some can even be used from generation to generation, and become one part of english idioms.obviously, euphemisms can be classified into many types. these classi

46、fications provide a good way for us to discover every feature of euphemisms, and help us to understand and use them in a more effective way.language, culture, taboo and euphemismeuphemisms are social basic lingua franca. as such, they are outward and visible signs of our inward anxieties, conflicts,

47、 fears, and shames. they are like radioactive isotopes. by tracing them, it is possible to see what has been and is going on in our language, our minds, and our culture.language and euphemismrawson hugh111 pointed out the close relation between language and euphemism, "euphemisms are embedded s

48、o deeply in our language that few of us, even those who pride themselves on being plain-spoken, ever get through a day without using them?" the relation between language and euphemism is so intrinsically close that it is impossible to study one without an analysis of the othe匚first of all, lang

49、uage is the vehicle of euphemism. ronald wardhaugh said, "language is used to avoid saying certain things as well as to express them】 to some extent, we can say that where there is language, there is euphemism- certain things usually are not said for some reasons during our daily life. if they

50、are said, they should be said in very roundabout ways. in this case, we have the use of euphemisms consciously and unconsciously so as to avoid mentioning certain matters directly, which can make unpleasant things sound better and acceptable.secondly, euphemism is one form of language; we can derive

51、 euphemism from family talks, official meetings, literary words, scribbles on walls, telephone talks, television programs, letters, cards, advertisements, e-mails, and so on. a casual look at language will show that there are a host of linguistic devices, which are habitually adopted in presenting e

52、uphemism such figures of speech as hyperbole, metaphor, understatement, circumlocution and many others are so commonly used in euphemistic utterances that when people discuss euphemism, rhetorical analysis takes up the whole picture of euphemistic language analysis-thirdly, as far as the change of e

53、uphemism is concerned, euphemism has experienced the process of growth, development and decline. therefore, euphemism not only expands and enriches english vocabulary but also contributes to the appropriate and effective use of the english language. what is more, euphemistic effect enables language

54、communication to go smoothly and successfully.culture and euphemismeuphemism, as an indispensable part of every language, is a mirror of morality, customs, politics, life style, social psychology, etc. euphemism itself cannot exist without social culture with the evidence that expressions used in se

55、nsitive areas tend to pick up negative connotations and be replaced by euphemisms- we are sensitive about death, so “grave digger95 was replaced by "undertaker, originally a general word for someone who assumes a job or a mission; later on "undertaker was replaced with the latinate "m

56、ortician. we are sensitive about bodily functions, so there are many euphemisms for "bathroom (itself a euphemism, replacing the earlier euphemism “toilet", from the french “toilette", originally a cloth used in shaving or hairdressing).learning euphemism well means more than merely m

57、astering the pronunciation, words and grammar. it means learning to see the world as native speakers of that language see it, learning the ways in which their language reflects the ideas, customs, and behavior of their society, and learning to understand their "language of the mind". the r

58、elationship between euphemism and culture is obvious: euphemism, as a cultural-linguistic product, displays its multiple mapping relations with culture; it changes along with the development of society, and the use of euphemism varies with the variation of the context. it is a reflection of culture

59、and cames vestigial patterns once dominant in a society. within a single culture, whether acceptable or forbidden, the subjects and portions of euphemisms have varied from one historical period to another. understanding of the culture underlying euphemisms enables us to catch the meaning conveyed.ta

60、boo and euphemismeuphemism originates from verbal taboo, and verbal taboo originates from religious superstition, which reflects the importance of social psychology in the origin of euphemism. taboo and euphemism are two closely related cultural and linguistic phenomena of human society. we cannot talk about one without referring to the other.almost any of the cultures in the world has its o