毕业论文-维生素E对鲤鱼生长性能的影响

1、.学士学位论文（设计） 题 目：维生素E对鲤鱼生长性能的影响姓 名： 刘彬 学 号： 2010034012 学 院： 生命科学与技术学院 专业/届别： 生物技术（制药）/2014届 指导教师： 乔征磊 职 称： 讲师 目 录1 引言11.1有关鲤鱼的研究进展11.2鱼类饲料营养研究11.3维生素E的化学性质21.4维生素E在肠道中的吸收和运转31.5选题目的及意义32 研究方法42.1实验鱼及实验设计42.2饲养管理42.3指标测定43 结果与分析54 讨论65 结论参考文献7致谢8摘要采用单因子实验设计方法，进行了饲料中添加维生素E对鲤鱼生长(存活率、特定生长率和增重率)影响的研究，设计了5

2、个不同维生素E水平(0、50 mg/kg、100 mg/kg 、200mg/kg和300mg/kg)的饲料，对鲤鱼进行为期30d的生长实验，每个水平设3个重复，每个养殖单元放养初始体重为1.6±0.1g左右的鲤鱼3尾。饲养实验在1000ml烧杯中进行。结果表明，鲤鱼饲料的最适维生素E添加量为50 mg/kg 100mg/kg。关键词：鲤鱼；维生素E；生长Abstract A single-factor experiment was conducted to study the effects of dietary vitamin E on growth (feed efficienc

3、y ratio,specific growth rate and weight gain rate). We designed five different vitamin E level (0, 50mg/kg, 100mg/kg, 200mg/kg and 300mg/kg) of feeding diets. Triplicated groups of 3 fish at initial body weight of about 1.6±0.1g were fed with the diets in the level for a month. The experiment w

4、as done in many beakers with the capacity of 1000 milliliters. Results indicated that the optimal adding amount of vitamin E in carp feed is fixed from 50mg to 100mg every kilogram. Key words: carp, vitamin E, growth;维生素E对鲤鱼生长性能的影响1 引言鲤鱼(Cyprinus carpio)隶属于鲤形目(Cypriniformes)鲤科(Cyprinidae)，亚洲原产温带性淡水鱼

5、，属于底栖杂食性鱼类。鲤鱼不仅是我国最早最古老的养殖品种，也是我国主要的养殖鱼类品种，属于我国主要名优淡水鱼类之一，又因肉质鲜美细嫩刺少，价格适中，营养丰富(每百克含蛋白质20.5克，脂肪2.7克，钙95毫克)，颇受人们的喜爱，素有“家鱼之首”的美誉1。鲤鱼的蛋白质不但含量高，而且质量也佳，人体消化吸收率可达96%，并能供给人体必需的氨基酸、矿物质、维生素A和维生素D。鲤鱼的脂肪多为不饱和脂肪酸，能很好的降低胆固醇，可以防治动脉硬化、冠心病，因此，多吃鱼可以健康长寿。鲤鱼产于我国各地淡水河湖、池塘，一年四季均产，但以2-3月产的最肥。1.1 有关鲤鱼的研究进展由于鲤鱼可以为养殖者带来很大的经济

6、效益，有关鲤鱼生物学和养殖技术的研究很多。在鲤鱼育种方面，随着生物科学的发展，细胞工程技术有很多应用，如细胞核移植、细胞融合、细胞培养等技术结合成功的例子就有很多2。基因工程育种在鲤鱼选育种工作中也有很重要的作用。随着科学家转基因鱼的研究，指出利用遗传和生理学相结合的操作方法，可以加快鱼类育种研究进展。转基因育种方法的范围和效率都是传统育种方法无法相比的。中国水产科学院培育的“超级鲤”，就是转基因育种方面出色的例子。转基因鲤鱼，在生长速度、体重、饵料效率等方面远远超出一般的鲤鱼3。为培育出更好的更健康的鲤鱼新品种，中国科学院水生生物研究所开展鲤鱼全基因组研究计划，鲤鱼全基因组研究不仅能够促进鲤

7、鱼分子育种学等现代生物技术的快速发展，还能够为其他重要鲤科养殖鱼类的分子生物学和育种学的发展提供必要的数据支持。鲤鱼是黑龙江省地方主要养殖鱼类品种之一，以往传统的鲤鱼商品鱼养殖方式普遍是“一茬”春放秋捕。但近年来，逐渐推广一年养“两茬”的新技术，即先养一茬商品鱼提供市场后，再养一茬鱼种。据统计，应用该技术比传统的春放秋捕的养殖效益高1倍以上，并取得了显著的经济效益。1.2 鱼类饲料营养研究对于鱼类饲料营养方面的研究4，Wolfe早在1951年就进行了鱼类维生素试验饲料的配制工作。1957年Halver和Coates对其组织进行了调整,使饲料内含16种维生素，成功地用于饲喂大鳞大马哈鱼。这为进一

8、步研究鱼类维生素需要量及缺乏症奠定了基础。Hashimato和Okaichi于1969年编辑出版了维生素饲料喂鱼的实用指南(瑞士Roche公司发行英文版本)，这对维生素在鱼类饲料中的应用起到了相当大的推动作用。Harrison 等1990年报道了许多有关维生素对水生动物性腺成熟、 胚胎发育和早期幼体影响的研究。Miho 等2001年研究了饲料中维生素 K 水平对鱼将鱼生长发育的影响。国内黄忠志等1986年以肝脏中维生素最大积累量为评定标，研究认为草鱼(Ctenopharyngodon idella)饲料中维生素 C 适宜添加量为600mg/kg，发现维生素 C 缺乏时，草鱼会出现缺乏症，如出血

9、症状等。周歧存等2000年研究表明维生素 A 对皱纹盘鲍幼鲍生长、存活及体成分组成都有影响。这一段里的每项研究都是一个引用，不能一个【4】就概括了。1.3 维生素E的化学性质维生素E（如图1）作为苯并二氢毗喃的衍生物5，主要由一个6一轻基色满环 (chrolnanolring)和一个16碳原子的植基侧链 (phytalchain)组成(见图1)。根据植基侧链上不饱和双键的数目可分为生育酚和生育三烯酚两大类，且生育三烯酚的分布不如生育酚广泛；根据色满环上甲基取代基的位置和数目的不同，每类又可分为a、p、Y和6四种，并且不同形式维生素E的生物活性存在很大的差别，其中a一生育酚的活性最高。因此，在许

10、多科学研究和实践应用中，注意力主要集中在生育酚上。 图1 维生素E的基本结构 Fig.l The basic structure of Vitamin E英文跟汉语不能分两页色满环上的经基？是维生素E的活性部位，这就使得其本身极易被氧化。生产和应用中，为了提高其稳定性和易于保存，故通常将其转化为酷？的形式，使用较多的是维生素E醋酸醋和维生素E唬拍酸酷？。缺乏耐心和细心！1.4维生素E在肠道中的吸收和运转维生素E作为一种脂溶性维生素6，其吸收、转运与日粮中的其他脂类物质一样，也要经历一系列复杂的过程。由于饲粮中通常以维生素E酉旨的形式添加，必须先经过胰脂肪酶水解为a一生育酚和游离脂肪酸，然后分别

11、吸收。游离a一生育酚在胆汁的作用下，乳化、溶解于胶粒微团中，掺合入胶粒微团的维生素E极易穿过肠腔水层，以被动扩散的形式，经由肠细胞刷状缘被肠粘膜细胞摄取20？。目前，维生素E在肠道的吸收主要建立在动物和人的研究之上，通过口服或十二指肠给药的方式，分析淋巴和血浆中的维生素E浓度来探讨其在肠道的吸收L川仁2z23？，;？并且在研究中发现:维生素E被肠细胞摄取吸收的效率低于其它的脂溶性维生素。研究表明，饲粮中大约20%一50%的维生素E被肠细胞吸收，而维生素E在24h内，80%被肠细胞吸收24？。目前有关肠细胞对维生素E吸收率较低的原因还未见报道。维生素E吸收入肠粘膜细胞内，主要贮存在亚细胞器微粒体

12、膜和线粒体膜上，与其它脂类或肠粘膜细胞产生的载脂蛋白形成乳糜微粒，并以该形式转运出肠粘膜细胞，通过淋巴系统，最后进入血液循环25。由此可知，乳糜微粒的形成对于维生素E在肠细胞的转运极为重要。但是，有研究表明，维生素E在肠细胞的转运包括两个不同的途径，一个就是通常所说的以乳糜微粒的形式转运，另一个途径是通过高密度脂蛋白转运2S26。这些细小和琐碎的问题再让老师修改吗？1.5 选题目的及意义在养殖鲤鱼时，饲料中应添加适当的维生素E，以满足鲤鱼的生长和抗氧化能力等方面的需求，但国内对鲤鱼生长过程中维生素E需求量的研究还未曾见到。本实验以鲤鱼为试验动物，以维生素E作为研究对象，研究维生素E对鲤鱼生长性

13、能和抗氧化能力的影响，旨在通过在鲤鱼饲料中添加不同水平的维生素E，探讨维生素E组合在饲料中的最适添加量，为鲤鱼的饲养繁殖提供参考依据。2 研究方法2.1 实验鱼及实验设计实验于2013年9月3日10月3日在牡丹江师范学院生命科学与技术学院动物学实验室进行,鲤鱼购自牡丹江市花鸟鱼市场。试验分为5组,每组3个重复,将平均体重为1.6±0.1 g的45尾鲤鱼随机分在15个1000ml的烧杯中,每个烧杯3尾。试验饲料由鱼粉、豆粕、酵母粉、小麦粉、鱼油构成，蛋白质含量38%，维生素E分别按0(对照)、50 mg/kg、100 mg/kg、200mg/kg和300mg/kg 加入饲料后进行混合和

14、粉碎，搅拌仪器为磁力搅拌器。2.2 饲养管理8实验期间饲养水源为静置1天后的自来水，每组1000ml水，平均水温为23,每天在9:00时和17:00投喂,投喂时严格遵守“定点、定时、定量、定质”原则。日投饲料为体重的2%,投饲量上午为40%，下午为60%。每周测一次体重，调整投饲量。每2d排污、换水50%。家里的不用泵的也死不了，不写这个2.3 指标测定9经过30d的饲养之后,对试验鱼生长性能指标等进行测定,计算公式为:增重率（Weight gain rate,WGR,%）=(Wt-Wo)/Wo×100%成活率（Feed efficiency ratio,FER,%）=Nt/No&#

15、215;100%式中，Wt为第t天后各组鱼体总重(g)，Wo为初始时各组鱼鱼体总重(g)； Nt为第t天后各组鱼总数(尾)，No为初始各组鱼总数(尾)。采用SPSS16.0对增重率数据进行统计分析。对增重率数据进行方差分析和多重比较，当P0.05时认为差异显著。3 结果与分析维生素E对鲤鱼生长性能的影响，从表1可知:其中成活率对照组（1组）为56%，实验组2组和3组成活率均为89%,4组成活率为78%,5组成活率为67%。对照组为维生素E缺乏组，鲤鱼成活率明显低于实验组。增重率随着饲料维生素E水平的提高显著增加（P0.05），但当达到一定水平后不再增加，反而有下降的趋势，这与鲤鱼成活率的结果相

16、一致。表 1 不同维生素E添加水平对鲤鱼生长性能的影响Table1 Effect of vitamin E on growth performance of common carp实验组Experimental group12345P维生素E水平（mg/kg）Vitamin level050100200300初始尾数Initial mantissa99999末尾数Final mantissa58876平均初始重（g）Initial weight1.5331.7001.6641.6701.679平均末重(g)Final weight1.9052.3532.1892.0452.023增重率(%)W

17、eight gain rate24.2738.4131.5522.4620.49<0.05成活率(%)Feed efficiency ratio5689897867结果中组2和组3增重率值较高（多重比较2组和3组之间无显著差异，P0.05）。以上说明鲤鱼对维生素E的需要量是有一定范围的，过少和过多都不合适。从表1可知鲤鱼饲料中维生素E水平最适值为50mg/kg100mg/kg。维生素E是鲤鱼需要摄入的必需营养元素，对鲤鱼的成活可能有影响。较高的维生素E水平可能使鲤鱼成活率维持在较高水平，而过量的维生素E水平则可能对鲤鱼的成活造成不利影响。当然鲤鱼的死亡也有可能是环境因素造成的。4 讨论适

18、量的维生素E能促进水产动物生长，提高饲料利用率，间接提高水产动物机体免疫力，改善水产品品质。本实验结果表明，饲料中添加适量维生素E能使鲤鱼的增重率维持在较高水平。维生素E需要量的研究表明适量的维生素E能促进机体生长，维生素E缺乏, 会导致鲤鱼的增重率降低，即影响了鲤鱼对蛋白质和脂肪的吸收和利用。而维生素E过量也可能会影响动物的生长发育。本实验中当饲料中维生素E添加量超过100mg/kg时，鲤鱼的增重率增加不明显，随着维生素E添加量的增加反而有所下降，因此鲤鱼饲料中维生素E添加量应适当。以增重率为指标，鲤鱼饲料中维生素E适宜添加水平为50mg/kg100mg/kg。因为水生动物该类营养因子需求本

19、来就很少，但作用却很大，所以这些营养因子稍有微量的变化就会引起严重的生理变化。本实验方法亦可应用于研究维生素E对其它各类鱼类的生长性能的影响。维生素E对鱼类生长具有很大的影响，它所参与的生理代谢反应非常广泛，有些反应是生物维持生命、生长所必需的，若因为维生素E的不足而使某些代谢循环中断，最先表现出的是生理异常，此种现象发生在生长阶段时即是生长受阻，而年龄愈小的个体代谢愈快，需求量则愈大。所以，以鲤鱼幼鱼为对象测定的维生素E需求量亦满足成年鲤鱼。参考文献 1 杨丹.不同维生素E水平对鲤鱼生长性能和肌肉品质影响的研究D.四川：四川农业大学，什么学院？2009 2 楼允东.中国鱼类遗传育种研究的进展

20、J.水产学报,1989,1(13):93-100 3 闫学春,孙效文,梁利群.转基因超级鲤及子代的生长研究J.中国水产,2004,1(1):12-154 肖秀芝.鲤鱼的维生素营养J.黑龙江水产,2004,2(1):8-105 蔡中华.维生素E对鲤鱼健康的影响J .天津：天津农学院水产，2009这个期刊格式不对6 郑婷. 维生素E对鲤鱼肠上皮细胞生长发育及抗氧化能力的影响D.四川：四川农业大学，学院？20077 周立斌,王安利,张伟等.饲料维生素E含量对美国红鱼生长和非特异性免疫的影响J.渔业科学进展,2009,32(3):521-5238 赵红霞,曹俊明,谭永刚等.军曹鱼幼

21、鱼维生素C需要量的研究J.动物营养学报,2008,20(11):435-441参考文献字体是五号不是小四这上面空着干啥？致谢首先衷心感谢指导教师乔征磊老师对我的热情指导和无私帮助，大到课题的选题、开题报告、实验设计、实验实施、资料查找，小到文章结构、标点符号、字体排版，他都认真对待，悉心指导，花费了大量的精力，使得我的课题最终顺利完成。同时，我也看到了一位教师身上那种严谨的治学态度和忘我的工作作风，这些都将让我受益终身。还要感谢其他帮助过我的老师们。最后我要特别感谢我的父母和所有亲人及朋友，感谢他们给予了我关爱、理解与支持。请您删除一下内容，O(_)O谢谢！Many people have t

22、he same mixed feelings when planning a trip during Golden Week. With heaps of time, the seven-day Chinese请您删除一下内容，O(_)O谢谢！National Day holiday could be the best occasion to enjoy a destination. However, it can also be the easiest way to ruin how you feel about a place and you may become more fatigue

23、d after the holiday, due to battling the large crowds. During peak season, a dream about a place can turn to nightmare without careful planning, especially if you travel with children and older people. As most Chinese people will take the holiday to visit domestic tourist destinations, crowds and bu

24、sy traffic are inevitable at most places. Also to be expected are increasing transport and accommodation prices, with the possibility that there will be no rooms available. It is also common that you' ll wait in the line for one hour to get a ticket, and another two hours at the site,

25、to only see a tiny bit of the place due to the crowds. Last year, 428 million tourists traveled in China over the week-long holiday in October. Traveling during this period is a matter that needs thorough preparation. If you are short on time to plan the upcoming "Golden Week" it may not b

26、e a bad idea to avoid some of the most crowded places for now. There is always a place so fascinating that everyone yearns for. Arxan is a place like this. The beauty of Arxan is everlasting regardless of the changing of four seasons. Bestowed by nature, its spectacular seasonal landscape and mounta

27、ins are just beyond word. Arxan is a crucial destination for the recommended travelling route, "China Inner Mongolia Arxan Hailar Manzhouli". It is also the joint of the four prairies across the Sino-Mongolian border, where people gravitate towards the exotic atmosphere mixed with Chinese,

28、 Russian, and Mongolia elements. As a historic site for the Yitian Battle, Arxan still embodies the spirit of Genghis Khan. Walking into Arxan, you will be amazed by a kaleidoscope of gorgeous colors all the year round - the Spring azaleas blooming red in the snow, the Summer sea wavering blue in th

29、e breeze, the Autumn leaves painted in yellow covering volcanic traces, and the Winter woods shining white on the vast alpine snowscape. Hinggan League Arxan city is situated in the far eastern area of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region. Its full name "Haren Arxan" means "hot holy water

30、" in the Mongolian language. Arxan is a tourism city in the northern frontier with a blend of large forest, grand prairies, vast snowfield, heaven lake cluster, thermium, as well as volcanic cluster. It is a rare and unique ecotourism base filled with healthy sunshine, clean air and unspoiled g

31、reen.  Nestled close to the country's largest virgin forest, and known for its spring and ecological environment, Arxan is marveled at by many tourists as the purest land on earth.  You cannot miss out the Autumn of Arxan. It is definitely the best with brightly-colored scenery full of

32、 emotions.  Autumn in the northern part of the country comes earlier than the South. A September rain followed by the footprints of Autumn brings more colors to the once emerald green mountain and blooming grassland.  Shutterbugs flock to see for themselves the marvel of splendid colors ar

33、ound the mountains and waters, many of whom have travel a long distance and even camp here only to capture a moment of the nature wonder.  The silver birch turns golden, while the larch is still proudly green. You will find yourself drowned in the intoxicating red of the wild fruits as well as

34、the glamour of flowers in full blown. And your heart will be lingering on the woods as it's time for the wild fruits to ripe. The picturesque Arxan in Autumn is indeed a fairyland only exists in a dream that satisfies all your fantasies. If it rains heavily on Saturday night, some elderly C

35、hinese will say it is because Zhinu, or the Weaving Maid, is crying on the day she met her husband Niulang, or the Cowherd, on the Milky Way. Most Chinese remember being told this romantic tragedy when they were children on Qixi, or the Seventh Night Festival, which falls on the seventh day of the s

36、eventh lunar month, which is usually in early August. This year it falls on Saturday, August 2. Folklore Story As the story goes, once there was a cowherd, Niulang, who lived with his elder brother and sister-in-law. But she disliked and abused him, and the boy was forced to leave home with only an

37、old cow for company. The cow, however, was a former god who had violated imperial rules and was sent to earth in bovine form. One day the cow led Niulang to a lake where fairies took a bath on earth. Among them was Zhinu, the most beautiful fairy and a skilled seamstress. The two fell in love at fir

38、st sight and were soon married. They had a son and daughter and their happy life was held up as an example for hundreds of years in China. Yet in the eyes of the Jade Emperor, the Supreme Deity in Taoism, marriage between a mortal and fairy was strictly forbidden. He ordered the heaven troop to catc

39、h Zhinu back. Niulang grew desperate when he discovered Zhinu had been taken back to heaven. Driven by Niulang's misery, the cow told him to turn its hide into a pair of shoes after it died. The magic shoes whisked Niulang, who carried his two children in baskets strung from a shoulder pole, off

40、 on a chase after the empress. The pursuit enraged the empress, who took her hairpin and slashed it across the sky creating the Milky Way which separated husband from wife. But all was not lost as magpies, moved by their love and devotion, formed a bridge across the Milky Way to reunite the family.

41、Even the Jade Emperor was touched, and allowed Niulang and Zhinu to meet once a year on the seventh night of the seventh month. This is how Qixi came to be. The festival can be traced back to the Han Dynasty (206 BC-AD 220). Traditionally, people would look up at the sky and find a bright star in th

42、e constellation Aquila as well as the star Vega, which are identified as Niulang and Zhinu. The two stars shine on opposite sides of the Milky Way. Customs In bygone days, Qixi was not only a special day for lovers, but also for girls. It is also known as the "Begging for Skills Festival" or "Daughters' Festival." In this day, girls will throw a sewing ne