水轮机选型设计.(DOC)

1、第一章水轮发机主要参数设计第 1 节 水轮机台数及型号选择一. 已知参数1 水库正常蓄水位：1684 米；最低水位 1678 米；最高水位 1686 米；2. 尾水位最高尾水位 1520 米；正常尾水位 1509 米;3. 水头最大水头：174 米；加权平均水头；167 米；最小水头 147 米;.水轮机型式的选择1.按我国水轮机型谱推荐的设计水头与比转速的关系2水轮机型式的选择水轮机类型及其适用水头范围、比转速范围见表1 1表 1 1 水轮机类型及其适用范围水轮机型式适用水头范围（m）比转速范围（m- kw）反击式混流式30 70050300斜流式40 120150350轴流式3 80200

2、850贯流式 A 万案HLA378HLD10HLD126机组台数一厶三台四台一厶台三台五台_厶三台五台单机容量 Ng(kW)32500 21666.7 162503250021666.7130003250021666.713000第 2 节各方案参数的计算一.HLA378 各参数的计算1.计算转轮直径水轮机额定出力为：取最优单位转速 nn0=69 (r/min)与出力限制线交点的单位流量为设计工况点的单位流 量Qno=O.72(m3/s),对应的模型效率nm=0.888,暂取效率修正值 n=2% ,则设计工况下原型机效率n=nm+n=0.888+0.02=0.908。故水轮机转轮直径为：我国规

3、定的转轮直径系列，计算值处于标准值1.6m 1.8m 之间，考虑到取 1.6m 偏小,难以保证设计水头下发出额定出力；若取 1.8m 又太大，不经济。故取非标准值D1=1.7m。PrNg_ 32500g一 0.97二 33505 kWD1Pr9.81Qn Hr.5n33505 .21 59.810.72158 .65.0.908= 1.62 m2原型机效率n的计算T=1一1一m5J1-1- 0.9285：；5948效率修正值：沪 0.948-0.928=0.023.判断单位参数是否需要修正nn二=5001.7二 67 .5 r/minHrA/158 .65设计工况下单位转速与出力限制线交点的单

4、位流量Q11=0.73m3/s,对应的模型效率nm=0.883，则设计工况下原型机效率n限=nm+n=0.883+0.02=0.903。6.校核出力 Pr215sPr 二9.81 Qu D!HrT 限215= 9.810.725 1.7158.65.0.903 -0.02二 36268 kW且Pr Pr_36268.2 33505.2_0076f10%。所以出力 Pr满足要求。36268 .27.确定水轮机的工作范围据 A378 模型综合特性曲线，取 n=500r/min 时水轮机的实际运行范围比n=600r/min 时的运行范围好，故取水轮机的转速n=500r/min。5.计算设计工况下单位

5、转速nn根据标准同步转速圆整转速值，转速计算值介于同步转速500r/min 600r/min 之间.根nD15001 .7匚HmaxV174nD15001.7.Hav“67nD15001 .7.HminJ147=64 .4 r / min65 .8 r / min=70.1 r / min故单位参数无需修正，所以6=n110=69(r/mi n)4.计算原型机设计工况下的转速nD169.1671 .7=524 .5 r/minPrn110.Hav8.根据以上方法计算HLD10 和 HLD126 型水轮机的各参数，计算结果见表1 4n11 minn11 avn11max表 1 4 HLA378

6、型水轮机参数计算表机组台数2 台3 台4 台单机容量32.5MW21.7MW16.3MW转轮直径 Di(m)1.71.41.2水轮机同步转速 n500 r/min600 r/mi n750 r/min单位转速 nii67.5 r/min66.7 r/min71.5 r/min最优单位转速 niio69 r/mi n水轮机效率(%)0.9030.8970.907水轮机出力 Pr36.3MW24.5MW18.0MW水轮机运行范围(r/mi n)niimin64.4niimin63.7niimin68.2niiav65.8niiav65.0niiav70.3niimax70.1niimax69.0n

7、iimax74.2推存的最优方案HLA378、机组台数 2 台.HLD10 各参数的计算表 1 5 HL D10 型水轮机参数计算表机组台数2 台3 台5 台单机容量32.5MW21.7MW16.3MW转轮直径 Di(m)1.91.61.2水轮机同步转速 n428.6 r/mi n500 r/mi n750 r/min单位转速 nii64.7 r/min63.5 r/min71.5 r/min最优单位转速 nii066 r/mi n水轮机效率(%)0.9130.9090.904水轮机出力 Pr35.4MW24.7MW13.7MW水轮机运行范围(r/mi n)niimin61.7niimin64

8、.4niimin68.2niiav63.0niiav65.8niiav69.6niimax67.2niimax70.1niimax74.2推存的最优方案HLD10、机组台数 2 台三.HLD126 参数的计算机组台数2 台3 台5 台单机容量32.5MW21.7MW16.3MW转轮直径 Di(m)1.61.31.0水轮机同步转速 n600 r/min750 r/min1000 r/min单位转速 n76.2 r/min77.4 r/min79.4 r/min最优单位转速 n11074 r/min水轮机效率(%)0.9320.930.927水轮机出力 Pr34.6MW22.8MW13.8MW水轮

9、机运行范围(r/mi n)n11min72.8n11mi n73.9n11min75.8n11av74.3n11av75.4n11av77.4n11max79.2n11max80.4n11max82.5推存的最优方案HLD126、机组台数 2 台表 1 6 HL D126 型水轮机参数计算表第 3 节 水轮机运转综合特性曲线的绘制一.等效率线的绘制1. 在水轮机工作水头范围内取 5 个间隔均匀的水头(应包括 涵漁、Hmax、Hr 对每个水头作等效率曲线qW。计算每个水头对应的单位转速 nii,以各转速在模 型综合特性曲线上作一条直线与等效率线交于一序列点。读出各交点的流量值.iim和效率值Qm

10、,计算出原型机的效率n和出力 P。然后作出个水头下的 0 二 f (卩丿曲线。2. 在曲线旷丫曽;上以某效率值作水平线与曲线相交，找出个交点的H、p 值。3.作.坐标，并在其中绘制出计算中选取的水头值的水平线，将2 中所得到的各交点按 其二、值点到Ji坐标中，连接各点既得到某效率值的等效率线。4. 等效率线的换算。(1) HLA378 等效率线的换算：见表 1 7表 1 7 HLA378 等效率线计算表n D血215n1-=-n11、P =9.81QnD1HTJHHi=174mH2=170mH3=167mn 仆=64 .4r / minn 仆=65 .2r / minn 仆=65 .8r /

11、minnQiinPnQ11nPnQ11nP0.80.2920.8215.20.80.290.8214.60.80.2890.8214.10.820.3210.8417.10.820.320.8416.50.820.3190.8416.00.840.350.8619.10.840.3480.8618.40.840.3470.8617.80.860.380.8821.30.860.380.8820.50.860.380.8820.00.880.420.924.10.880.420.923.20.880.420.922.60.890.440.9125.50.890.440.9124.60.890.4

12、40.9124.00.90.4670.9227.30.90.4660.9226.40.90.4670.9225.70.910.4950.9329.30.910.4940.9328.20.910.4930.9327.40.920.550.9432.90.920.5340.9430.90.920.5320.9429.90.9210.570.94134.20.9230.570.94333.10.9250.570.94532.30.920.5920.9435.40.920.6150.9435.60.920.6170.9434.70.910.640.9337.90.910.650.9337.20.910

13、.6510.9336.20.90.670.9239.20.90.6720.9238.00.90.6730.9237.10.890.6930.9140.10.890.70.9139.10.890.710.9138.70.880.720.941.20.880.720.939.80.880.730.939.30.860.7580.8842.40.860.7620.8841.20.860.7630.8840.10.840.790.8643.20.840.7930.8641.90.840.7930.8640.80.820.8170.8443.60.820.8180.8442.20.820.8180.84

14、41.0续上表:nDq2 1 5n11=卄-、P T&Q11D1HJH4=158 .65mH5=147mn11= 67 .5 r / minn11= 70 .1r / minnQ11nPnQ11nP0.80.2790.8212.40.80.2790.8211.30.820.3110.8414.20.820.3110.8412.80.840.340.8615.90.840.340.8614.40.860.3750.8818.00.860.3750.8816.40.880.4150.920.40.880.4150.918.70.890.4410.9121.90.890.4410.9120.

15、50.90.470.9223.60.90.470.9221.80.910.4980.9325.30.910.4980.9323.50.920.5360.9427.50.920.5360.9425.10.9250.570.94529.40.9250.570.94528.50.920.6320.9432.40.920.6320.9429.80.910.6640.9333.70.910.6640.9330.70.90.6850.9234.40.90.6850.9231.60.890.710.9135.20.890.710.9132.40.880.730.935.80.880.730.932.70.8

16、60.7690.8836.90.860.7690.8833.30.840.7940.8637.20.840.7940.8633.50.820.820.8437.50.820.820.8433.8(2) HLD10 等效率线的换算：见表1 8表 18 HLD10 等效率线计算表nDq2 15n11 _LAnn、P981QiiD：HJH1=174mH2=170mH3=167mn11= 61 .7 r / minn11= 62 .5 r / minn11= 63 r / minnMQ11nrPnMQ11nrPnMQ11nP0.820.3050.84520.50.820.3090.84520.00.8

17、20.3070.84519.40.840.3260.86522.40.840.330.86521.90.840.330.86521.30.860.3550.88525.00.860.360.88524.40.860.360.88523.80.880.390.90528.10.880.3930.90527.30.880.3930.90526.60.890.4240.91530.80.890.420.91529.50.890.420.91528.70.90.460.92533.80.90.4580.92532.50.90.4560.92531.50.9030.4850.92835.80.9050.

18、4820.9334.40.9060.4850.93133.80.90.5130.92537.70.90.520.92536.90.90.5240.92536.20.890.540.91539.30.890.5450.91538.30.890.5480.91537.50.880.560.90540.30.880.5640.90539.20.880.5680.90538.40.860.590.88541.50.860.5950.88540.40.860.590.88539.0n Dq2 15n11=-11、P =9.81Q11D12H1知丁HH4=158 .65mH5=147mn 仆=64 .7r

19、 / minn 仆=67 .2r / minnMQ11nrPnMQ11nrP0.820.3120.84517.90.820.3180.84516.60.840.350.86520.60.840.3390.86518.10.860.3630.88521.90.860.3740.88520.40.880.3970.90524.50.880.410.90522.90.890.4240.91526.40.890.4360.91524.60.90.460.92529.00.90.470.92526.80.9090.4820.93430.70.9080.5610.93332.40.90.5250.9253

20、3.10.90.5280.92530.20.890.550.91534.30.890.550.91531.10.880.5680.90535.00.880.5680.90531.70.860.5950.88535.90.860.590.88532.2(2) HLD126 等效率线的换算：见表 1 9表 1 9 HLD126 等效率线计算表nDi215n11 =-、P = 9.81 Q11DiHr叮T比=174mH2=170mH3=167mn11= 72 .8r / minn11= 73.6 r / minn11= 74 .3r / minnMQ11nPnQ11nPnMQ11nP0.760.26

21、0.78511.50.760.2790.78511.90.760.2790.78512.940.780.310.80514.00.780.310.80513.50.780.3120.80514.720.80.3280.82515.20.80.340.82515.20.80.3460.82516.140.820.3670.84517.50.820.370.84517.00.820.370.84518.330.840.3960.86519.30.840.40.86518.80.840.410.86520.150.860.4280.88521.30.860.4320.88520.80.860.440

22、.88521.570.870.4470.89522.50.870.4510.89522.00.870.460.89522.760.880.4650.90523.70.880.470.90523.20.880.480.90524.460.890.490.91525.30.890.50.91524.90.890.510.91525.710.90.510.92526.60.90.5150.92525.90.90.530.92527.960.910.540.93528.50.910.5450.93527.80.910.570.93529.610.920.5750.94530.70.920.5820.9

23、4530.00.920.5970.94529.930.9230.60.94832.10.9290.620.95432.20.9220.610.94730.650.920.7150.94538.10.920.720.94537.10.920.730.94536.600.910.7570.93539.90.910.760.93538.70.910.7620.93537.790.90.7880.92541.10.90.790.92539.80.90.790.92538.750.890.8070.91541.60.890.810.91540.40.890.810.91539.290.880.820.9

24、0541.80.880.8250.90540.60.880.8250.90539.570.870.840.89542.40.870.840.89540.90.870.840.89539.840.860.8450.88542.10.860.8480.88540.80.860.850.88539.850.840.8550.86541.60.840.860.86540.50.840.860.86539.390.820.870.84541.40.820.8720.84540.00.820.8720.84538.990.80.880.82540.80.80.8820.82539.50.80.880.82

25、538.39续上表:n1nD -An11、9.81Q11D12H；5TVHH4=158 .65 mH5=147mn 仆=76 .2 r / minn 仆=79 .2 r / minnQ11nPnQ11nPO.76O.290.78511.00.760.310.78510.6O.78O.3210.80512.40.780.340.80511.9O.8O.350.82513.90.80.370.82513.3O.82O.380.84515.50.820.4020.84514.8O.84O.4150.86517.30.840.430.86516.3O.86O.4450.88519.00.860.462

26、0.88517.9O.87O.4620.89520.00.870.490.89519.2O.880.490.90521.40.880.5110.90520.2O.890.5120.91522.60.890.5420.91521.7O.90.540.92524.10.90.5620.92522.8O.910.5650.93525.50.910.60.93524.6O.920.6050.94527.60.920.640.94526.5O.9290.690.95431.80.9290.690.95428.8O.920.740.94533.80.920.740.94530.6O.910.770.935

27、34.80.910.770.93531.5O.90.7920.92535.40.90.7920.92532.1O.890.810.91535.80.890.810.91532.4O.880.8250.90536.10.880.8240.90532.6O.870.840.89536.30.870.840.89532.9O.860.850.88536.30.860.850.88532.9O.840.860.86535.90.840.860.86532.5O.820.8710.84535.50.820.8750.84532.3O.80.880.82535.00.80.880.82531.7为了找到每

28、条等效率曲线的拐点，需要确定拐点所对应的水头与出力值（HA- PA）。为此可根据计算表中各水头H 所对应的最高效率点的效率值no及出力作出 Po H 曲线及Po H 曲线。需要确定某效率值“的拐点时，可以从曲线no H 上查到拐点对应的水头HA，在根据 HA从曲线 Po H 上查出拐点对应的出力PA。二. 等吸出高度线的绘制等吸出高度线表达水轮机在各运行工况是的最大允许吸出高度Hs,等 Hs 线是根据模型特性曲线的等b线换算得到的，计算与绘制等Hs 线的方法如下：1. 计算各水头对应的单位转速niim，在模型综合特性曲线上过num作水平线与各等b线相交,记下各点的bQiim及n值。2. 根据吸

29、出高度计算公式出=1-三-（6肥）H900计算出各点的 Hs,并计算出各点的出力P。3.根据各工况点的（Hs、P）值绘制出各水头下的Hs=f（P）曲线。4. 在 Hs=f(P)曲线上取某 Hs 值作水平线与各 Hs=f(P)曲线相交，记下各交点的(H、P)值并点绘到 P H 坐标内，把各点连成光滑曲线即为某Hs 值的等吸出高度线。5. 等吸出高度线的换算可按下表进行。(1)HLA378 等吸出高度线的计算表 110 HLA378 等吸出高度线计算表人仃=.2；nii=nDX _nii；P = 9.81QiiDiHrNTVHH1=174 mH2=170mn11= 64 .4 r / minn11

30、= 65.2r / minSrQ11nTHsPSrQ11nrHsP0.060.5950.939-2.135.60.060.5980.942-1.934.60.070.640.93-3.937.90.070.6410.932-3.636.70.080.680.917-5.639.70.080.680.91-5.338.00.090.710.902-7.340.70.090.7130.905-7.039.70.10.7350.891-9.141.70.10.740.89-8.740.5H3=167mH4=158 .65 mn 仆=65 .8 r / minn 仆=67 .5r / minSrQ11

31、nTHsPSrQ11nrHsP0.060.5990.943-1.733.80.040.060.5970.946-1.10.070.6420.932-3.435.80.050.070.640.938-2.70.080.6820.92-5.037.60.060.080.6770.925-4.20.090.7120.906-6.738.60.070.090.7140.909-5.8续上表:H5=147mn 仆=70 .1r / minSTQ11nTHsP0.060.590.945-0.527.60.070.640.94-2.029.80.080.670.929-3.430.90.090.710.91

32、5-4.932.10.10.7380.899-6.432.8(2)HLD10 等吸出高度线的计算表 1 11 HLD10 等吸出高度线计算表=0.02；n仆 An11；P = 9.81QiiD；H；%丁比=174mH2=170mnii= 61 .7r / minn11= 62 .5r / minSrQ11nrHsPSrQ11rfrHsP0.0650.5550.907-3.040.00.0650.5560.909-2.738.80.070.5860.887-3.941.30.070.5870.888-3.640.0H3=167mH4=158.65mn 仆=63 r / minn 仆=64 .7

33、r / minSrQ11nTHsPSrQ11rfrHsP0.060.5990.943-1.733.80.040.060.5970.946-1.10.070.6420.932-3.435.80.050.070.640.938-2.7H5=147mn 仆=70 .1r / minSrQ11nrHsP0.060.590.945-0.527.60.070.640.94-2.029.8(3) HLD126 等吸出高度线的计算表 1 12 HL D126 等吸出高度线计算表 =0.02；n 仆二唏一人n ；P = 9.81Q11D：HTTVH已=174mH2=170mn 仆=72 .8 r / minn

34、仆=73 .6 r / minSrQ11nrHsPSrQ11nrHsP0.060.5250.922-2.127.30.060.5240.918-1.926.20.070.6040.94-3.932.00.070.60.938-3.630.70.080.6470.946-4.734.50.080.640.945-4.433.00.080.720.937-5.638.10.080.7150.939-5.336.60.090.7650.926-7.340.00.090.760.927-7.038.40.10.8050.907-9.141.20.10.8060.909-8.739.90.060.525

35、0.922-2.127.30.060.5240.918-1.926.2H3=167mH4=157mnii= 74 .3 r / minn11= 76 .2 r / minSrQ11nTHsPSrQ11nrHsP0.060.520.912-1.725.10.060.510.905-1.122.30.070.590.936-3.429.30.070.580.929-2.726.00.0750.6890.943-4.234.50.0750.630.941-3.528.70.080.710.94-5.035.40.080.710.942-4.232.30.090.760.929-6.737.40.09

36、0.7060.931-5.831.80.10.8020.912-8.438.80.10.80.915-7.435.4H5=147mn 仆=79 .2 r / minSrQ11rTHsP0.060.4750.882-0.518.30.070.560.912-2.022.40.080.610.929-2.724.80.080.6850.94-3.428.20.090.740.936-4.930.30.10.790.919-6.431.7三.出力限制线的计算出力限制线表示水轮机在不同水头下可以发出或允许发出的最大出力，在水轮机与发电机配套的情况下，水轮机的出力受发电机的额定容量的限制，因此实际的出力

37、限制线以设计水头 Hr为界分为两部分。在 Hmin和之间。水轮机的出力限制线一般由模型综合特性曲线 的 5%出力限制线换算得到。为了计算简便，只选两个水头（Hmin、Hr）分别计算出其最大允许出力，然后过（Hr、PJ、（ Hmin、Pmin）两点连一直线以此作为 HH的出力限制线。当 H 闭r时，水轮机的出力由发电机的出力来限制，即P=Pr。表 1 13 出力限制线计算表机型HLA378HLD10HLD126Hmi nHrHminHrHminHrP ( MW)32.236.331.835.630.634.8四.运转综合特性曲线的绘制HLA378 运转综合特性曲线见附录1HLD10 运转综合特性

38、曲线见附录 2HLD126 运转综合特性曲线见附录3第 4 节 水轮机吸出高度及安装高程的确定一.HL A378 吸出高度及安装高程的计算1.水轮机设计流量的计算设计工况点的单位流量Qiir为Pr33505 .23Q11r- 2 F52F5=.65(m /s)9.819.810.9081.7158 .65.Q-=QiirDi2.H；=0.65 1.72、158.65 =23.7 m3/s2.吸出高度 Hs的计算为使水轮机尽可能不发生空化，取 Hmax、H-、Hmin三个水头分别计算水轮机的允许吸出高度以其中最小值作为最大允许吸出高度。为此进行如下计算。计算 Hmax、Hr、Hmin所对应的单位

39、转速山1Hr:Qiir= 0.723( L /s)Hmin:Qiimax= 0.722( L /s)(4)分别计算 Hmin、Hr、Hmax所对应的吸出高度Hs二10-舟-(；6士)Hmax二10-1509-(0.074 0.02 ) 174 -8.03(m)E丄A1509丄H =10-(a；, +M)H =10 -(0.073 +0.02)汉158 .65 =-6.4(m)s900“r900E1509Hs=1一右一(6 =)Hmin=1-1509-(0.072 0.02) 147-5.2(m)900900从三个吸出高度计算值中取最小值-8.03m，再留一定的余量，取最大允许吸出高度Hs=-9

40、m。3. 水轮机安装高程(1)ni1 minnDiHmax，5001.7，64.4r/min(74 丿nii rnD15001.7，67.5r/minHr一158.65(2)ni1 max500.ir/min:147一Hmin确定各水头所对应的出力限制工况点的单位流量QiiHmax：Qiimin= 0.724( L/s)(3)用(1 )、( 2)中计算的对应工况点从模型综合特性曲线上分别查出Hmin、Hr、Hmax所对应的模型空化系数，分别为0.072、0.073、0.074。、Hs=1509-9034=1500.2 m4. 飞逸转速 nR的计算由 A378 水轮机模型综合特性曲线集查得单位飞逸转速niiR=i23.6(r/min)，故水轮机的飞逸转速为:5.转轮轴向水推力 Ft的计算根据 A378 转轮技术资料提供的数据，转轮轴向水推力系数 心=0.20 0.26，转轮直径较故取 心=0.24,则水轮机转轮轴向水推力为32Ft=9.81 Kt10 D1Hmax4=929387.9 N(1*2)s(23).S1S2-2 2s1亠 s2.= 0.904.各方案吸出高度及安装高程的计算表 114 各方案吸岀高度