em110微生物重要性ppt课件

1、-生物圈大约含有1030-1031个微生物基因组，这一数字起码比一切动物和植物细胞的总和高2-3个数量级以上 (The biosphere contains between 1030 and 1031 microbial genomes, at least 23 orders of magnitude more than the number of plant and animal cells combined)-地球生命的多样性大部分是微生物多样性 (ICoMM: , the Human Microbiome Project: /

2、hmp/)-微生物对一切生态系统的运作至关重要，它们经过固氮、硝化和硝酸盐复原作用控制全球的N素利用并驱动C，N，S，P，Fe and Mg等其它元素的生物地球化学循环 (Microbial communities are vital in the functioning of all ecosystems)-没有微生物，就不能够演化出地球上的多细胞生物，我们所了解的生物学也难以延续 (Without microbes, multi-cellular life on earth would not have evolved and biology as we know it would not

3、 be sustainable)-环境微生物学 Environmental Microbiology研讨环境中微生物的科学(The study of microorganisms in the environment)IENVIRON MICROBIOL- 微生物生态学 Microbial Ecology研讨微生物之间以及微生物与环境之间的相互作用 (Microbial Ecology deals with how microorgnnisms interact with each other and with their environments)生物多样性 Biodiversity | 微

4、生物活性 Microbial activity- 19世纪70年代的几个主要事件 Major events in 1970s新的水和食物病原菌 (New waterborne and foodborne pathogens)废物排放导致的地表和地下水污染 (Surface water and groundwater contamination by waste disposal practices)核酸技术在微生物学领域的运用 (The application of molecular techniques in microbiology)Microbial Ecology: The stud

5、y of who are there, with whom doing what, when and why (Zhou, 2021)- 微生物学 Microbiology研讨微生物的学科 (Microbiology is the study of microorganisms, a large and diverse group of microscopic organisms that exist as single cell or cell clusters)：研讨微生物细胞及其运作，生物多样性与进化，以及微生物在环境中做什么.- 微生物科学 The science of microbi

6、ology根底生物科学 (As a basic biological science, microbiology provides some of the most accessible research tools for probing the nature of life processes)运用生物科学 (As an applied biological science, microbiology deals with many important practical problems in medicine, agriculture, industry and environment

7、al protection)1ENVIRON MICROBIOL1ENVIRON MICROBIOLENVIRONMENTALMICROBIOLOGYMaier et al. 2000Elsevier1ENVIRON MICROBIOLMICROBIAL ECOLOGY Fundamentals and Applicationsfourth edition (1998)ATLAS / BARTHA1ENVIRON MICROBIOLBROCK BIOLOGY OFMICROORGANISMS by Michael T. Madigan,John M. MartinkoPearson Prent

8、ice Hall (2006)- Peer review journals The ISME Journal (nature/ismej/)Environmental Microbiology (blackwellpublishing/emi)Applied and Environmental Microbiology (/)FEMS Microbiology Ecology ()Microbial Ecology (springer)1ENVIRON MICROBIOL1ENVIRON MICROBIOLISME isme-mi

9、1ENVIRON MICROBIOLASM /1ENVIRON MICROBIOLFEMS CHAPTER 2微生物进化和系统学 Microbial Evolution and SystematicsCHAPTER 3原核生物和真核微生物多样性Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic DiversityIIENVIRON MICROBIOL2.1 微生物之间的进化关系 Evolutionary relationships among microorganisms2.2 微生物分类学 Microbial ta

10、xonomy2ENVIRON MICROBIOL-系统发育：研讨各种生命方式之间的进化关系 (The evolutionary ties between life forms are the subject of the science of phylogeny)-选择适宜的进化分子钟 (Choosing the right evolutionary chronometermeasures of evolutionary changes)-作为分子钟的先决条件-常用分子钟：rDNA, ATPase, and RecA-基于rRNA序列的微生物系统发育 (Comparative sequenci

11、ng of rRNA has generated the first true picture of microbial phylogeny)2.1ENVIRON MICROBIOL-Carl Woese于19世纪70年代首创 (The rRNA approach was pioneered in the early 1970s by Carl Woese at the University of Illinois)-为何选择rRNA (Why rRNAs?)-功能恒定且在各种生物中普遍存在-既有保守区，又有高变区-SSU (16S / 18S) rRNAENVIRON MICROBIOLLi

12、terature for reading:Woese et al. Towards a natural system of organisms: Proposal for the domains Archaea, Bacteria, and Eucarya. Proc. Nati. Acad. Sci. USA. 1990, 87: 4576-9ENVIRON MICROBIOLENVIRON MICROBIOLENVIRON MICROBIOLENVIRON MICROBIOLENVIRON MICROBIOLENVIRON MICROBIOLDNA芯片及其在基因表达研讨中的运用DNA ch

13、ips and their use to assay gene expression.ENVIRON MICROBIOL-1976, the virus MS2 (The first sequenced genome)1977, the virus x174 (The first DNA genome sequenced)1995, Haemophilus influenzae (The first cellular genome sequenced) (Smith HO, JC Venter, et al.)2000, the Human genome To date.ENVIRON MIC

14、ROBIOLThe NCBI Genome Database (/)ENVIRON MICROBIOLThe NCBI Genome Database (/ 2021 SEP)2.2ENVIRON MICROBIOL 分类学包括两个主要子学科：鉴定与命名 (Taxonomy is the science of classification and consists of two major subdisciplines, identification and nomenclature) 细菌分类学与系统发育 (Bacterial

15、taxonomy and phylogeny) -传统细菌分类学主要基于表型分析：外型，能量代谢，酶等(Bacterial taxonomy has traditionally relied on phenotypic analyses as the basis of classification) -原核生物的系统发育始于基因型分析 (The phylogeny of prokaryotes has only emerged from genotypic analysis)ENVIRON MICROBIOL2.1具有分类价值的表型特征Some phenotypic characteristi

16、cs of taxonomic valueMajor categoryComponents形状学 (Morphology)外形, 大小, 革兰氏染色运动才干 (Motility)鞭毛, 滑动, 气泡, 不运动营养和生理 (Nutrition and physiology)能量获得方式 (光合, 化能自养, 化能异养), 能否需氧, 温度, pH, 需/耐盐, 利用各种C、N和S源的才干其它 (Other factors)色素, 致病性, 抗生素敏感性等利用传统分类学方法鉴定新分别肠道细菌的例子 Example of methods that could be used for identifi

17、cation of a newly isolated enteric bacterium using classic microbiological methodsENVIRON MICROBIOL2.1ENVIRON MICROBIOL2.1不同生物的GC含量范围 Ranges of GC ratio of various organisms. Note that the greatest range exists with Bacteria.ENVIRON MICROBIOL2.2四种不同乳酸菌的ribotyping结果 Ribotyping results from four diffe

18、rent lactic acid bacteria. Variations in both position and intensity of the bands are important in identification.Ribotyping用于细菌分类的脂肪酸甲酯分析流程 Procedures of fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) analysis in bacterial identification.FAMEBacterial cultureExtract fatty acidsMethyl estersGas chromatography16S rR

19、NA序列类似性与基因组杂交的关系 Relationships between 16S rRNA similarity and genomic hybridization.已被有效命名的原核生物属和物种数量已被有效命名的原核生物属和物种数量 Numbers represent validly named genera and species as of 2001 (Bergeys Manual, Second Edition). 2. 微生物分类学 Microbial taxonomy生境 Habitats可培育性 Culturability (%)海水 Seawater0.001-0.1淡水

20、Freshwater0.25中营养湖泊0.1-1未受污染的河口海湾水体Unpolluted estuary water0.1-3活性污泥 Activated sludge1-15堆积物 Sediment0.25土壤 Soil0.3Culturability of microorganisms in different habitats微生物系统与进化国际杂志 International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology2001- five volumes描画一切知原核生物的主要特征伯杰氏系统细菌学手册 Bergeys Man

21、ual of Systematic BacteriologyAbout this book The revised Third Edition of The Prokaryotes, acclaimed as a classic reference in the field, offers new and updated articles by experts from around the world on taxa of relevance to medicine, ecology and industry. Entries combine phylogenetic and systema

22、tic data with insights into genetics, physiology and application. Existing entries have been revised to incorporate rapid progress and technological innovation. The new edition improves on the lucid presentation, logical layout and abundance of illustrations that readers rely on, adding color illust

23、ration throughout. Expanded to seven volumes in its print form, the new edition adds a new, searchable online version.原核生物 The ProkaryotesCHAPTER 2微生物进化和系统学微生物进化和系统学 Microbial Evolution and SystematicsCHAPTER 3原核生物和真核生物多样性原核生物和真核生物多样性Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic DiversityIIEVOLUTIONARY MICROBIOLOGY AND MICROBIAL DIVERSITY3.1 真细菌多样性真细菌多样性 Prokaryotic diversity-Bacteria3.2 古细菌多样性古细菌多样性 Prokaryotic diversity-Archaea3.3 真核生物多样性真核生物多样性 Eukaryotic diversity3.4 微生物生理多样性微生物生理多样性 Physiological diversity of microorganisms3.5 微生物与其自然环境微生物与其自然环境 Microorganisms and their natural environments3.Prokaryotic