经管专业毕业论文中英文资料外文翻译文献JIT库存管理战略与精益生产外文翻译

1、毕业设计（论文）要求1、外文翻译是毕业设计（论文）的主要内容之一，必须学生独立完成。2、外文翻译译文内容应与学生的专业或毕业设计（论文）内容相关，不得少于xxxx 卬刷符号。3、外文翻译译文用a4纸打印，需包含中文翻译和英文原文。4、年月日等的填写，用阿拉伯数字书写，要符合关于出版物上数字用法的试行 规定，如“2017年5月26日”。5、所有签名必须手写，不得打印。附件：外文资料翻译译文jit库存管理战略与精益生产资料来源：中国科学院管理评论作者：史蒂芬总观库存管理在过去的十年中，jit以一种运动和思想被商界广泛接受。企业 面临的竞争力越来越大，特别是日本文化的压力，使得一些公司被迫 寻找创新

2、的方法来削减成本和竞争压力。jit的理念背后是精益生产, 供应根据企业的需求而确定其准确时间。为了实现这个目标，公司必 须不断地寻求方法来减少浪费和增加价值。一个制造业高级管理人员 最近的一项调查显示，71%的企业使用了 jit的形式。这个简单的统 计表明，jit发展到现在，不断地为企业降低成本，实现企业的竞争 优势。jit是以一种方法来实现这一最终结果。要想了解jit,就需要进一步了解jit为什么有这么多的公司都采 用。如前所述，jit最重要的原因之一是它能减少浪费利增加价值。 在生产过程中，公司必须监控其什么地方有浪费。其中包括，过度浪 费时间，虚增库存，不必要的人或物质运动的，不必要的加

3、工步骤, 整个公司的活动以及任何其他非增值活动的众多可变性。通过减少次 数线桶进行重新定位，而这是被焊接，卡特彼勒能够减少的时间花费 在焊接线桶，减少限制在焊台空闲时间的劳动力成本和提高效率整个 制造过程。布局和清单，是及时战略的一部分，也是最合乎逻辑的步骤，主 要作用是减少浪费和增加价值。通过简单地重建某些设施布局，公司 可以减少花费时间，省去了与该运动相关的过程和进一步降低成本。 要做到这一点，必须建立生产链，并与降低库存结合，最终降低成本。 一家公司如果能降低库存就可以收获许多好处：批量大小，设置时间 和安全库存都减少，成本降低和价值增加。这些事情都是公司必须考 虑而且还要解决的，而且这

4、些行动是可以被发现或创造的。戴尔电脑 参与这些活动，现在是同行业的佼佼者。戴尔公司在其生产设施，其 中部分供应商一直在现场，这是典型的jit的仓库空间布局。此外， 戴尔公司一直在努力实现“准时”原则，不断发现和解决供应链问题。jit调度指亲自维持时间的库存水平。通过努力以尽可能低的工 作水平来减少库存，公司必须不断地调整其订货和交付时间表。这样 做，无论是向上还是向下沟通，供应链是至关重要的。频繁的订单主 要是在用品和小批量生产展开。为了实现这一秩序以极快的速度/生 产计划，公司必须不断地进行小的修改订单/生产和看板认识到难以 置信的重要性。jit的真正工作是研究与jit最有相关的供应链管理。

5、一个企业不 能自行实施jit系统，它必须有它的整个供应链管理.而且巨量的信息 也是jit系统需要一个运作良好的伙伴关系。jit系统的形成条件和培 养方式，对于一个供应链经营为一体的公司已经到了点子上。在当今 商业界，这些类型的合作伙伴关系的例子随处可见。某某公司内部允 许其工作的主要供应商在其生产基地，并作为该供应商的零件供应需 要直接下订单。只是在时间上还需要引入其他概念，以便有一个真正值得努力讨 论的。到了 80年代，日本曾通过实践不断取得进步，在一个制造企 业不断努力提高它的每一个业务功能。要做到这一点企业必须始终提 高质量，以创新的方法去寻找解决在其供应商的质量问题，并提高注 意力。所

6、有这些都是现代jit系统的基石。最后，得到员工购买到一 个jit精益生产系统是因为没有劳动力的重要贡献，任何努力肯定会 失败。有几种方法来实现员工的承诺，其中一个最简单的方法就是交 叉训练超出其正常业务功能的在职人士，并有助于提高员工解决问题 的能力。在这样一个公司授权的劳动力去思考一种新的方式，同时设 法改善的目光，从整个公司的整体看来，不仅是他们的一个作业。当 这与管理层的支持相结合，增加资源来解决问题，以及在员工的角色 和责任增加，员工会感到授权和工作，这个也是企业的成功秘诀。jit的优势有-种力量同样纳入公司的jit精益生产。准时使生产作业效率 更高，成本效益和客户响应能力更大。jit

7、允许制造商在购买和接收 之前，需要的只是流水线，从而减轻了负担，成本和闲置的零件制造 和管理组件。在这方面，戴尔公司的发言人菲格罗亚说，“由于我们 拉按订单系统，我们已经能够消除我们的工厂仓库，并提高了一倍, 加入生产线在工厂仓库曾经是输出”。携带入境的，在进程少量受惠， 产成品库存的存在，不论该公司的经营范围内（规模，生产技术等）。 只是在时间呼吁许多公司，因为它有助于防止与库存有可能成为过时 的危害制造商。jit的最初开发是合理降低成本和提高质量方面的基 础。现在，公司认为提供一种方法来实现卓越的jit,主要作用是消 除浪费，以及使公司更加适应短期客户的需求模式。jit生产可以是 一个真正

8、赚钱的公司的救星。公司不仅更加顺应他们的客户，也能在 原材料和产成品库存使用较少的资本，使公司能够优化其运输和物流 业务（ups公司，2003年）。总体而言，jit生产的结果主要体现在降 低总系统成本和提高产品质量。jit能够降低库存超过百分之五十和 百分之八十以上的筹备时间。jit是降低成木和库存，减少浪费，提 高产品质量。jit的弱点正如jit的有许多长处，也有弱点。“在刚开始的时候，一切都互 相依存。每个人都依赖于其他人”（格林伯格，2002）o由于与jit生 产的相互依存，由此在供应链上产生的不足，使得所有挂钩的产业都 相当昂贵。jit的过程是有风险的某些企业和弱势群体，如工人罢工，

9、中断的供电线路，市场需求波动，缺货，沟通的上游和下游的供应链 缺乏和无法预见的乞产中断的情况下的供应链。工人罢工，缺货和端口锁定可以快速扰乱整个供应链的jit进程, 所以必须同时落实到位。“坚持公正实时概念可以在紧急情况下昂贵, 例如在港”（韶山，2002年）。当从亚洲获得供应的船还没到岸的时 候，该公司使用jit-般已经很少的库存，以弥补紧急情况。这种库 存不足使得jit的正是如此巨大的公司在降低成本，但风险也使它在 某些情况下，没有足够的缓冲库存，并保持反应供应链上移动。每年的市场的季节性需求波动以及波动的需求灾害或其他突发 事件。“随着假期季节的临近，小零售商和制造商的库存都采用jit

10、模式”（格林伯格，2002）。仅仅依靠jit的系统将留在休克由于绝大 多数在一年中不同时期的市场需求季节性季节性产品供应链。并非所 有的产品都采用jit生产系统。采用jit生产系统，那么定制项目将无 法正常工作以及，适合jit精益方式最好是大规模生产和高度自动化 的生产项目。对于jit系统的漏洞，都有一个非常重要的认识。“从思科路由器 和戴尔电脑的差距，公司发现jit生产系统都让他们失望”（约翰逊, 2001年）。企业必须坚决评价其优点的同时，也要清楚的了解jit系 统的利弊。的影响，并对危及到他们的供应链也必须重考虑。虽然jit 的有其弱点，但在大多数情况下，很多公司依然采用jit生产系统，

11、因为jit系统收益大于风险。所以规划和认识事物时，能否正确认识jit系统是为实现跨越的jit供应链的所有领域取得成功的关键。附件：外文原文just-in-time inventory management strategy & lean manufacturingmaterial source: academy of management reviewauthor: steven whiteoverview of just-in-time inventory managementjust-irvtime is a movement and idea that has gained wi

12、de acceptanee in the busi ness comm unity over the past decade. as compa nies became more and more competitive and the pressures from japans continuous improvement culture, other firms were forced to find irrnovative ways to cut costs and compete the idea behind jit, or lean manufacturing, is to hav

13、e the supplies a firm needs at the exact moment that they are n eeded .in order to accomplish this goal a firm must consta ntly be seeking ways to reduce waste and enhance value a recent survey of senior manufacturing executives showed that 71% used some form of jit in their processes (pragman) this

14、 simple statistic illustrates that jit is here to stay and also that firms must con sta ntly be searchi ng for ways to cut costs and achieve an advantage jit is one way to achieve that end result.in order to un dersta nd how jit works a com mon vocabulary n eeds to be established from which to furth

15、er discuss the topic and gain in sight into why so many firms have adopted it. as previously stated, one of the key components of jit is to reduce waste and add value there are several activities that a company must monitor as targets for reducing waste. among these are, excessive waste times, infla

16、ted inventories, unneeded people or material movement, unnecessary processing steps, numerous variabilities throughout a firm's activities and any other nonvalue adding activity. a key example of this is a new plant that caterpillar is bringing online in the near future by reducing the number of

17、 times a bucket had to be repositioned while it was being welded, caterpillar was able to reduce the amount of time the bucket spent in the welding line, reduce labor costs by limiting idle time at the welding stati on and in crease the efficie ncy of the en tire manu facturi ng process the layout a

18、nd inventories that are part of a jit strategy may seem the most logical steps to reduce waste and in crease value by simply redevelop!ng the layout of certain facilities a firm can reduce the time it takes for supplies to get to the next step in process and cut costs associated with that movement o

19、ne way to do this is to have work-in-progress close to the next station in the manufacturing chain. couple this with lowering inventories and a powerful combination is formed to reduce costs. in lowering inventories a firm can reap n umerous ben efits; batch sizes, set-up times and safety stock are

20、all reduced, ergo costs are trimmed and value is added but in order to achieve these things a firm must be willing to accept the problems that these actions can either uncover or create dell computers participates in both of these activities and they are now the industry leader. dell has warehouse s

21、pace at their manufacturing facilities in which suppliers keep parts directly on-site which is the quintesse ntial jit layout .in additi on, dell is constantly working to achieve "jiv inventories of only four days and in doing so are constantly uncovering and solving supply chain problems.going

22、 hancbin-hand with maintaining just in time inventory levels is jit scheduling. by working to reduce inventory to the lowest possible working levels, a firm must constantly be adjusting its schedule of ordering and delivering. in doing so, communication both up and down the supply chain is critical.

23、 frequent orders are placed for supplies and small producti on runs are con sta ntly being in itiated .in order to achieve this break neck pace of order/producti on schedule, a firm must constantly be making small changes to orders/production and recognize that kanbans are of in credible importa nee

24、.possibly the single piece of jit that has the most re leva nee to a study of supply chain management is the partnerships that are essential to making jit truly work. a firm cannot implement a jit system by itself; it must have the complete cooperation of its entire supply chain.the sheer amount of

25、information that is needed for a jit system to operate well dema nds part nerships to be formed and n urtured, almost to the point at which an entire supply chain operates as one firm examples of these kinds of partnerships are everywhere in today's business world. xyz-company allows its key sup

26、pliers to work directly at their manufacturing sites and place orders as needed for the parts that that supplier suppliesother concepts of just in time also need to be introduced in order to have a discussion about what truly makes just in time a worthy endeavor. by the 1980s the japanese had achiev

27、ed manufacturing greatness by practicing continuous improvement, in that a firm is constantly working to improve in every facet of its business functions. to do this a firm must always in crease quality, look for inno vative ways to solve problems and in crease focus on the quality of its suppliers

28、all of these are cornerstones of a modern jit system lastly, getting the workforce to buy into a jit lean manufacturing system is important because without the dedication of the workforce, any endeavor is sure to fail. there are several ways to achieve workforce commitment. a simple way is to cross

29、train the workforce members outside of their n ormal busi ness function and help in crease an employee's problem solving ability .in doing so a firm is empoweri ng its workforce to think about their function in a new way while looking for ways to improve and giving them an overall view of the en

30、tire firm, not just their single job. when this is coupled with the support of management, an increase in resources to solve problems, and an increase in employee roles and responsibility, a workforce will feel empowered and work to make just in time a success for the businessstrengths of jitthere i

31、s a lot of strength in incorporating jit lean manufacturing in a company. jit makes product!on operations more efficient, cost effective and customer responsive jit allows manufacturers to purchase and receive components just before they're needed on the assembly line, thus relieving manufacture

32、rs of the cost and burden of housing and managing idle parts in that respect, company spokesman for dell figueroa, says "with our pull-to-order system, we've been able to eliminate warehouses in our factories and have improved factory output by double by adding production lines where wareho

33、uses used to be". the ben efit of carr ying smaller amounts of in bou nd, in process, and fin ished goods inven tory exists regardless of the firm's operati ng con text (size, producti on tech no logy, etc.) just in time appeals to many companies because it helps prevent manufacturers from

34、being stuck with inventory that may become obsolete jit was initially developed and justified based on cost reduction and quality improvement dimensions. now, companies view jit as providing an approach to achieving excellenee in the elimination of waste, as well as making the compa ny more resp on

35、sive to short-term customer dema nd patter ns.jit manufacturing can be a real money-saver for a company. companies are not only more responsive to their customers, but they also have less capital tied up in raw materials and finished goods inventory, allowing companies to optimize their transportati

36、on and logistics operations (ups, 2003). overall, jit manufacturing results in lower total system costs and improved product quality with jit； some plants have reduced inventory more than fifty-percent and lead time more than eighty-percent. jit is lowering costs and inventory, reducing waste, and r

37、aising the quality of products weaknesses of jitjust as jit has many strong points, there are weaknesses as well. "in just-in-time, everythi ng is very in terdepe ndent. every one relies on everybody else" (greenberg, 2002). because of this str ong interdependence with jit, a weakness in t

38、he supply chain caused by a jit weakness can be very costly to all linked in the chain. jit processes can be risky to certain businesses and vulnerable to the supply chain in situati ons such as labor strikes, i nterrupted supply lin es, market dema nd fluctuations, stock outs, lack of communication

39、 upstream and dow nstream in the supply chai n and un foreseen product! on interrupt! ons.labor strikes, stock outs, and port lockouts can quickly disrupt an entire supply chain while jit processes are in place"adhering to the just-in-time concept can be expensive in times of emergency such as

40、at ports" (greenburg, 2002). when a ship arriving from asia full of supplies cannot make it to shore, the compa ny using jit gen erally has very little inventory to compensate for the emergency this lack of inventory is exactly what makes jit so great to companies in reducing costs, yet making it risky as well by in some cases not having enough buffer inventories to react and