建筑外文文献含中文翻译

1、中文译文：建筑业的竞争及竞争策略美国的工程建筑公司几十年来一直控制着国际建筑市场，但近来世界上发 生的事件改变了它的主导地位。为了调查今后十年对工程建筑竞争产生影响的推动力及趋势，由建筑工业 研究院的"2000年建筑特别工作组：发起一项称为“ 2000年建筑市场竞争 分析”的研究项目。该研究项目考察了一些影响竞争的因素，包括下列方 面：企业能力塑造：采用纵向联合，横向发展的方法，提高企业的综合能力。 扩大市场领地，这种做法包括被海外的联合企业收购或被其合并，或是由 美国公司收购外国公司。筹措资金的选择方法：私有化作用，建筑权力转让项目，未来市场中工程 筹资特征。管理、组织及结构：未来

2、的经营管理及组织方法、组织结构、组织技巧要 有利于引导职员在世界竞争环境中发挥作用。劳力特征：未来具有专业水平和技工水平的工程建筑工人的供求情况 技术问题：技术将如何影响竞争，如何用来弥补劳力不足的缺陷。研究目标及范围这一研究项目的目标是收集信息，使之为适应2000年及以后的工程建筑业在调整、制定策略方面的需要提供真知灼见，并制定出2000年工程建筑业的可能的发展计划。这项研究回顾了工程建筑业的历史过程，审视了 当前的发展趋势，以确定影响该工业未来的推动力，与该工业相关的有重塑企业能力，私有化及筹措资金方法的潜在作用以及经营管理、组织方法、 公司结构方面的未来发展方向。研究范围包括选定一些公司

3、，采访这些公司有专业特长的人员。这些人员 的专业涉及面很广，包括商业建筑，重工业建筑，公共事业设施建设，基 础建设.轻工业建筑，电力，生产程序以及航天科学。工程建筑业竞争特性工程建筑业的竞争特征由于下列原因在变动：80年代发生的事件，以及计划在 90年代实施的项目，正在引导建筑业摆 脱相互对立的局面，转向相互合作。应该以积极的眼光看待新的公司进入国际工程建筑市场，因为它增加了全 球合作的机遇。合作关系会使所有的伙伴受益，这是因为美国公司可以在 合作伙伴的国家找到机遇，同样，外国公司也会打入美国市场。未来的战略到2000年，美国的公司将努力做到：提供最高质量的服务可以承担世界任何一个地方的工程施

4、工另劈蹊径，以降低并控制风险拿出参与国际市场最有竞争力的价格为了实现这一理想，工程建筑业必须增加人员资本投资提高劳力的知识及技术水平具备坚实完备的通讯及运输基础设施集中精力搞重点研究，产品优良，质量有保障，并注意激发工人们的积极性，提高工人的技术水平。二一世纪形响竞争的主要因素将包括一体化的国际市场，供过于求的生 产力，工会确定工资的权力减弱，减少对工业的管理及私有化的实现。 美国公司的竞争能力，很大程度上取决于大力开展并有效地利用技术革 新。美国公司不仅需要利用国内的技术革新，还要利用其他国家优化改进 了的技术。在未来将流行的技术革新将不是一些大的技术突破，而是对现 存技术的不断改进。英国建

5、筑公司概况90年代初，头脑灵活的建筑商们除了不搞建筑，别的什么营生可能都干， 许多建筑公司遭受过经济萧条的严重打击，经历了与过度膨胀的房地产业 同样的厄运。但是，当看到他们的难兄难弟们在房地产业方面大把大把地 赚钱时，他们中的大部分人为了摆脱困境又把赌注重重地压在房地产开发 市场上。由阿兰考克肖先生领导的艾莫克公司享有在老本行上能挣现钱的盛誉， 并能保持资产负债表平衡。不过，在世界上其他的一些地区，这家公司也 陷人一片困境之中，尤其是在美国，由于路易斯安那州石油和天然气市场 的不景气，这一情况尤其突出，在英国的商业和工业房地产市场方面这家 公司也面临困境，利润随之而暴跌。而且情况还有变得更糟的

6、危险。瓦利特发展公司，这个英国 90年代初期第三大房屋建筑商，可能是因为 将伦敦郊区都尔威一处仿乔治时代建筑物出售给了前首相撒切尔夫人而举世闻名。该公司的性格独特的主席劳利瓦利特先生经常得益于“铁夫 人”给予他的公开支持。这种近似神话般的福气使他似乎注定还要享受 阵子。事实上，瓦利特公司也受到房产业不景气的影响，只是在劳利的强 有力的领导下，该公司现在又朝着恢复其更强劲的金融地位迈进。劳利退 休后又重新执掌局面（1991年秋他退休后为救活该公司又被召回）。正像 它的大多数经营对手一样，瓦利特公司在房产业市场也遭受了暴跌的严重 打击，虽然在1993年初，该公司成为被IBCA机构提高长期信用等级的

7、第 一家建筑公司时业务发展了一阵子。约翰莱英公司的情况则不同，已很好地经受住了最近世界建筑业方面困 难的冲击。他们具有雄厚的资本，还清醒地认识到他们不得不大幅度降低 资产的帐面价值。例如，早在1990年，他们就在地产银行中划减了 1 200 万英镑的价值。在此之后，他们又削减了 26的劳动力。尽管他们的住房 销售情况目前依然相当良好，但其赢利却减少了。莱英公司还以最关注环 境问题而闻名于世。塔迈克公司的状况与瓦利特形成了鲜明的对比，在1993年初，他们的信用等级被IBCA机构降低了。该公司在80年代大部分时间里试图向世人证 明他们是英国最大的建筑商，结果信息一旦被人了解后，又后悔不迭，倒 但愿

8、此事从没发生过。他们苦于应付高的增长速度，不得不大幅度削减住 房建造业务。不过塔迈克公司目前仍然是英国最大的建筑和建材集团公 司。1992年10月，他们关闭了房地产业务，这是将其目前的七个经营业 务裁减到三个（建筑、采石和住宅建造）的计划的一部分。耐维尔辛蝇 斯，这位集团公司的总裁，在该公司供职 22年后，于1992年春坐上了目 前这把烫屁股的交椅。人们认为，随着房地产向题的曝光，这一位置已到 了岌岌可危的地步，这其中包括数个在公司资产负债表外的大型联合企业，而这些联合企业业务的开展，实际上会使集团公司的债台更加高筑。 泰勒伍德劳斯的房地产业衰退的不愉快经历集中体现在1992年的秋季,当时其房

9、地产都以理彼得赫基突然辞职，这事也就发生在其前任彼 得兆提出辞呈引起众人震惊之后仅几个月。屋漏偏逢连阴雨，随后，泰 勒伍德劳斯宣布由于经营不善，造成了严重的亏损。虽然建筑承包业务 的重要地位正日益衰退，但公司三分之二的收益仍来自这部分业务。 不过, 该公司拥有巨额投资资产有价证券，每年租金收益超过5 000万英镑。该公司已不再开展风险性很大的开发业务项目，重新介入至少要等到局势好 转以后。东欧建筑市场竞争形势分析前言当前，东欧的经济改革引起了混乱，因此这些地区的贸易活动同新的经济 体制相互冲突。分析专家们指出，从长远的观点看，采用市场经济政策会 带来一个更稳定，更有利的经济环境。东欧政治经济上

10、的改革将会为那些 愿意来这一地区投资的公司创造一个很大的可赚钱的市场。如果保持目前 的增长势头，要不了多久，东欧每年 5640亿美元的建筑市场将会占国际 建筑业市场的三分之一以上。这一地区的开放形势为世界范围的建筑业开 辟了一块新天地。研究的目标目前研究的目标是要建立一个战路框架，使国际工程建筑公司可以制定出 可行的策略方案，并可以对之加以评价。已推出的战略框架对于东欧以外 的工程建筑公司在这一地区开展建筑业务很有帮助。为了衡量该地区市场 机遇与挑战情况，我们发出了调查表并进行个人访谈，这有助于确认重要 的成功因素或方面。从而阐明了工程建筑公司在确定他们的策略时必须具 备的特性。通过这项研究建

11、立起来的战略框架已运用于该地区的一项实际 建筑工程，一家国际工程建筑公司正考虑承接这项工程），以检验这一战 略框架在具体市场环境下的效果如何。研究的方法通过参考大量的文献，下发调查表和进行个人访谈，研究的目标已经达到。 这项研究所利用的资料来自世界上15家主要的建筑公司。其中包括13家 美国公司，两家韩国公司。调查表编制得有利于资料的收集并确保调查内容的一致性。所提的问题不 加以暗示，编制的方式使答卷人不会产生某种倾向。 可以自由地回答问题， 问的题目不宜过多.为了保证参与公司的答案涉及的问题一致，调查表的 问题集中在三个主要方面：（1）东欧建筑市场的机遇与挑战；（2）确认这一 建筑市杨成功的

12、关键因素，（3为确定战略框架，建筑行业方面应做出的 调整。每个主要部分下附一套问题，使所研究的目标得到进一步明确。访谈基于建筑工程公司自愿参与该项研究的条件下进行的，对交了答卷的 公司，进行了单独或电话访谈调查。对于这些公司如何建立和运用自己在这一地区的 战略框架，如果研究人员认为方法可行，他们就把主要技巧汇编成文。被 访人员要回答如下问题，东欧建筑市场获得成功的重要因素是什么？这些 重要的因素对自己的公司是否有积极的或消极的影响？是什么影响？研 究人员还汇集了从国际建筑工程中吸取的教训，以及在后来的工程中已经 米取的弥补措施。房地产投资的未来趋势 住房一直是现代生活中最重要的需求之一。家庭对

13、更宽敞、舒适的住房需 求日益增加，且希望有更多的可自由支配的收入用在购房上。其结果是， 独户家庭住宅变得非常昂贵。除此之外，新的人口统计数据表明目前需要 将现有的房产转变为分套出售的住宅开发、娱乐性房产和退休人员的居住 社区。商业和工业地产投资也很看好。为了在市场范围内判断哪些房地产 比较紧俏，对市场进行认真的分析是很重要的。不过，许多投资的前景都 很乐观。就经济的可行性而言，未来的房地产投资呈现出强劲的势头。不过在总的 经济环境条件下，也不可排除它的“低潮”期。假如投资商能够制定出一 个稳妥的策略，那么他们将会获得可观的收益。这些策略包括有效经营和 管理地产，分析问题所在，并给予纠正，处理房

14、主与承租者之间的矛盾， 了解投资的作用及其对投资项目所产生的影响，把政府在限制产权方面所 起的作用纳人计划之中。房地产的投资者能否主宰市场这个问题同房地产收益是否已超过普通股 票收益的问题一样，也是一个老问题。实际上没有理由相信一个投资者会 利用相同的市场信息和分析技能在长期的经营中能够获得超额利润。不 过，利用内部消息，有效的数据分析和复杂分析方法，这样的投资者很可 能能够做出比其对手更好的抉择。房地产市场继续为按房地产投资过程投 资并减少“信息费”而获得较好成果的投资者们提供机会。我们知道“幸运”或运气可能会产生短期反常收益。我们甚至也知道会有 少数人因为善于“探听”消息从而避免付出昂贵的

15、代价并取得成功。这些 人尽管为数不多，他们具有凭直觉按房地产投资过程办事的才能。如果你 也有这方面天才的话，就别研究了也去搞投资吧。房地产投资的种类虽然住宅投资是房地产中较为普遍的形式，还有几种地 产对未来的投资者也有相当大的吸引力。在每种地产中，还有不同的领域 包括住宅房地产、商业地产、工业地产、农业地产，以及诸如高尔夫球场 等特殊用途的地产。尽管有效分析所必需的投资技巧随着工程项目增大和 复杂而日益增多，但其基本的评估技巧和房地产投资过程仍然未变。可创收的房地产也可以按照收人水平和租金等级并根据地理位置分类。城 区位置的经济影响对房地产价值产生的效果很大，因此对经济环境的分析 十分重要。然

16、而，某些位置的土地明显地更适合于特定用途。例如，在新 开发的城市住宅区内，土地可能太昂贵，就不适于开发密度低的花园式的 项目。由于很难用精确的方式预测将来要发生的事件，预测与实际结果间的差异 可能导致一些严重的问题。过高地估计租金增长率或将来的出售价格，过 低地估计营运费用，或未能充分确定设备更新费用都会引起产重的现金流 动问题。未能履行债务义务或房地产课税留置权可能被强制取消。所有这 几点都与投资者密切相关。外文文献:Con structi on of the competiti on and competitio n strategyEngineering and construction

17、 firms from the United States dominated the global market for many decades but rece nt world eve nts have altered their positi on.To investigate the drivingforces and trends that will affectengin eeri ng and con structi on competiti on in the n ext decade, a research project, called the "An ato

18、my of Con structi on Competiti on in the Year 2000", was sponsored by the ConstructionIndustryInstitute'sConstruc-tion2000 Task Force- The project examined thefactors that affect competitive ness, in cludi ng the followi ng,The shap ing of corporate capabilities; vertical in tegrati on andh

19、oriz on tal expa nsion to in crease corporate capabilities and market share, in cludi ng acquisiti on and mergers by offshore con glomerates and the acquisiti on of foreig n firms by U. S. compa ni es.Financing optio ns; the role of privatizati on, build-ow n-tra nsfer projects, and the n ature of p

20、roject financing in future markets,Management, organization,and structure; futuremanagement andorga ni zati onal approaches, structures, and tech niq ues to attractpers onnel to perform in a global competitive en vir onment.Work force characteristics; future availability of engineering and con struc

21、ti on workers at the professi onal and craft levels.Tech no logical issues:how tech no logy will affect competiti on and be used to offset work force shortages.Research Objectives and ScopeThis research project's goal is to collect in formati on, to adapt to the 2000 and the engin eeri ng con st

22、ructi on after adjustme nt, formulate strategies n eeded to provide in sight and formulate 2000 engin eeri ng con structi on of possible developme nt pla n. This study reviewed the project construction process of history, current development trend, to determine the impact of the industry, and the im

23、petus to the future in dustrialen terprisesare related to reshapethe ability, privatisation and financing methods of potential function and management,organizationstructure, methods for futuredevelopme nt directi on.Research scope in cludes selected some of the compa ny, the compa ny has in terviewe

24、d expertise pers onn el. The staff professi onal wide ran ge,in cludi ngcommercialbuild in gs,publicbuildi ngs,in dustrialin frastructure,in frastructurecon structi on,power,light in dustry. The producti on process and space scie nee.Engin eeri ng con structi on competitive characteristicsEngineerin

25、g constructionof competitionbecause the followingreas ons in cha nge features:In the 1980s, and pla n in the 1990s, the impleme ntati on of theproject con structi on are guided from con tradictory situatio n, to cooperate.Should be in a positive view of the new company to enter the intern ati onalma

26、rket, because of its con structi onin creased globalcooperation opportunities.Cooperation will makeall the partners,because the America n compa ny ben efit can be found in the country partner, likewise, foreign companies opportunitieswill break intothe U.S. Market.Competitive strategyFuture strategy

27、In 2000, the compa ny will strive to do:Provide the highest quality serviceCan assume any part of the worldIn order to reduce the split gro und and risk con trolOut in intern ati onal market the most competitive priceIn order to achieve the ideal, engineering construction should be:In crease staff c

28、apital inv estme ntThe kno wledge and improve labor tech no logy levelHave solid complete com muni cati ons and tran sport in frastructureConcen trate on key research, product quality is guara nteed, fine, and arouse the en thusiasm of the workers, improve workers tech no logy level.The 21st cen tur

29、y is the mai n factor fractal ring will compete inthe internationalmarket, including the integrationof productivity,union salary to abate, reduce the power in dustry man ageme nt and privatizati on.America n compa ny competiti on ability, largely depe nds on develop ing and effective use of technica

30、linnovation.American companies neednot only use the technicalinnovation,domestic by other countriesoptimizatio n improved tech no logy .In the future will be popular tech no logyinno vati onwill not some big breakthrough, but theexisti ng tech no logy continu ous improveme nts.British build ings com

31、pa ny profileIn the early 1990s, the head of the flexible builders who don't make a buildi ng, but what else can do, making many buildi ngs compa ny suffered a serious blow the econo mic depressi on, experie need and excessive expa nsion of real estate in dustry also. But, whe n he saw them in t

32、he real estate in dustry (in the big mon ey, most of themin order to disencumber the bet downagain in the real estate market.By Ala n cosmas in dicopleustes un der the leadership of Mr. Shaw ai enjoy in the old field compa ny Merck's reputatio n can earn cash on the balanee sheet, and can keep t

33、he balanee. However, in someareas of the world, the compa ny also man a dilemma, especially in theUnited States, the change from a Louisiana oil and natural gas marketof recessi on,it is especially outsta nding in Brita in, thecommercial and in dustrial real estate market, the compa ny is faced with

34、 a difficultsituation, with profits. And it also becameworse.The compa ny's developme nt, walid UK early 1990s third big house builders, probably because London suburb will have a copy from the era of George sell buildi ngs of former prime mi nister Margaret thatcher and world-famous. The compan

35、y's character,chairman of theunique Laurie walid from Mr Often "give" iron lady public support.The approximate mythological bless ing that he seemed desti ned to enjoy. In fact, the compa nyalso is differe nt, the in flue nee of the hous ing slump is strong in Laurie, un der the leader

36、ship of the compa ny now recover its stron ger towards the finan cial status.Laurie retired charge aga in situati on(1991 fall after hisretireme nt he restored to the compa ny recalled). As most of its bus in ess competitors, the in dustry indiffere ntmarket alsosuffered a serious blow, although the

37、 slump in 1993, the compa ny is beg inning to improve Ion g-term credit rat ing IBCA in stituti on of the first build ings compa ny bus in ess developme nt for a while.Joh n, the compa ny is differe nt, have very good to withsta nd the latest world con structi ondifficulties. They have abundant capi

38、tal,clearly recog ni zed that they have greatly reduced the book value of the asset. For example, in early 1990, they in real estate inthe bank delimit lost 1 £ 2mvalue. After that, they cut and labor. Despite their hous ing sales still quite good, but its profit is reduced. The compa ny is in

39、most lai atte ntio n is famous for its en vir onmen tal problems.The status and the tower mike compa ny walid special form brightcon trast, in 1993, their credit rat ing age ncy reduced by IBCA. This compa ny in the 1980s most time tryi ng to prove to the world thatthey are the UK's biggest buil

40、ders, the in formatio nbeingun dersta nding, and either, but hopefully it n ever happe ned. They suffer from cope with high growth rate cuts, to build houses. But the companyis still tower mike Britain'sbiggest constructionandbuilding materials group company. October 1992, they closed the real e

41、state bus in ess, and this is the will of the seve n bus in ess to three (buildi ng, quarr ying and reside ntial build ing) part of the pla n.Michael essie n, Somerville, resista nt to fly, the group's Preside nt, in the company after 22 years in the spring of 1992, sit on the seat of the hot as

42、s. People thi nk that the hous ing problem of exposure, this positi on has arrived at the point, which in cludi ng several on a company's balanee sheet of the large-scale joint enterprise,jointen terprise bus in ess, actually makescorporatio n debts mach ine more. Taylor wood of real estate in d

43、ustry recessi on Royce un pleasa nt experie nces embodied in 1992, whe n the estate of autu mn is Dan ielPeter HeJi sudden resignation,it also happens in its predecessor,Peter trillio nresig ned after all shocked by only a few mon ths. Home,then reverse, Taylor wood Rolls-Royce announced due to bad

44、man ageme nt,caused severe losses. Although con structi oncon tract ingbus in ess in creas in glyimporta nt status in a recessi on,but compa ny two-thirds of i ncome from this bus in ess is. However, the compa ny has a huge inv estme nt assets securities, ren tal in come more tha n 5 year 2000 milli

45、o n poun ds. The compa ny has no Ion ger con duct risky bus in ess projects, at least un til the situati on in better later.Easter nEuropea n architectural market competiti onsituati onan alysisAt present, the economic reforms of the eastern Europe, thus caused con fusi onof these areas of bus in es

46、s activities with the neweconomic system. Experts say, analyzed from a Iong-term perspective, using the market economic policy will bring a more stable, and more favorable economic environment. The reform of political economyin easter n Europe will be for those who are willi ng to inv est in this ar

47、ea of the companyto create a lot of moneybut market. If you keep the momentum,before long, eastern Europe 5640 billion dollars each year for the construction of internationalconstruction market willbe more than one-third of the market. This area is open to the world situatio n in augurated a new con

48、 structi on.The object of studyThe goal is to establish a framework, and internationalengineeringand con structi on compa ny may formulate feasible strategy, and to evaluate the. The framework has bee n in troduced for the project con structi on compa ny outside the easter n area in the con structi

49、on bus in ess is very helpful. In order to measure the market opportunitiesand challenges,we sent the questionnaires andin terviews, the in dividual to ide ntify importa nt success factors or aspects. Thus illustrates con structi on compa ny in determ ining their strategy must possess the characteri

50、stics. Through the research of strategic framework has bee n set up in this area by an actual construction,an internationalengineering and constructioncompa ny is con sideri ng to un dertake the engin eeri ng, to test this strategic framework in specific market en vir onment effect.The research meth

51、odsBy refere nee to the literature, questi onn aire issued a pers onalin terview,and the research target has bee n achieved. This researchusing data from the world's major con structi on compa ny. In clud ing13 U.S. compa ni es, two south Korea n compa ni es.Questionnaires to collect data compil

52、ed for investigation and en sure the con siste ncy of the content. The problem, not the waypeople won't produce a certain criteria. Free to answer this questi on, ask questi ons in order to guara ntee the unfav orable and overmuch. Participate in the compa ny's an swer to the questi on, ques

53、ti onn aire involving the problems in three aspects: (1) the easter n architecture market opport un ities and challe nges, (2) the con structi on of key factors Yan gChe ngGong city, (3) to determ ine the strategic framework, con structi on in dustry shouldmakeadjustme nts. Each main parts attached

54、to a set of problems un der which the object of study, make clear further.In terview based on con structi on engin eeri ng compa nyvolun tary un der the con diti on of the study of the compa ny, in an swerThe teleph one in terviews survey or separate. For these compa nies how to build and use their

55、ownin this area is a strategic framework, if the researchers believe that the method is feasible, and they put main skills assembly writte n. By visit ing pers onnel to an swer questions, what is eastern architecture market success factor ? The importa nt factor in his compa ny is a positive or n eg

56、ative impact?What effect? Researchers also collected fromin ter natio nalarchitectural engin eeri ng, as well as a less on in later in the project of measures have bee n take n.The future tre nd of real estate inv estme ntHous ing has bee n the most importa nt in the moder n life of dema nd.Families

57、 with more spacious and comfortable hous ing dema nd has in creased, and hope to have more disposable in come in the house.As a result, households residential become very expensive. In addition, the new populationstatistics show thatcurrentlyexisti ng hous ing n eeds to sell the house of poin ts, re

58、creati onal property and retireecom muni ty. Commercial and in dustrialrealestate inv estme nt is also very good. In order to judge what real estate market within the scope of comparative spruce, analyzed the market is very importa nt. However, many inv estme nt prospects are very optimistic.The fea

59、sibility of the economy, the future of the inv estme nt real estate showing strong. But in general economic conditions, also do not exclude it "low" period. If inv estors can develop a safety strategy, so they will get con siderable in come. These strategies including effective operation and management,analyzes t