SVHC高关注度物质清单及用途144项.

1、14,4-二氨基二苯基甲烷4,4- diaminodiphenylmethane(mda 202-974-4101-77-9致癌物质第 2类 pcb中环氧树脂的固化剂、 pu 配制品、服装中的偶氮染料2二甲苯麝香5-tert-butyl-2,4,6-trinitro-m- xylene(musk xylene 201-329-481-15-2高持久性 ,生物累积性物质 , 化妆品和皂用香料 , 3短链氯化石蜡 alkanes, c10-13, chloro (short chain chlorinated paraffins 287-476-585535-84-8难分解性、生物累积性及生殖毒性

2、物质和高持久性、生物累积性物质皮革中的涂层、 pvc 和氯化橡胶中的增塑剂 ,纺织品和塑料的阻燃剂4蒽 anthracene204-371-1120-12-7难分解性、生物累积性及生殖毒性物质染料来源5五氧化二砷 diarsenic pentaoxide215-116-91303-28-2 致癌物质第 1 类杀虫剂、除草剂、木材防腐剂、涂彩杯子、染料和颜料6 三氧化二砷 diarsenic trioxide215-481-41327-53-3致癌物质第 1类除草剂、木材防腐剂、特殊玻璃的加工7邻苯二甲酸二辛酯bis (2- ethylhexylphthalate (dehp 204-211-0

3、117-81-7生殖毒性第 2类 pvc,树脂等塑料制品的增塑剂8双三丁基氧化锡 bis(tributyltinoxide (tbto 200-268-056-35-9难分解性、生物累积性及生殖毒性物质杀虫剂 ,涂料中的杀真菌剂9邻苯二甲酸丁苄酯benzyl butyl phthalate(bbp 201-622-785-68-7生殖毒性第 2类用作树脂、 pvc、丙烯酸树脂的增塑剂10邻苯二甲酸二丁酯dibutyl phthalate (dbp 201-557-484-74-2生殖毒性第 2类粘合剂和纸张涂层的增塑剂,纺织品中的杀虫剂11六溴环十二烷以及所有主要的非对映异构体 ( -hbcd

4、d, -hbcdd, - hbcdd 247-148-4 221-695-9 25637-99-4; 3194-55-6 (134237-51-7 134237-50-6, 134237-52-8 难分解性、生物累积性及生殖毒性物质纺织品和 hips 中的阻燃剂12酸式砷酸铅 lead hydrogen arsenate 232-064-27784-40-9致癌物质第 1类生殖毒性第 1 类驱虫剂第一批 2008.10.28 13重铬酸钠 sodium dichromate234-190-37789-12-0 10588-01-9 致癌物质第 2 类诱发基因突变物质第2类生殖毒性第 2类皮革中

5、的铬镀 ,颜料阻蚀剂 ,纺织染料工业中的媒染剂14三乙基砷酸酯 triethyl arsenate427-700-215606-95-8 致癌物质第 1 类半导体的中间产物15蒽油 anthracene oil292-602-790640-80-5carcinogenic, mutagenic, pbt and vpvb 16蒽油,蒽糊,轻油anthracene oil, anthracene paste,distn. lights 295-278-591995-17-4carcinogenic, mutagenic, pbt and vpvb 17蒽油,蒽糊,蒽馏分anthracene oi

6、l, anthracene paste, anthracene fraction 295-275-991995-15-2carcinogenic, mutagenic, pbt and vpvb 18蒽油,含蒽量少anthracene oil, anthracene-low 292-604-890640-82-7carcinogenic, mutagenic, pbt and vpvb 19蒽油,蒽糊anthracene oil, anthracene paste 292-603-290640-81-6carcinogenic, mutagenic, pbt and vpvb 20煤沥青 ,高

7、温pitch, coal tar, high temp. 266-028-265996-93-2carcinogenic, mutagenic, pbt and vpvb 生产电极 ,生产粘土 ,飞碟靶 ,用于腐蚀防护于铺路21三 (2-氯乙基磷酸酯 tris(2- chloroethylphosphate tcep 204-118-5115-96-8致癌、致基因突变、致生殖毒素物质作为增塑剂和粘度调节用于粘合剂,涂料,阻燃涂料 ,油漆用于家具 ,纺织品和建筑业222,4-二硝基甲苯 2,4-dinitrotoluene (2,4-dnt 204-450-0121-14-2致癌、致基因突变、致

8、生殖毒素物质用于软质聚氨酯泡沫材料涂胶增塑剂用于生产爆炸性混合物(汽车安全气囊制造染料中间体23邻苯二甲酸二异丁酯diisobutyl phthalate(dibp 201-553-284-69-5致癌、致基因突变、致生殖毒素物质塑料增塑剂 ,油漆,粘合剂 ,爆炸材料和指甲油24钼铬红 ( c.i.颜料红 104lead chromate molybdate sulphate red (c.i. pigment red 104 235-759-912656-85-8致癌、致基因突变、致生殖毒素物质用于制造其他物质 ,例如蒽和炭黑作还原剂用于高爐船用燃料组件:作浸渍 ,密封和腐蚀保护作为木材保护

9、 ,木材涂料 ,瓷漆,用于橡胶和塑料第二批 2010.01.13 橡胶,塑料,油漆,涂料和油漆行业用的填色 ,绘画和涂饰剂no.序号 substance name 物质名称ec number cas number proposed svhc property potential uses 潜在用途25铅铬黄 ( c.i.颜料黄 34lead sulfochromate yellow (c.i.pigment yellow 34 215-693-71344-37-2致癌、致基因突变、致生殖毒素物质26铬酸铅 lead chromate231-846-07758-97-6 致癌、致基因突变、致生殖

10、毒素物质油漆和艺术产品的颜料或染料作为洗涤剂,漂白剂 ,感光材料和制造烟火粉末27丙烯酰胺 acrylamide201-173-779-06-1致癌、致基因突变、致生殖毒素物质合成聚丙烯酰胺 :用于废水处理及纸张加工,作灌浆剂 ,用于纺织品加工28trichloroethylene 三氯乙烯201-167-479-01-6carcinogen, category 2 trichlororethylene is mainly used as intermediate in the manufacture of chlorinated and fluorinated organic compoun

11、ds. other uses are for cleaning and degreasing of metal parts or as solvent in adhesives. 金属部件的清洁及脱脂 ;粘和剂中的溶剂 ;生产氯化和氟化有机化合物的介质29boric acid 硼酸233-139-2 234-343-4 10043-35-3 11113-50-1 toxic for reproduction, category 2 boric acid is widely used on account of its consistency-influencing, flame- retard

12、ing, antiseptic and preservative properties. it is a component of detergents and cleaners, adhesives, toys, industrial fluids, brake fluids, glass, ceramics, flame retardants, paints, disinfectants, cosmetics, food additives, fertilisers, insecticides and other products. 用于:杀虫剂 ,防腐剂 ,个人护理产品 ,食品添加剂 ,

13、玻璃,陶瓷,橡胶,化肥, 阻燃剂 ,油漆,工业流体 ,制动液 ,焊接产品 ,冲印剂30disodium tetraborate, anhydrous 无水四硼酸钠215-540-41303-96-4 1330-43-4 12179-04-3 toxic for reproduction, category 2 31tetraboron disodium heptaoxide, hydrate 七水合四硼酸钠235-541-312267-73-1toxic for reproduction, category 2 32sodium chromate 铬酸钠231-889-57775-11-3ca

14、rcinogen, category 2; mutagen, category 2; toxic for reproduction, category 2 sodium chromate is mainly used as an intermediate in the manufacture of other chromium compounds as well as a laboratory analytical agent, but this use is limited. other potential uses are mentioned in the literature but w

15、hether they occur in the eu is not clear. 实验室 (分析试剂 ,生产其它铬化合物第三批 2010.06.18 disodium tetraborate and tetraboron disodium heptaoxide form the same compounds in aqueous solutions. uses include a multitude of applications, e.g. in detergents and cleaners, in glass and glass fibres, ceramics, industrial

16、 fluids, metallurgy, adhesives, flame retardants, personal care products, biocides, fertilisers. 用于:玻璃,玻璃纤维 ,陶瓷,清洁剂 ,个人护理产品 ,工业流体 ,冶金术 ,粘接材料,阻燃剂 ,杀虫剂 ,化肥,塑料,油漆,涂料和油漆行业用的填色,绘画和涂饰剂33potassium chromate 铬酸钾232-140-57789-00-6carcinogen, category 2; mutagen, category 2 potassium chromate is used as a corr

17、osion inhibitor for treatment and coating of metals, for manufacture of reagents, chemicals and textiles, as a colouring agent in ceramics, in the manufacture of pigments/inks and in the laboratory as analytical agent. 金属净化和涂层 ,生产试剂和化学品 ,生产纺织品 ,陶瓷染色剂 ,羽毛染色 ,制革及敷料 ,生产颜料及墨水 ,实验室 (分析试剂 ,烟火制造34ammonium

18、dichromate 重铬酸铵232-143-12151163carcinogen, category 2; mutagen, category 2; toxic for reproduction, category 2 ammonium dichromate is mainly used as an oxidising agent. other known uses are in the manufacture of photosensitive screens and as mordant in the manufacture of textiles. minor uses seem to

19、 comprise metal treatment and laboratory analytical agent. 氧化剂 ,实验室 (分析试剂 ,鞣皮,生产纺织品 ,感光胶片的生产 (阴极射线管,金属处理35potassium dichromate 重铬酸钾231-906-67778-50-9carcinogen, category 2; mutagen, category 2; toxic for reproduction, category 2 potassium dichromate is used for chrome metal manufacturing and as corr

20、osion inhibitor for treatment and coating of metals. it is further used as textile mordant, as laboratory analytical agent, for cleaning of laboratory glassware, in the manufacture of other reagents and as oxidising agent in photolithography. 铬金属制造 ,腐蚀抑制剂 ,纺织品媒染剂 ,实验室分析剂 ,实验室玻璃器皿清洗 , 其他试剂生产和照片曝光氧化剂3

21、6cobalt(ii sulphate 硫酸钴233-334-210124-43-3carcinogenic and toxic to reproduction in accordance with reach art. 57(a and 57(c cobalt(ii sulphate is mainly used in the manufacture of other chemicals including pigments and possibly catalysts, driers. further applications comprise surface treatments (su

22、ch as electroplating, corrosion prevention, decolourisation (in glass, pottery, in batteries, animal food supplements and soil fertilisers. 用于陶瓷釉料和油漆催干剂,也用于电镀、碱性电池、生产含铬颜料和其它铬产品,还用于催化剂、分析试剂、饲料添加剂、轮胎胶黏剂37cobalt(ii dinitrate 硝酸钴233-402-110141-05-6carcinogenic and toxic to reproduction in accordance wit

23、h reach art. 57(a and 57(c cobalt(ii dinitrate is mainly used in the manufacture of other chemicals including catalysts. further applications may include surface treatment and in batteries. 用于催化剂等其他化合物的生产,电池,表面处理 ,陶瓷工业第四批 2010.12.15 38cobalt (ii carbonate 碳酸钴208-169-4513-79-1carcinogenic and toxic t

24、o reproduction in accordance with reach art. 57(a and 57(c cobalt(ii carbonate is mainly used in the manufacture of catalysts. minor uses may include as a feed additive, in the manufacture of other chemicals including pigments, and as an adhesive in ground coat frit. 用于生产催化剂 ,颜料、陶瓷、玻璃颜料、饲料,肥料。39coba

25、lt(ii diacetate 乙酸钴200-755-871-48-7carcinogenic and toxic to reproduction in accordance with reach art. 57(a and 57(c cobalt(ii diacetate is mainly used in the manufacture of catalysts or as a catalyst. minor uses may include the manufacture of other chemicals including pigments, surface treatments,

26、 in alloys, dyes, rubber adhesion, and as a feed additive. 主要用于磁性材料、电子元件材料、硬质合金材料、搪瓷、瓷釉、陶瓷、釉彩、玻璃、钴催化剂等。402-methoxyethanol 乙二醇单甲醚203-713-7109-86-4toxic to reproduction in accordance with reach art. 57(c 2-methoxyethanol is mainly used as a chemical intermediate. further minor uses are as a solvent or

27、 a laboratory chemical. 溶剂,清漆的稀释剂 ,印染工业用作渗透剂和匀染剂,燃料工业用作添加剂 ,纺织工业用于染色助剂。412-ethoxyethanol 乙二醇单乙醚203-804-1110-80-5toxic to reproduction in accordance with reach art. 57(c 2-ethoxyethanol is mainly used as a chemical intermediate. further minor uses are as a solvent or a laboratory chemical. 该物质为低挥发性溶剂

28、 ,用作硝基赛璐珞、假漆、天然和合成树脂等的溶剂,还可用于皮革着色剂、乳化液稳定42chromium trioxide 三氯化铬215-607-81333-82-0carcinogenic and mutagenic in accordance with reach art. 57(a and 57(b chromium trioxide is mainly used in metal finishing, such as electroplating (e.g. hard chrome and decorative plating, conversion coatings and brigh

29、tening. it is also used as a fixing agent in waterborne wood preservatives. minor uses are e.g. in the manufacture of pigments and paints, in catalyst and detergent manufacture, and as an oxidising agent. 用于电镀、制高纯金属铬、染料、合成橡胶及油脂精炼等,水中木料防腐剂的固色剂43acids generated from chromium trioxide and their oligome

30、rs group containing: chromic acid dichromic acid oligomers of chromic acid and dichromic acid 铬酸、重铬酸及低聚铬酸等231-801-5 236-881-5 7738-94-5 13530-68-2 carcinogenic in accordance with reach art. 57(a acids generated from chromium trioxide and their oligomers are mainly used in metal finishing, such as el

31、ectroplating (e.g. hard chrome and decorative plating, conversion coatings and brightening. it is also used as a fixing agent in waterborne wood preservatives. minor uses are e.g. in the manufacture of pigments and paints, in catalyst and detergent manufacture, and as an oxidising agent. 铬酸溶于水时产生这些酸

32、及其低聚物,用于:金属表面处理 ,如电镀 ,软化膜 ,增亮剂。也作为水中使用的木料防腐剂的固色剂。还可能用作油漆,色粉,催化剂 ,洗涤剂的生产,以及用作氧化剂第五批 2011.2.21 442-ethoxyethyl acetate 2-乙氧基乙基乙酸酯203-839-2111-15-9art. 57 (c, toxic for reproduction no registration for 2-ethoxyethylacetate has been submitted to echa. hence the substance seems not to be manufactured in

33、or imported to the eu in quantities above 1 t/y. main uses in the past were as solvent in coatings and in the chemical industry, but also as intermediate in the manufacture of cyanoacrylate adhesives. 涂料、油漆中的溶剂 ;化工中间体 ;塑料和橡胶涂料45strontium chromate 铬酸锶232-142-67789-6-2art. 57 (a, carcinogenic strontiu

34、m chromate is mainly used as corrosion inhibitor in coating mixtures used in the aeronautic/aerospace sector, in the coil coating sector of steel and aluminium and in the vehicle coating sector. 电镀铬 ;颜料和金属缓蚀剂 ;pvc 着色剂 ,汽车涂层461,2-benzenedicarboxylic acid, di-c7- 11-branched and linear alkyl esters (d

35、hnup 1,2-邻苯二酸二 (c7- 11支链与直链烷基(醇酯271-084-668515-42-4art. 57 (c, toxic for reproduction no registration for dhnup has been submitted to echa. hence the substance seems not to be manufactured in or imported to the eu in quantities above 1 t/y. main uses in the past were as plasticiser in pvc, foam, adh

36、esives and coatings. 塑料、密封剂和胶粘剂中的增塑剂47hydrazine 肼206-114-9302-01-2 7803-57-8 art. 57 (a, carcinogenic hydrazine is mainly used as intermediate in the manufacture of hydrazine derivatives, as a monomer in polymerisations, as a corrosion inhibitor in water treatment and for metal reduction and refinin

37、g of chemicals. it is also used as a propellant for aerospace vehicles and as fuel in military (emergency power units. 合成用于化学发泡剂、油漆、油墨、染料的肼类衍生物;聚合涂料和胶粘剂的单体;在玻璃和塑料上沉积金属过程中的还原剂481-methyl-2-pyrrolidone 1-甲基吡咯烷酮212-828-1872-50-4art. 57 (c, toxic for reproduction 1-methyl-2-pyrrolidone is mainly used as

38、solvent in coatings, cleaning products, for electronic equipment manufacture, as well as in semiconductor industry, petrochemical processing, pharmaceuticals and agrochemicals. pvc 纺纱剂 ;金属和木材涂层 ;电子原件清洗剂等491,2,3-trichloropropane 1,2,3-三氯丙烷202-486-196-18-4art. 57 (a & (c, carcinogenic & toxic

39、for reproduction 1,2,3-trichloropropane is mainly used as intermediate in the manufacture of chlorinated solvents and agricultural products. it is also used as monomer. in the past 1,2,3-trichloropropane was used as solvent, paint and varnish remover and as degreasing agent. 生产有机氯溶剂的中间体 ;聚合物和橡胶生产中的交

40、联剂; 用于清除油漆 ,清漆,以及去除油脂501,2-benzenedicarboxylic acid, di-c6- 8-branched alkyl esters, c7-rich (dihp 276-158-171888-89-6art. 57 (c, toxic for reproduction no registration for dihp has been submitted to echa. hence the substance seems not to be manufactured in or imported to the eu in quantities above

41、1 t/y. main uses in the past were as plasticiser in pvc and in sealants, coatings and potentially printing inks. pvc, 涂层,印刷油墨中的增塑剂51cobalt dichloride 二氯化钴231-589-47646-79-9art. 57 (c, toxic for reproduction cobalt dichloride is mainly used as intermediate in the manufacture of other cobalt compounds

42、, in tyre adhesion additives, organic textile dyes, and drying agents for paints. furthermore it is used in surface treatment processes, as water treatment / corrosion inhibition chemical, as colourant or for discolouring in the production of inorganic pigments & frits, glass, and ceramic ware,

43、in varistors and magnets, as well as in humidity indicators. 生产其他钴化合物的中间体,轮胎附着力添加剂 ,有机纺织染料 ,涂料干燥剂。此外, 它是用来在表面处理过程中,作为水处理 /缓蚀化学色素或无机颜料与釉料,玻璃 ,陶瓷制品的生产 ,湿度指示剂52dichromium tris(chromate 铬酸铬 246-356-224613-89-6art. 57 (a, carcinogenic mainly used in mixtures for metal surface treatment in the aeronautic/

44、aerospace, steel and aluminium coating sectors. 主要用于航空 /航空航天 ,钢铁和铝的涂料行业的金属表面处理的混合物。53potassium hydroxyoctaoxodizincatedi-chromate 氢氧化铬酸锌钾 234-329-811103-86-9art. 57 (a, carcinogenic mainly used in coatings in the aeronautic/ aerospace, steel and aluminium coil coating and vehicle coating sectors. 主要

45、用于涂料 ,航空/航天,钢铁和铝卷材涂料和汽车涂料行业。54pentazinc chromate octahydroxide 氢氧化铬酸锌 256-418-049663-84-5art. 57 (a, carcinogenic mainly used in coatings in the vehicle coating and aeronautic / aerospace sectors. 主要用于涂料 ,汽车涂料和航空 /航天部门55aluminosilicate refractory ceramic fibres (rcf 硅酸铝耐火陶瓷纤维 -art. 57 (a, carcinogen

46、ic refractory ceramic fibres are used for high-temperature insulation, almost exclusively in industrial applications (insulation of industrial furnaces and equipment, equipment for the automotive and aircraft/aerospace industry and in fire protection (buildings and industrial process equipment. 耐火陶瓷

47、纤维用于高温隔热,几乎完全是在工业应用(工业窑炉和设备 ,绝缘设备 ,汽车和飞机 /航空航天产业 ,防火(建筑和工业加工设备。56zirconia aluminosilicate refractory ceramic fibres (zr-rcf 氧化锆硅酸铝耐火陶瓷纤维 -art. 57 (a, carcinogenic refractory ceramic fibres are used for high-temperature insulation, almost exclusively in industrial applications (insulation of industri

48、al furnaces and equipment, equipment for the automotive and aircraft/aerospace industry and in fire protection (buildings and industrial process equipment. 耐火陶瓷纤维用于高温隔热,几乎完全是在工业应用 (工业窑炉和设备 ,绝缘设备 ,汽车和飞机 /航空航天产业 ,防火(建筑和工业加工设备。57formaldehyde, oligomeric reaction products with aniline (technical mda 低聚反

49、应产物甲醛 ,苯胺 500-036-125214-70-4art. 57 (a, carcinogenic mainly used for manufacture of other substances. minor uses are as hardener for epoxy resins, e.g. for the production of rolls, pipes and moulds, and as well for adhesives. 主要用于制造其他物质。次要用途是作为固化剂,环氧树脂 ,例如卷 ,管道和模具 ,以及用于胶粘剂的生产。第六批 2011.12.19 58bis(2

50、-methoxyethyl phthalate双(2 -甲氧基邻苯二甲酸盐dmep 204-212-6117-82-8art. 57 (c, toxic for reproduction no registration for this phthalate compound has been submitted to echa. hence, the substance seems not to be manufactured in or imported to the eu in quantities above 1 t/y. main uses in the past were as pl

51、asticiser in polymeric materials and paints, lacquers and varnishes, including printing inks. 没有登记为这个邻苯二甲酸化合物已经向 echa 提交。因此 ,这种物质似乎不得制造或进口到欧盟的数量超过1吨/年。在过去的主要用途是作为增塑剂在高分子材料和涂料,油漆和清漆 ,包括印刷油墨592-methoxyaniline; o-anisidine.2 - 甲氧基苯胺 ,邻氨基苯甲醚 201-963-190-04-0art. 57 (a, carcinogenic mainly used in the ma

52、nufacture of dyes for tattooing and coloration of paper, polymers and aluminium foil. 主要用于制造纹身和纸 ,聚合物和铝箔着色的染料。604-(1,1,3,3-tetramethylbutylphenol, (4-tert-octylphenol 4 - (1,1,3,3 - 甲基苯酚(4 - 叔辛基酚 205-426-2140-66-9art. 57 (f, equivalent level of concern mainly used in the manufacture of polymer prepa

53、rations and of ethoxylates. further used as a component in adhesives, coatings, inks and rubber articles. 主要用于制造聚合物的准备和聚氧乙烯醚。进一步用作粘合剂,涂料,油墨和橡胶制品中的一个组成部分。611,2-dichloroethane 1,2 - 二氯乙烷 203-458-1107-06-2art. 57 (a, carcinogenic mainly used for manufacture of other substances. minor uses as solvent in

54、 the chemical and pharmaceutical industry. 主要用于制造其他物质。次要用途是在化学和制药工业用作溶剂,。62bis(2-methoxyethyl ether双(2 - 甲氧基醚 203-924-4111-96-6art. 57 (c, toxic for reproduction used primarily as a reaction solvent or process chemical in a wide variety of applications. used also as solvent for battery electrolytes,

55、 and possibly in other products such as sealants, adhesives, fuels and automotive care products. 主要作为反应溶剂或在多种应用过程中的化学用。也用作溶剂电池电解液,并可能在其它产品 , 如密封剂 ,胶粘剂 ,燃料和汽车护理产品。63arsenic acid胂酸 231-901-97778-39-4art. 57 (a, carcinogenic mainly used to remove gas bubbles from ceramic glass melt and in the productio

56、n of laminated printed circuit boards主要用于从陶瓷玻璃熔化和层压印刷电路板的生产中去除气泡64calcium arsenate 钙砷酸 231-904-57778-44-1art. 57 (a, carcinogenic calcium arsenate is present in complex raw materials imported for manufacture of copper, lead and a range of precious metals. it appears mainly to be used as precipitatin

57、g agent in copper smelting and to manufacture diarsenic trioxide. however, most of the substance seems to be disposed of as waste. 65trilead diarsenate 砷酸铅 222-979-53687-31-8art. 57 (a & (c, carcinogenic & toxic for reproduction trilead diarsenate is present in complex raw materials imported

58、 for manufacture of copper, lead and a range of precious metals. the trilead diarsenate contained in the raw materials is in the metallurgical refinement process transformed to calcium arsenate and diarsenic trioxide. whereas most of the calcium arsenate appears to be disposed of as waste the diarse

59、nic trioxide is used further. 66n,n-dimethylacetamide (dmac n,n - 二甲基乙酰胺 204-826-4127-19-5art. 57 (c, toxic for reproduction used as solvent, mainly in the manufacture of various substances and in the production of fibres for clothing and other applications. also used as reagent, and in products suc

60、h as industrial coatings, polyimide films, paint strippers and ink removers. 672,2-dichloro-4,4-methylenedianiline (moca 4,4-亚甲基双 (2-氯苯胺 202-918-9101-14-4art. 57 (a, carcinogenic mainly used as curing agent in resins and in the production of polymer articles and also for manufacture of other substances. the substance